| App Use by Treatment Status | |||||||
| Treatment Group | N | Familiar with WasteVoice | % Familiar | Downloaded WasteVoice | % Downloaded | Used WasteVoice | % Used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 2059 | 439 | 21.32% | 94 | 4.57% | 5 | 0.24% |
| Waste Voice | 1689 | 455 | 26.94% | 150 | 8.88% | 15 | 0.89% |
| Total | 3748 | 894 | 23.85% | 244 | 6.51% | 20 | 0.53% |
| Dependent variable: | ||||||
| Downloaded App | ||||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Age | -0.002*** | -0.001*** | ||||
| (0.0003) | (0.0004) | |||||
| Education | 0.011*** | 0.007*** | ||||
| (0.001) | (0.002) | |||||
| Owns Phone | 0.040*** | 0.028* | 0.015 | |||
| (0.011) | (0.015) | (0.012) | ||||
| App Treatment | 0.044*** | 0.028 | ||||
| (0.008) | (0.019) | |||||
| Owns Phone*App Treatment | 0.027 | |||||
| (0.022) | ||||||
| Constant | 0.145*** | 0.015* | 0.039*** | 0.046*** | 0.026** | 0.068*** |
| (0.014) | (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.005) | (0.013) | (0.023) | |
| Observations | 3,733 | 3,731 | 3,336 | 3,733 | 3,336 | 3,334 |
| R2 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.014 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.013 | 0.013 |
| Residual Std. Error | 0.246 (df = 3731) | 0.246 (df = 3729) | 0.256 (df = 3334) | 0.246 (df = 3731) | 0.255 (df = 3332) | 0.255 (df = 3330) |
| F Statistic | 36.822*** (df = 1; 3731) | 50.063*** (df = 1; 3729) | 13.559*** (df = 1; 3334) | 29.215*** (df = 1; 3731) | 15.525*** (df = 3; 3332) | 16.165*** (df = 3; 3330) |
| Note: | p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01 | |||||
The table below presents the test error for five different methods of predicting app downloads, using the following demographic and asset variables from the baseline data:
As can be seen below, no method does even a mediocre job at predicting downloads – the false negative rate is 100% for most methods. The lowest the false negative rate dips to is 86% when using Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), however, the trade-off is a high false positive rate.
## Method Percent Correctly Classified False Positives
## 1 Logistic Regression 0.928 0
## 2 LDA 0.928 0
## 3 QDA 0.906 16
## 4 Random Forest 0.928 0
## 5 Random Forest Bagging 0.914 9
## False Negatives True Positives True Negatives
## 1 36 0 464
## 2 36 0 464
## 3 31 5 448
## 4 36 0 464
## 5 34 2 455The table below presents the difference-in-means of select outcome variables, measured at endline, for treatment vs. control households for the phone treatment. Blue highlights throughout the table indicate that the difference-in-means achieves standard levels of significance \((p < 0.1)\).
| Difference-in-Means Table: Phone Treatment | ||||
| Description | N | Control Mean | Treatment Mean | Difference in Means |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HH waste disposal behavioral outcomes | ||||
| HH receives formal collection services | 3748 | 0.434 | 0.451 | 0.017 |
| HH burns waste | 3748 | 0.549 | 0.547 | -0.002 |
| HH burys waste | 3748 | 0.041 | 0.048 | 0.007 |
| HH dumps waste | 3748 | 0.027 | 0.025 | -0.002 |
| HH uses current disposal method bc it is Clean | 3747 | 0.486 | 0.452 | -0.034** |
| HH uses current disposal method bc of Environment | 3747 | 0.538 | 0.503 | -0.035** |
| HH has receptacle | 1613 | 0.595 | 0.583 | -0.012 |
| Amount willing to pay for HH collection (Riels) | 3687 | 9869.2 | 9731.186 | -138.014 |
| Amount willing to pay for Neighborhood Collection (Riels) | 3692 | 7401.236 | 6973.936 | -427.299** |
| How often discuss waste w Vill Chief (0 = Never, 4 = All the time) | 3739 | 0.291 | 0.281 | -0.01 |
| How often discuss waste w Sang Chief (0 = Never, 4 = All the time) | 3738 | 0.096 | 0.109 | 0.012 |
