Sessão R basico

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

.title[
# Sessão R basico - 2
]
.subtitle[
## “Documento RMarkdown”
]
.author[
### Rui Vicente
]
.date[
### 2023-01-31
]

---

### Destinatários.  
#####Destinatários:
Qualquer formando interessado em processamento de informação com o intuito de uma melhor compreensão das assimetrias sociais ou outra, numa procura de reconhecimento das tecnologias livres, nomeadamente da linguagem de programação R, bastando para isso o nível de qualificação 2.

#####Pré-requisitos:
Os formandos terão de ter no mínimo experiência básica na computação como: instalação de programas; texto e pesquisa; navegador de internet. É necessária a utilização do computador com sistema operativo  windows, Mac ou linux.
---
###Objectivos pedagógicos.

#####No final da formação os formandos deverão ser capazes de:  
  
--
####**Comportamento esperado**.

- Realizar a instalação da linguagem de programação [R](https://cran.rstudio.com/) e o [RStudio](https://posit.co/download/rstudio-desktop/) com opção
de poder trabalhar na cloud em [RStudio Cloud](https://login.posit.cloud/login?redirect=%2Foauth%2Fauthorize%3Fredirect_uri%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fposit.cloud%252Flogin%26client_id%3Dposit-cloud%26response_type%3Dcode%26show_auth%3D0%26show_login%3D1).
- Reconhecer funções e operadores para tarefas básicas.
- Identificar os níveis de variáveis apresentados.
- Identificar, reproduzir e transformar na **linha de comandos** e/ou a partir de um **script** as estruturas de dados.  
- Construir um objecto de acordo com a temática.

--
**Condições de aplicação**

- No computador através do ambiente de trabalho do RStudio; da consola do R (Terminal); ou a partir do RStudio cloud.

**Critérios de êxito**

- O formando terá de criar um conjunto de representações relevantes (i.e., tabelas), que dêem conta de assimetrias, prefencialmente.
---
###Introdução.
- A informação e os média.
- Investigação e software livre.
- As possibilidades da linguagem de programação R.  
----

