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summary(cars)
##      speed           dist       
##  Min.   : 4.0   Min.   :  2.00  
##  1st Qu.:12.0   1st Qu.: 26.00  
##  Median :15.0   Median : 36.00  
##  Mean   :15.4   Mean   : 42.98  
##  3rd Qu.:19.0   3rd Qu.: 56.00  
##  Max.   :25.0   Max.   :120.00
india<-read.csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/umbertomig/POLI30Dpublic/main/data/india.csv')

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##        village female water irrigation
## 1 GP1_village2      1    10          0
## 2 GP1_village1      1     0          5
## 3 GP2_village2      1     2          2
## 4 GP2_village1      1    31          4
## 5 GP3_village2      0     0          0
## 6 GP3_village1      0     0          0

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3.What does each observation in this dataset represent? Please substantively interpret the first observation in the dataset?

In this dataset it depicts the amount for each variable: village, female, water, irrigation. In the first observation in the dataset we see are able to decipher the average amount of each variable throughout the villages.

  1. For each variable in the dataset, please identify the type of variable (character vs. numeric binary vs. numeric non-binary)

The village is a character variable, female is a numeric binary variable, and both water and irrigation are numeric non-binary variables.

  1. How many observations are in the dataset? In other words, how many villages were part of this experiment?

dim(india) [1] 322 4

Four villages were apart of this experiment with 322 villagers in total.

  1. Use the function mean() to calculate the average of the variable female. Please provide a full substantive interpretation of what this average means.

mean(india$female) [1] 0.3354037

As one meant yes you were assigned a female politician and zero meant no you weren’t assigned a female politician, obtaining the average of the variable female you are able to find the possibility of which a village in India would have a female politician.

  1. Use the function mean() to calculate the average of the variable water. Please provide a full substantive interpretation of what this average means. Make sure to provide the unit of measurement.

mean(india$water) [1] 17.84161

When analyzing the mean of the variable of water we elucidate is able to get water through the drinking water facilities. If providing the unit of measurement we would refer to the amount of new(and repaired) drinking water facilities.

  1. If we wanted to estimate the average causal effect of having a female politician on the number of new (and repaired) drinking water facilities:

    1. What would be the treatment variable? Please provide the name of the variable
    2. What would be the outcome variable? Please provide the name of the variable

    a.The treatment variable would be the females.

    b.The outcome variable would be the water.

  2. If we wanted to estimate the average causal effect of having a female politician on the number of new (and repaired) irrigation facilities:

    1. What would be the treatment variable? Please provide the name of the variable
    2. What would be the outcome variable? Please provide the name of the variable

    a.The treatment variable would be the females.

    b.The outcome variable would be the irrigation.

  3. In both analyses above:

    1. What would be the treatment group?
    2. What would be the control group?

  1. The treatment group for both the analyses above would be villages with female politicians because we observe any influences in which the politician has on the village.

  2. The control gorup would be the villages without a female politician. This would be the control group because the female politician has no involvement with the dynamics of the village.