| Waste provider outcomes | ||||
| HH has no access to formal collection services | 3748 | 0.292 | 0.3 | 0.008 |
| Frequency of formal collection (0-7: lower = more frequent) | 1634 | 3.063 | 2.937 | -0.126** |
| Waste is collected on same day of week (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 1422 | 0.307 | 0.32 | 0.013 |
| Waste is collected at same time of day (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 1497 | 0.227 | 0.219 | -0.008 |
| HH attitudes about gov’t/service provider | ||||
| Satisfaction with HH Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | 1653 | 0.852 | 0.811 | -0.041 |
| Satisfaction with Village Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | 3615 | 0.882 | 0.861 | -0.02 |
| Satisfaction with services of Village and Sangkat (-2 to 2) | 3681 | 0.93 | 0.888 | -0.042 |
| Satisfaction with services of Municipality (-2 to 2) | 3228 | 0.842 | 0.843 | 0.001 |
| Agree that contacting provider is effective (-2 to 2) | 1638 | 1.009 | 0.956 | -0.053 |
| Agree that waste services will improve in future (-2 to 2) | 3641 | 1.124 | 1.078 | -0.046** |
| Agree that informed about govt service delivery (-2 to 2) | 3608 | 0.794 | 0.78 | -0.014 |
| Agree that know who to contact about service issues (-2 to 2) | 3566 | 0.999 | 0.969 | -0.03 |
| Agree that feel comfortable contact officials about service (-2 to 2) | 3606 | 0.879 | 0.875 | -0.004 |
| Agree that govt responsive to MY service needs (-2 to 2) | 3605 | 0.826 | 0.816 | -0.011 |
| Agree that govt responsive to COMMUNITY service needs (-2 to 2) | 3525 | 0.85 | 0.832 | -0.017 |
| Agree that govt responsive to ALL citizen needs (-2 to 2) | 3588 | 0.855 | 0.835 | -0.019 |
| Agree that trust the decisions of local govt (-2 to 2) | 3633 | 0.832 | 0.803 | -0.028 |
| Agree that govt punishes bad officials (-2 to 2) | 3514 | 0.954 | 0.877 | -0.077** |
| Control - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | 1813 | 0.457 | 0.425 | -0.032 |
| Treatment - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | 1868 | 0.569 | 0.539 | -0.03 |
| HH attitudes about waste habits | ||||
| Agree that dumping on road is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | 3731 | 1.04 | 0.98 | -0.06* |
| Agree that burning trash is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | 3725 | 0.779 | 0.705 | -0.074** |
| Agree that village is clean (-2 to 2) | 3708 | 0.558 | 0.569 | 0.011 |
| Agree that waste disposal an important issue (-2 to 2) | 3715 | 1.046 | 0.982 | -0.063** |
| Agree that one shouldn’t litter (-2 to 2) | 3739 | 1.258 | 1.201 | -0.057** |
| HH interaction with intervention | ||||
| Thinks an app could help improve waste collection (1 = Yes) | 3649 | 0.976 | 0.962 | -0.014** |
| Familiar with WasteVoice (1 = Yes) | 3673 | 0.217 | 0.276 | 0.059*** |
| Used WasteVoice to report issue (1 = Yes) | 3746 | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.006** |
| Received report (1 = Yes) | 3608 | 0.311 | 0.301 | -0.01 |
| Agrees that report was useful if received (-2 to 2) | 961 | 0.816 | 0.888 | 0.072 |
| Acted on report (1 = Yes) | 3712 | 0.007 | 0.013 | 0.006* |
|
||||
This table presents the coefficient on the interaction term when running the difference-in-differences model:
\[y_i = \beta_0 + \beta_1 treat_i + \beta_2 post_i + \beta_3 (treat_i *post_i) + \epsilon \]
Where \(y\) is the outcome of interest, \(treat\) is a dummy that takes the value of 1 if a household received the phone treatment, and \(post\) is a dummy indicating whether the outcome was measured before or after treatment. The coefficient \(\beta_3\) gives us the Intention-to-Treat (ITT) effect, or the effect of being assigned to treatment on the outcome of interest, regardless of compliance.