--
#####Exemplo com o Eurostat.

```r
pol_1 <- search_eurostat("mental")
```

<div class="datatables html-widget html-fill-item-overflow-hidden html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-82ad007e04f8742660f9" style="width:100%;height:auto;"></div>
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experimental statistics","Aggregate propensity to consume by educational attainment level of the reference person - experimental statistics","Median saving rate by the self-declared level of difficulty to make ends meet - experimental statistics","Median saving rate by degree of urbanisation - experimental statistics","Aggregate propensity to consume by degree of urbanisation - experimental statistics","Median saving rate by activity status of the reference person - experimental statistics","Aggregate propensity to consume by activity status of the reference person - experimental statistics","Persons with low level of expenditure by risk of income poverty, material deprivation and work intensity - experimental statistics","Households at risk of asset-based vulnerability - experimental statistics","Proportion of dissaving households - experimental statistics","Proportion of dissaving households by level of expenditure and age of the reference person - experimental statistics","Proportion of dissaving households by level of expenditure and household type - experimental statistics","Proportion of dissaving households by level of expenditure and income quintile - experimental statistics","Proportion of dissaving households by level of expenditure and educational attainment level of the reference person - experimental statistics","Proportion of dissaving households by level of expenditure and degree of urbanisation - experimental statistics","Proportion of dissaving households by level of expenditure and activity status of the household reference person - experimental statistics","Persons at two-fold risk of poverty by age and sex - experimental statistics","Persons at two-fold risk of poverty by household type - experimental statistics","Persons at two-fold risk of poverty by activity status- experimental statistics","Disposable income of households (with expenditure greater than zero) spent on essential goods and services by income quantiles - experimental statistics","Disposable income of households (with expenditure greater than zero) spent on essential goods and services by risk of income poverty, level of expenditure and material deprivation - experimental statistics","Disposable income of households (with expenditure greater than zero) spent on essential goods and services by risk of income poverty or social exclusion - experimental statistics","Disposable income of households (with expenditure greater than zero) spent on essential goods and services by  household composition - experimental statistics","Disposable income of households (with expenditure greater than zero) spent on essential goods and services by degree of urbanisation - experimental statistics","Disposable income of households (with expenditure greater than zero) spent on essential goods and services by activity status of the reference person - experimental statistics","Disposable income of households (with expenditure greater than zero) spent on essential goods and services by age group of the reference person - experimental statistics","Disposable income of households (with expenditure greater than zero) spent on essential goods and services  by educational attainment level of the reference person  - experimental statistics","Disposable income of households (with expenditure greater than zero) spent on essential goods and services  by overburden status - experimental statistics","Distribution of VAT paid by households as a percentage of their gross income by age of the reference person - experimental statistics","Distribution of VAT paid by households as a percentage of their gross income by household type - experimental statistics","Distribution of VAT paid by households as a percentage of their gross income by income quintile - experimental statistics","Distribution of direct taxes paid by households as a percentage of their gross income by age of the reference person - experimental statistics","Distribution of direct taxes paid by households as a percentage of their gross income by household type - experimental statistics","Distribution of direct taxes paid by households as a percentage of their gross income by income quintile - experimental statistics","Distribution of direct and indirect taxes paid by households as a percentage of their gross income by age of the reference person - experimental statistics","Distribution of direct and indirect taxes paid by households as a percentage of their gross income by household type - experimental statistics","Distribution of direct and indirect taxes paid by households as a percentage of their gross income by income quintile - experimental statistics","VAT rate by COICOP consumption purpose - experimental statistics","Distribution of households by age of the reference person - experimental statistics","Distribution of households by household type - experimental statistics","Distribution of households by educational attainment level of the reference person - experimental statistics","Distribution of households by activity status of the reference person - experimental statistics","Environmental protection expenditure by environmental domains (NACE Rev. 2, B-E)","Environmental protection expenditure by size class (NACE Rev. 2, B-E)","Multiannual enterprises statistics on environmental protection expenditure by environmental domains for industry (NACE Rev. 2 B-E)","Multiannual enterprises statistics on environmental protection expenditure by size class for industry (NACE Rev. 2 B-E)","Environmental protection expenditure in industry (NACE Rev. 1.1, C-E, 1995-2001)","Environmental protection expenditure by