Throughout the analysis, robust standard errors are clustered by block, and “I don’t know” and “Refused” responses have been recoded to NAs (thus resulting in slight variations in sample size across outcomes).
| Diff-in-Diff Results: Phone Treatment | ||||
| Outcome | N | Treat | Post | Treat*Post |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HH waste disposal behavioral outcomes | ||||
| HH receives formal collection services | -0.008 | 0.051*** | 0.025 | |
| 0.799 | 0.000 | 0.134 | ||
| HH burns waste | -0.014 | -0.107*** | 0.013 | |
| 0.636 | 0.000 | 0.462 | ||
| HH burys waste | 0 | -0.021*** | 0.007 | |
| 1.000 | 0.003 | 0.532 | ||
| HH dumps waste | 0.009 | -0.01* | -0.011 | |
| 0.245 | 0.058 | 0.184 | ||
| HH uses current disposal method bc it is Clean | 0.009 | 0.08*** | -0.043 | |
| 0.746 | 0.007 | 0.323 | ||
| HH uses current disposal method bc of Environment | -0.017 | 0.077*** | -0.017 | |
| 0.491 | 0.002 | 0.646 | ||
| HH has receptacle | -0.023 | -0.036 | 0.011 | |
| 0.468 | 0.140 | 0.770 | ||
| Amount willing to pay for HH collection (Riels) | -234.633 | 942.194*** | 96.619 | |
| 0.466 | 0.000 | 0.730 | ||
| Amount willing to pay for Neighborhood Collection (Riels) | -234.578 | 1321.068*** | -192.721 | |
| 0.393 | 0.000 | 0.521 | ||
| Waste provider outcomes | ||||
| HH has no access to formal collection services | 0.011 | -0.028** | -0.003 | |
| 0.697 | 0.046 | 0.884 | ||
| Frequency of formal collection (0-7: lower = more frequent) | -0.066 | -0.209** | -0.06 | |
| 0.579 | 0.011 | 0.596 | ||
| Waste is collected on same day of week (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 0.025 | -0.056** | -0.011 | |
| 0.492 | 0.024 | 0.781 | ||
| Waste is collected at same time of day (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | -0.008 | -0.044* | 0 | |
| 0.803 | 0.081 | 0.999 | ||
| HH attitudes about gov’t/service provider | ||||
| Satisfaction with HH Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | 0.041 | 0.082** | -0.082 | |
| 0.445 | 0.047 | 0.168 | ||
| Satisfaction with Village Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | 0.079* | 0.102*** | -0.099** | |
| 0.056 | 0.001 | 0.032 | ||
| Satisfaction with services of Village and Sangkat (-2 to 2) | 0.019 | 0.145*** | -0.061 | |
| 0.562 | 0.000 | 0.107 | ||
| Satisfaction with services of Municipality (-2 to 2) | 0.015 | 0.092*** | -0.014 | |
| 0.686 | 0.001 | 0.750 | ||
| Agree that contacting provider is effective (-2 to 2) | -0.009 | 0.005 | -0.044 | |
| 0.851 | 0.865 | 0.417 | ||
| Agree that informed about govt service delivery (-2 to 2) | -0.053 | 0.116*** | 0.039 | |
| 0.181 | 0.000 | 0.388 | ||
| Agree that know who to contact about service issues (-2 to 2) | 0.007 | 0.084*** | -0.037 | |
| 0.833 | 0.001 | 0.337 | ||
| Agree that feel comfortable contacting officials (-2 to 2) | 0.011 | 0.064** | -0.015 | |
| 0.754 | 0.020 | 0.707 | ||
| Agree that govt responsive to MY service needs (-2 to 2) | 0.042 | 0.07** | -0.052 | |
| 0.246 | 0.011 | 0.204 | ||
| Agree that govt responsive to COMMUNITY service needs (-2 to 2) | -0.004 | 0.106*** | -0.013 | |
| 0.903 | 0.000 | 0.747 | ||
| Agree that govt responsive to ALL citizen needs (-2 to 2) | 0.054 | 0.109*** | -0.073* | |
| 0.118 | 0.000 | 0.076 | ||
| Agree that trust the decisions of local govt (-2 to 2) | 0.039 | 0.09*** | -0.068* | |
| 0.233 | 0.001 | 0.094 | ||
| Agree that govt punishes bad officials (-2 to 2) | 0.039 | 0.223*** | -0.116** | |
| 0.398 | 0.000 | 0.031 | ||
| Control - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | 0.024 | 0.115*** | -0.056 | |
| 0.446 | 0.000 | 0.229 | ||
| Treatment - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | 0.01 | 0.106*** | -0.04 | |
| 0.798 | 0.007 | 0.465 | ||
| HH attitudes about waste habits | ||||
| Agree that dumping on road is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | 0.001 | 0.316*** | -0.061 | |
| 0.985 | 0.000 | 0.483 | ||
| Agree that burning trash is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | 0.013 | 0.314*** | -0.087 | |
| 0.816 | 0.000 | 0.204 | ||
| Agree that village is clean (-2 to 2) | 0.047 | -0.073* | -0.037 | |
| 0.316 | 0.063 | 0.540 | ||
| Agree that waste disposal an important issue (-2 to 2) | -0.024 | 0.199*** | -0.039 | |
| 0.650 | 0.000 | 0.552 | ||
| Agree that one shouldn’t litter (-2 to 2) | -0.002 | 0.084* | -0.056 | |
| 0.971 | 0.055 | 0.402 | ||
| p-values calculated from robust standard errors (clustered by block) appear below each coefficient | ||||
\[ \text{Stage 1: } Download_i = \beta_0 + \beta_1 TreatmentAssignment_i + e \] \[ \text{Stage 2: } Y_i = \beta_0 + \beta_{IV} Download_i ^* + e \] Where \(Y_i\) is the value of the outcome of interest post-treatment, and \(\beta_{IV}\) gives the LATE, or the average treatment effect for treatment compliers.
| LATE: Outcomes at Endline | |
| Outcome | LATE |
|---|---|
| HH waste disposal behavioral outcomes | |
| HH receives formal collection services | 0.387 |
| (0.589) | |
| HH burns waste | -0.028 |
| (0.969) | |
| HH burys waste | 0.146 |
| (0.415) | |
| HH dumps waste | -0.049 |
| (0.72) | |
| HH uses current disposal method bc it is Clean | -0.779 |
| (0.308) | |
| HH uses current disposal method bc of Environment | -0.755 |
| (0.234) | |
| HH has receptacle | -0.25 |
| (0.685) | |
| Amount willing to pay for HH collection (Riels) | -3257.386 |
| (0.618) | |
| Amount willing to pay for Neighborhood Collection (Riels) | -9548.662 |
| (0.138) | |
| Waste provider outcomes | |
| HH has no access to formal collection services | 0.179 |
| (0.787) | |
| Frequency of formal collection (0-7: lower = more frequent) | -2.67* |
| (0.072) | |
| Waste is collected on same day of week (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 0.217 |
| (0.688) | |
| Waste is collected at same time of day (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | -0.129 |
| (0.773) | |
| HH attitudes about gov’t/service provider | |
| Satisfaction with HH Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | -0.767 |
| (0.403) | |
| Satisfaction with Village Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | -0.415 |
| (0.568) | |
| Satisfaction with services of Village and Sangkat (-2 to 2) | -0.974 |
| (0.119) | |
| Satisfaction with services of Municipality (-2 to 2) | 0.032 |
| (0.959) | |
| Agree that contacting provider is effective (-2 to 2) | -1.013 |
| (0.23) | |
| Agree that informed about govt service delivery (-2 to 2) | -0.239 |
| (0.748) | |
| Agree that know who to contact about service issues (-2 to 2) | -0.653 |
| (0.276) | |
| Agree that feel comfortable contacting officials (-2 to 2) | -0.076 |
| (0.903) | |
| Agree that govt responsive to MY service needs (-2 to 2) | -0.174 |
| (0.802) | |
| Agree that govt responsive to COMMUNITY service needs (-2 to 2) | -0.392 |
| (0.52) | |
| Agree that govt responsive to ALL citizen needs (-2 to 2) | -0.423 |
| (0.516) | |
| Agree that trust the decisions of local govt (-2 to 2) | -0.674 |
| (0.33) | |
| Agree that govt punishes bad officials (-2 to 2) | -1.69** |
| (0.03) | |
| Control - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | -0.679 |
| (0.465) | |
| Treatment - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | -0.65 |
| (0.519) | |
| HH attitudes about waste habits | |
| Agree that dumping on road is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | -1.364 |
| (0.24) | |
| Agree that burning trash is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | -1.754 |
| (0.113) | |
| Agree that village is clean (-2 to 2) | 0.268 |
| (0.783) | |
| Agree that waste disposal an important issue (-2 to 2) | -1.495 |
| (0.128) | |
| Agree that one shouldn’t litter (-2 to 2) | -1.322 |
| (0.171) | |
| p-values calculated from robust standard errors (clustered by block) appear in parentheses below each coefficient | |
| Endline Difference-in-Means: Within Treatment Group, By Download Status | ||||
| Description | N | No Download Mean | Download Mean | Difference in Means |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HH waste disposal behavioral outcomes | ||||
| HH receives formal collection services | 1689 | 0.438 | 0.587 | 0.149*** |
| HH burns waste | 1689 | 0.56 | 0.42 | -0.14*** |
| HH burys waste | 1689 | 0.048 | 0.047 | -0.001 |