environmental domains (NACE Rev. 1.1, C-E, from 2001 onwards)","Environmental protection expenditure by size class (NACE Rev. 1.1, C-E, from 2001 onwards)","Outward FATS 2004-2006 - experimental data","Enterprises purchasing goods from abroad by type of goods, business partner and trade region - experimental statistics","Enterprises purchasing services from abroad by type of services, business partner and trade region - experimental statistics","Enterprises supplying goods abroad by type of goods, business partner and trade region - experimental statistics","Enterprises supplying services abroad by type of services, business partner and trade region - experimental statistics","Enterprises by type of buyer power asymmetry in the global value chain and NACE rev.2 activity aggregate - experimental statistics","Enterprises by type of supplier power asymmetry in the global value chain and NACE rev.2 activity aggregate - experimental statistics","Enterprises by means of services supply and NACE rev.2 activity aggregate - experimental statistics","Enterprises by international sourcing status and NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises sourcing business functions abroad by NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate, type of business function and business partner - experimental statistics","Enterprises sourcing complete business functions abroad by NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate, type of business function and business partner - experimental statistics","Enterprises sourcing business functions domestically by NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate, type of business function and business partner - experimental statistics","Enterprises sourcing complete business functions domestically by NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate, type of business function and business partner - experimental statistics","Enterprises by NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate, destination of international sourcing and type of business functions - experimental statistics","Enterprises by international sourcing status prior to the reference period and NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate - experimental statistics","Employees and self-employed persons by business function, NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate and size class - experimental statistics","Jobs created as a result of international sourcing by NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate, business function and job skill requirement - experimental statistics","Jobs lost or relocated abroad as a result of international sourcing by NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate, business function and job skill requirement - experimental statistics","Enterprises by motivation factors for international sourcing, level of importance of motivation factors and NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate - experimental statistics","Enterprises by barriers considered for international sourcing, level of importance of barriers and NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate - experimental statistics","Enterprises by type of COVID-19 impact on international sourcing - experimental statistics","Enterprises by impact of COVID-19 on turnover and NACE rev.2 activity aggregate - experimental statistics","Enterprises by type of trade barrier due to COVID-19, level of impact of COVID-19 and NACE Rev.2 activity aggregate - experimental statistics","Enterprises by enterprise group identification and by NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by enterprise group identification, sourcing status and NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Estimated employment by business function and by NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by sourcing status and by NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by business partner, business function and NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by country destination of international sourcing, business function and NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Jobs relocated abroad by business functions and by NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Jobs created by NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by motivation factors for international sourcing and by NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by enterprise group identification, motivation for international sourcing and NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by barriers considered for international sourcing, sourcing status and NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by movement of business functions from abroad and by NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by motivation factors for moving business functions from abroad and by NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by status of movement of business functions from abroad, business function and NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by type of movement of business functions from abroad and by NACE Rev.2 activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by enterprise group identification and economic activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by enterprise group identification, sourcing status and economic activity - experimental statistics","Estimated employment by business function and economic activity - experimental statistics","Development of employment of the enterprise by business function, sourcing status and economic activity (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Sourcing status by business function and economic activity (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Kind of business partner by business function and economic activity (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Country destination of international sourcing by business function