| HH dumps waste | 1689 | 0.025 | 0.027 | 0.002 |
| HH uses current disposal method bc it is Clean | 1689 | 0.438 | 0.6 | 0.162*** |
| HH uses current disposal method bc of Environment | 1689 | 0.499 | 0.573 | 0.075* |
| HH has receptacle | 734 | 0.563 | 0.716 | 0.153*** |
| Amount willing to pay for HH collection (Riels) | 1661 | 9453.569 | 12511.409 | 3057.84*** |
| Amount willing to pay for Neighborhood Collection (Riels) | 1669 | 6691.235 | 9833.333 | 3142.098*** |
| How often discuss waste w Vill Chief (0 = Never, 4 = All the time) | 1685 | 0.264 | 0.463 | 0.199*** |
| How often discuss waste w Sang Chief (0 = Never, 4 = All the time) | 1684 | 0.099 | 0.221 | 0.123** |
| Waste provider outcomes | ||||
| HH has no access to formal collection services | 1689 | 0.303 | 0.26 | -0.043 |
| Frequency of formal collection (0-7: lower = more frequent) | 750 | 2.944 | 2.795 | -0.148 |
| Waste is collected on same day of week (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 659 | 0.305 | 0.418 | 0.113* |
| Waste is collected at same time of day (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 695 | 0.207 | 0.313 | 0.106* |
| HH attitudes about gov’t/service provider | ||||
| Satisfaction with HH Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | 761 | 0.811 | 0.83 | 0.018 |
| Satisfaction with Village Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | 1638 | 0.875 | 0.743 | -0.132* |
| Satisfaction with services of Village and Sangkat (-2 to 2) | 1657 | 0.907 | 0.699 | -0.208*** |
| Satisfaction with services of Municipality (-2 to 2) | 1462 | 0.856 | 0.713 | -0.143** |
| Agree that contacting provider is effective (-2 to 2) | 752 | 0.956 | 0.977 | 0.021 |
| Agree that waste services will improve in future (-2 to 2) | 1642 | 1.072 | 1.136 | 0.064 |
| Agree that informed about govt service delivery (-2 to 2) | 1635 | 0.803 | 0.585 | -0.218** |
| Agree that know who to contact about service issues (-2 to 2) | 1631 | 0.983 | 0.857 | -0.126 |
| Agree that feel comfortable contact officials about service (-2 to 2) | 1629 | 0.888 | 0.752 | -0.136* |
| Agree that govt responsive to MY service needs (-2 to 2) | 1621 | 0.83 | 0.697 | -0.134* |
| Agree that govt responsive to COMMUNITY service needs (-2 to 2) | 1588 | 0.842 | 0.734 | -0.107 |
| Agree that govt responsive to ALL citizen needs (-2 to 2) | 1614 | 0.843 | 0.766 | -0.077 |
| Agree that trust the decisions of local govt (-2 to 2) | 1642 | 0.821 | 0.612 | -0.209** |
| Agree that govt punishes bad officials (-2 to 2) | 1588 | 0.893 | 0.721 | -0.172* |
| Control - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | 816 | 0.393 | 0.77 | 0.378*** |
| Treatment - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | 840 | 0.518 | 0.76 | 0.242** |
| HH attitudes about waste habits | ||||
| Agree that dumping on road is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | 1684 | 0.973 | 1.047 | 0.074 |
| Agree that burning trash is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | 1682 | 0.685 | 0.906 | 0.221** |
| Agree that village is clean (-2 to 2) | 1668 | 0.572 | 0.55 | -0.022 |
| Agree that waste disposal an important issue (-2 to 2) | 1672 | 0.964 | 1.147 | 0.182** |
| Agree that one shouldn’t litter (-2 to 2) | 1685 | 1.186 | 1.34 | 0.154** |
| HH interaction with intervention | ||||
| Thinks an app could help improve waste collection (1 = Yes) | 1636 | 0.961 | 0.973 | 0.012 |
| Familiar with WasteVoice (1 = Yes) | 1650 | 0.196 | 1 | 0.804*** |
| Used WasteVoice to report issue (1 = Yes) | 1687 | 0 | 0.101 | 0.101*** |
| Received report (1 = Yes) | 1619 | 0.262 | 0.66 | 0.398*** |
| Agrees that report was useful if received (-2 to 2) | 418 | 0.864 | 1.011 | 0.147* |
| Acted on report (1 = Yes) | 1673 | 0.007 | 0.068 | 0.06*** |
|
||||
| Baseline Difference-in-Means: Within Treatment Group, By Download Status | ||||
| Description | N | No Download Mean | Download Mean | Difference in Means |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HH waste disposal behavioral outcomes | ||||
| HH receives formal collection services | 1689 | 0.366 | 0.46 | 0.094** |
| HH burns waste | 1689 | 0.644 | 0.613 | -0.03 |
| HH burys waste | 1689 | 0.059 | 0.1 | 0.041 |
| HH dumps waste | 1689 | 0.048 | 0.02 | -0.028** |
| HH uses current disposal method bc it is Clean | 1689 | 0.413 | 0.407 | -0.007 |
| HH uses current disposal method bc of Environment | 1689 | 0.439 | 0.487 | 0.048 |
| HH has receptacle | 599 | 0.605 | 0.627 | 0.022 |
| Amount willing to pay for HH collection (Riels) | 1639 | 8416.733 | 11285.517 | 2868.784*** |
| Amount willing to pay for Neighborhood Collection (Riels) | 1656 | 5646.789 | 7730.612 | 2083.823*** |
| Waste provider outcomes | ||||
| HH has no access to formal collection services | 1689 | 0.336 | 0.3 | -0.036 |
| Frequency of formal collection (0-7: lower = more frequent) | 602 | 3.23 | 3.015 | -0.215 |
| Waste is collected on same day of week (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 415 | 0.385 | 0.404 | 0.019 |
| Waste is collected at same time of day (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 461 | 0.259 | 0.304 | 0.044 |
| HH attitudes about gov’t/service provider | ||||
| Satisfaction with HH Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | 629 | 0.82 | 0.768 | -0.052 |
| Satisfaction with Village Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | 1523 | 0.883 | 0.632 | -0.251*** |
| Satisfaction with services of Village and Sangkat (-2 to 2) | 1598 | 0.819 | 0.676 | -0.143* |
| Satisfaction with services of Municipality (-2 to 2) | 1167 | 0.784 | 0.622 | -0.162** |
| Agree that contacting provider is effective (-2 to 2) | 614 | 1 | 0.955 | -0.045 |
| Agree that informed about govt service delivery (-2 to 2) | 1585 | 0.648 | 0.418 | -0.23** |
| Agree that know who to contact about service issues (-2 to 2) | 1501 | 0.939 | 0.774 | -0.165** |
| Agree that feel comfortable contact officials about service (-2 to 2) | 1562 | 0.839 | 0.75 | -0.089 |
| Agree that govt responsive to MY service needs (-2 to 2) | 1519 | 0.816 | 0.629 | -0.187** |
| Agree that govt responsive to COMMUNITY service needs (-2 to 2) | 1413 | 0.75 | 0.667 | -0.084 |
| Agree that govt responsive to ALL citizen needs (-2 to 2) | 1465 | 0.819 | 0.631 | -0.188** |
| Agree that trust the decisions of local govt (-2 to 2) | 1551 | 0.798 | 0.613 | -0.185** |
| Agree that govt punishes bad officials (-2 to 2) | 1429 | 0.788 | 0.571 | -0.217** |
| Control - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | 818 | 0.34 | 0.643 | 0.303*** |
| Treatment - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | 842 | 0.45 | 0.714 | 0.264*** |
| HH attitudes about waste habits | ||||
| Agree that dumping on road is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | 1674 | 0.718 | 0.765 | 0.048 |
| Agree that burning trash is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | 1658 | 0.47 | 0.547 | 0.078 |