and economic activity (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Jobs lost by business function and economic activity (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Motivation factors for international sourcing by economic activity (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Enterprises by enterprise group identification, motivation for international sourcing and economic activity (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Barriers considered for international sourcing by sourcing status and economic activity (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Importance of physical proximity of support business functions to the core business function by business function, sourcing status and economic activity - experimental statistics","Enterprises by backsourcing status (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Motivation factors for backsourcing (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Enterprises by relocation status (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Enterprises by control of foreign affiliates and economic activity - experimental statistics","Control of foreign affiliates and estimated employment by business function, country location of affiliates and economic activity - experimental statistics","Development of employment in foreign affiliates by business function and economic activity (2009-2011) - experimental statistics","Importance of motivation factors for international sourcing by enterprises currently planning to engage in international sourcing by economic activity (figures and %) - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Country destination for international sourcing by enterprises currently planning to engage in international sourcing by business functions and economic activity (figures and %) - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Level of expected impact on employment of international sourcing by enterprises currently engaged or planning to engage in international sourcing by sourcing status and economic activity (figures and %) - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Importance of barriers met for engaging in international sourcing of activities by sourcing status and economic activity (figures and %) - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Kind of business partners engaged in international sourcing by business function and economic activity - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Destination country of international sourcing by business functions and economic activity - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Job loss and creation as a result of international sourcing activity by economic activity - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Importance of motivation factors for international sourcing by economic activity - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Impact level of international sourcing activities by economic activity - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Enterprises by sourcing and economic activity - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Enterprises by sourcing status and enterprise group identification - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Domestic or international sourcing of different business functions by economic activity - collection round 2007 - experimental statistics","Short-stay accommodation offered via collaborative economy platforms by months and residence of the guest - experimental statistics","Short-stay accommodation offered via collaborative economy platforms by months, residence of the guest and NUTS1 and NUTS2 regions - experimental statistics","Guest nights spent at short-stay accommodation offered via collaborative economy platforms by NUTS 3 regions - experimental statistics","Short-stay accommodation offered via collaborative economy platforms by residence of the guest and cities - experimental statistics","Guest nights spent at short-stay accommodation offered via collaborative economy platforms by country of residence of the guest - experimental statistics","Guest nights spent at short-stay accommodation offered via collaborative economy platforms by NUTS1 and NUTS 2 regions, by world regions of residence of the guest - experimental statistics","Guest nights spent at short-stay accommodation offered via collaborative economy platforms by mode of accommodation - experimental statistics","Guest nights spent at short-stay accommodation offered via collaborative economy platforms by size class of accommodation - experimental statistics","Flowers and ornamental plants by NUTS 2 regions","Flowers and ornamental plants: number of farms and areas by agricultural size of farm (UAA)","Flowers and ornamental plants: number of farms and areas by size of farm (UAA) and size of flower and ornamental plant area","Nitrogen dioxide concentrations in European capital cities - monthly averages (source: EEA), experimental statistics","Environmental tax revenues","Environmental taxes by economic activity (NACE Rev. 2)","National expenditure on environmental protection by institutional sector","Environmental protection investments of total economy","Environmental protection investments of general government by environmental protection activity","Environmental protection investments of corporations as specialist and secondary producers by environmental protection activity","Environmental protection investments of corporations as ancillary producers by environmental protection activity and NACE Rev. 2 activity","Production of environmental protection services of general government by economic characteristics","Production of environmental protection services of corporations as specialist producers by economic characteristics","Production of environmental protection services of corporations other than specialist producers by economic characteristics and NACE Rev. 