| Agree that village is clean (-2 to 2) | 1652 | 0.707 | 0.435 | -0.272*** |
| Agree that waste disposal an important issue (-2 to 2) | 1654 | 0.801 | 0.993 | 0.192** |
| Agree that one shouldn’t litter (-2 to 2) | 1678 | 1.163 | 1.26 | 0.097 |
|
||||
| Diff-in-Diff Results: Heterogenous Effects of Phone Treatment by Download | |||||||
| Outcome | Treat | Post | App DL | Treat x Post | Treat x DL | Post x DL | Treat x Post x DL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HH waste disposal behavioral outcomes | |||||||
| HH receives formal collection services | -0.01 | 0.049*** | 0.145** | 0.023 | -0.051 | 0.057 | -0.003 |
| 0.746 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.171 | 0.487 | 0.144 | 0.959 | |
| HH burns waste | -0.016 | -0.102*** | -0.074 | 0.018 | 0.044 | -0.122** | 0.012 |
| 0.610 | 0.000 | 0.173 | 0.297 | 0.538 | 0.012 | 0.847 | |
| HH burys waste | -0.003 | -0.021*** | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.039 | 0 | -0.042 |
| 0.706 | 0.003 | 0.945 | 0.371 | 0.255 | 0.990 | 0.298 | |
| HH dumps waste | 0.011 | -0.009 | -0.005 | -0.015* | -0.023 | -0.023 | 0.054** |
| 0.153 | 0.106 | 0.784 | 0.090 | 0.312 | 0.232 | 0.035 | |
| HH uses current disposal method bc it is Clean | 0.01 | 0.071** | 0.032 | -0.046 | -0.039 | 0.227*** | -0.058 |
| 0.741 | 0.020 | 0.554 | 0.306 | 0.582 | 0.001 | 0.513 | |
| HH uses current disposal method bc of Environment | -0.021 | 0.07*** | 0.018 | -0.01 | 0.029 | 0.164** | -0.137 |
| 0.413 | 0.007 | 0.747 | 0.799 | 0.680 | 0.019 | 0.135 | |
| HH has receptacle | -0.028 | -0.043* | -0.029 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.032 |
| 0.416 | 0.080 | 0.726 | 0.991 | 0.631 | 0.292 | 0.781 | |
| Amount willing to pay for HH collection (Riels) | -403.765 | 944.822*** | 2320.991*** | 92.013 | 547.793 | 124.558 | 64.499 |
| 0.220 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.751 | 0.512 | 0.865 | 0.945 | |
| Amount willing to pay for Neighborhood Collection (Riels) | -356.277 | 1301.34*** | 1703.527** | -256.895 | 380.295 | 530.11 | 528.166 |
| 0.200 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.407 | 0.670 | 0.512 | 0.622 | |
| Waste provider outcomes | |||||||
| HH has no access to formal collection services | 0.016 | -0.026* | 0.01 | -0.006 | -0.046 | -0.048 | 0.041 |
| 0.574 | 0.066 | 0.843 | 0.784 | 0.488 | 0.356 | 0.527 | |
| Frequency of formal collection (0-7: lower = more frequent) | -0.056 | -0.222** | -0.222 | -0.064 | 0.007 | 0.209 | -0.142 |
| 0.650 | 0.010 | 0.244 | 0.587 | 0.978 | 0.318 | 0.620 | |
| Waste is collected on same day of week (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 0.015 | -0.069*** | -0.113 | -0.011 | 0.132 | 0.192* | -0.098 |
| 0.693 | 0.008 | 0.155 | 0.790 | 0.210 | 0.050 | 0.485 | |
| Waste is collected at same time of day (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | -0.009 | -0.045* | 0.039 | -0.008 | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.051 |
| 0.798 | 0.095 | 0.611 | 0.834 | 0.963 | 0.905 | 0.676 | |
| HH attitudes about gov’t/service provider | |||||||
| Satisfaction with HH Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | 0.046 | 0.088** | -0.06 | -0.097 | 0.008 | -0.091 | 0.16 |
| 0.413 | 0.040 | 0.559 | 0.129 | 0.958 | 0.480 | 0.360 | |
| Satisfaction with Village Waste Provision (-2 to 2) | 0.099** | 0.097*** | -0.103 | -0.105** | -0.148 | 0.1 | 0.019 |
| 0.019 | 0.003 | 0.308 | 0.026 | 0.307 | 0.458 | 0.919 | |
| Satisfaction with services of Village and Sangkat (-2 to 2) | 0.033 | 0.15*** | -0.039 | -0.062 | -0.104 | -0.091 | 0.026 |
| 0.324 | 0.000 | 0.659 | 0.121 | 0.360 | 0.371 | 0.847 | |
| Satisfaction with services of Municipality (-2 to 2) | 0.033 | 0.1*** | -0.037 | -0.028 | -0.126 | -0.159 | 0.178 |
| 0.382 | 0.001 | 0.722 | 0.537 | 0.326 | 0.166 | 0.211 | |
| Agree that contacting provider is effective (-2 to 2) | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.107 | -0.047 | -0.152 | 0.029 | 0.037 |
| 0.955 | 0.931 | 0.350 | 0.420 | 0.318 | 0.799 | 0.826 | |
| Agree that informed about govt service delivery (-2 to 2) | -0.038 | 0.115*** | -0.174* | 0.04 | -0.056 | 0.025 | -0.013 |
| 0.351 | 0.000 | 0.073 | 0.391 | 0.676 | 0.846 | 0.935 | |
| Agree that know who to contact about service issues (-2 to 2) | 0.02 | 0.082*** | -0.046 | -0.038 | -0.119 | 0.024 | 0.015 |
| 0.563 | 0.001 | 0.624 | 0.345 | 0.328 | 0.842 | 0.922 | |
| Agree that feel comfortable contacting officials (-2 to 2) | 0.024 | 0.073*** | -0.022 | -0.024 | -0.067 | -0.182 | 0.134 |
| 0.516 | 0.008 | 0.826 | 0.563 | 0.595 | 0.116 | 0.371 | |
| Agree that govt responsive to MY service needs (-2 to 2) | 0.054 | 0.071** | -0.121 | -0.057 | -0.066 | -0.027 | 0.08 |
| 0.141 | 0.012 | 0.232 | 0.194 | 0.616 | 0.791 | 0.567 | |
| Agree that govt responsive to COMMUNITY service needs (-2 to 2) | 0.005 | 0.111*** | -0.034 | -0.02 | -0.049 | -0.118 | 0.094 |
| 0.886 | 0.000 | 0.741 | 0.640 | 0.709 | 0.300 | 0.523 | |
| Agree that govt responsive to ALL citizen needs (-2 to 2) | 0.079** | 0.125*** | 0.095 | -0.101** | -0.283** | -0.322** | 0.433*** |
| 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.329 | 0.017 | 0.028 | 0.010 | 0.009 | |
| Agree that trust the decisions of local govt (-2 to 2) | 0.058* | 0.101*** | 0.015 | -0.078* | -0.2 | -0.233* | 0.209 |
| 0.093 | 0.000 | 0.884 | 0.063 | 0.122 | 0.070 | 0.186 | |
| Agree that govt punishes bad officials (-2 to 2) | 0.048 | 0.215*** | -0.204 | -0.111* | -0.013 | 0.173 | -0.128 |
| 0.318 | 0.000 | 0.120 | 0.052 | 0.938 | 0.245 | 0.509 | |
| Control - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | 0.004 | 0.116*** | 0.207* | -0.063 | 0.096 | -0.072 | 0.146 |
| 0.904 | 0.000 | 0.099 | 0.179 | 0.519 | 0.704 | 0.518 | |
| Treatment - Items in Election List Experiment (0-4) | -0.004 | 0.109*** | 0.167 | -0.04 | 0.097 | -0.012 | -0.011 |
| 0.924 | 0.007 | 0.121 | 0.479 | 0.495 | 0.936 | 0.961 | |
| HH attitudes about waste habits | |||||||
| Agree that dumping on road is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | 0.003 | 0.313*** | 0.22 | -0.057 | -0.173 | 0.053 | -0.027 |
| 0.973 | 0.000 | 0.135 | 0.519 | 0.359 | 0.748 | 0.904 | |
| Agree that burning trash is disrespectful (-2 to 2) | 0.009 | 0.307*** | 0.078 | -0.092 | 0 | 0.197 | -0.054 |
| 0.877 | 0.000 | 0.560 | 0.198 | 1.000 | 0.223 | 0.796 | |
| Agree that village is clean (-2 to 2) | 0.078 | -0.068* | 0.041 | -0.066 | -0.313** | -0.091 | 0.341* |
| 0.108 | 0.096 | 0.683 | 0.280 | 0.024 | 0.477 | 0.057 | |
| Agree that waste disposal an important issue (-2 to 2) | -0.044 | 0.195*** | 0.012 | -0.031 | 0.181 | 0.14 | -0.15 |
| 0.422 | 0.000 | 0.934 | 0.646 | 0.298 | 0.333 | 0.411 | |
| Agree that one shouldn’t litter (-2 to 2) | -0.01 | 0.078* | 0.044 | -0.056 | 0.053 | 0.087 | -0.03 |
| 0.850 | 0.078 | 0.689 | 0.414 | 0.711 | 0.475 | 0.862 | |
| p-values calculated from robust standard errors (clustered by block) appear below each coefficient | |||||||