2 activity","Final consumption expenditure on environmental protection services by institutional sector","Intermediate consumption of environmental protection services by institutional sector and NACE Rev. 2 activity","Environmental protection transfers by environmental protection activity and institutional sector","Environmental subsidies and similar transfers from general government, by environmental activity, sector of recipient and ESA category of transfer","Environmental subsidies and similar transfers from general government to corporations, by environmental activity, ESA category of transfer and NACE Rev. 2 activity of recipient","Environmental subsidies and similar transfers from the Rest of the World to the domestic economy, by environmental activity and ESA category of transfer","Environmental protection expenditure - euro per inhabitant and % of GDP","Environmental protection expenditure - % of pollution prevention, % of gross fixed capital formation, % of output","Environmental protection expenditure - million euro and million units of national currency","Environmental protection expenditure by environmental domains (NACE Rev. 2, B-E)","Environmental protection expenditure by environmental domains (NACE Rev. 1.1, C-E, from 2001 onwards)","Employment in the environmental goods and services sector","Production, value added and exports in the environmental goods and services sector","Production, value added and employment by industry groups in the environmental goods and services sector","Enterprises by type and importance of environmental benefits obtained within the enterprise by introducing business process innovation, by NACE Rev.2 activity and size class","Enterprises by type and importance of factors driving environmental innovations, NACE Rev.2 activity and size class","Enterprises by type and importance of environmental benefits obtained during the consumption or use of an innovative product of the enterprise, by NACE Rev.2 activity and size class","Environmental benefits due to innovation in the enterprises by NACE Rev. 2 activity and size class","Importance of the drivers to introduce innovations with environmental benefits and procedures to reduce environmental impacts in the enterprises, by NACE Rev. 2 activity and size class","Innovations with environmental benefits","Motivation to introduce an environmental innovation","Enterprises with procedures in place to regularly identify and reduce environmental impacts","Persons reporting exposure to risk factors that can adversely affect mental well-being by sex, age and educational attainment level","Pollution, grime or other environmental problems - EU-SILC survey","Persons reporting exposure to risk factors that can adversely affect mental well-being by sex, age and NACE Rev. 1.1 activity","Persons reporting exposure to risk factors that can adversely affect mental well-being by sex, age and NACE Rev. 2 activity","Environmental taxes by economic activity (NACE Rev. 2)","Production, value added and exports in the environmental goods and services sector","Environmental protection expenditure by environmental domains (NACE Rev. 2, B-E)"],["ilc_mddw05","hlth_ehis_am6e","hlth_ehis_am6u","hlth_ehis_am6d","hlth_dhc120","hsw_exp1","hsw_exp3","hsw_exp5b","hsw_exp9","hsw_occ_ina","hsw_exp1","hsw_exp3","hsw_exp5b","hsw_exp9","hsw_exp1","hsw_exp3","hsw_exp5b","hsw_exp9","hsw_exp1","hsw_exp3","hsw_exp5b","hsw_exp9","ilc_mddw02","ilc_mddw05","icw_res_01","icw_res_02","icw_sr_01","icw_sr_02","icw_sr_03","icw_sr_04","icw_sr_05","icw_sr_06","icw_sr_07","icw_sr_08","icw_sr_09","icw_sr_10","icw_sr_11","icw_sr_12","icw_sr_13","icw_sr_14","icw_sr_15","icw_sr_16","icw_pov_01","icw_pov_02","icw_pov_03","icw_pov_04","icw_pov_05","icw_pov_06","icw_pov_07","icw_pov_08","icw_pov_09","icw_pov_10","icw_pov_11","icw_pov_12","icw_aff_01","icw_aff_02","icw_aff_03","icw_aff_04","icw_aff_05","icw_aff_06","icw_aff_07","icw_aff_08","icw_aff_09","icw_tax_01","icw_tax_02","icw_tax_03","icw_tax_04","icw_tax_05","icw_tax_06","icw_tax_07","icw_tax_08","icw_tax_09","icw_tax_10","icw_car_01","icw_car_02","icw_car_03","icw_car_04","sbs_env_dom_r2","sbs_env_sc_r2","sbs_mlenv_dom_r2","sbs_mlenv_sc_r2","sbs_env_2b_95","sbs_env_2b_02","sbs_env_2o_sc01","fats_out1","iss_21gvcpg","iss_21gvcps","iss_21gvcsg","iss_21gvcss","iss_21gvcba","iss_21gvcsa","iss_21gvcms","iss_21sobfec","iss_21sopart","iss_21soptc","iss_21soptd","iss_21soptcd","iss_21sodest","iss_21sopref","iss_21embf","iss_21sojobn","iss_21sojobl","iss_21mso","iss_21sobar","iss_21covis","iss_21covt","iss_21covb","iss_18geneg","iss_18genens","iss_18embf","iss_18sobfec","iss_18sopart","iss_18sodest","iss_18sojobl","iss_18sojobn","iss_18mso","iss_18meg","iss_18sobar","iss_18bfbck","iss_18bfmot","iss_18bfmove","iss_18bfmmag","iss_11gentgi","iss_11gentgiss","iss_11destemp","iss_11ddevemp","iss_11sfsour","iss_11sfpart","iss_11sfdest","iss_11sfjob","iss_11sbmot","iss_11sbgrid","iss_11sbbar","iss_11sbprox","iss_11srentbck","iss_11srmot","iss_11srentloc","iss_11actrl","iss_11aestemp","iss_11adevemp","iss_plan","iss_ctry","iss_empl","iss_barr","iss_part","iss_dest","iss_job","iss_fac","iss_imp","iss_econ","iss_stat","iss_func","tour_ce_omr","tour_ce_omn12","tour_ce_oan3","tour_ce_oarc","tour_ce_oar","tour_ce_oaw","tour_ce_oam","tour_ce_oasc","ef_lac_flower","ef_alflower","ef_lu_alflower","env_air_no2","env_ac_tax","env_ac_taxind2","env_ac_epneis","env_ac_epite","env_ac_epigg","env_ac_epissp","env_ac_epiap","env_ac_pepsgg","env_ac_pepssp","env_ac_pepsnsp","env_ac_cepsgh","env_ac_cepsgc","env_ac_eptrf","env_esst_gg","env_esst_ggcp","env_esst_rw","env_ac_exp2","env_ac_exp3","env_ac_exp1r2","sbs_env_dom_r2","sbs_env_2b_02","env_ac_egss1","env_ac_egss2","env_ac_egss3","inn_cis12_enve","inn_cis12_envf","inn_cis12_envu","inn_cis9_env","inn_cis9_ecodr","inn_cis6_eco","inn_cis6_ecomot","inn_cis6_ecopro","hsw_exp1","ilc_mddw02","hsw_exp5a","hsw_exp5b","env_ac_taxind2","env_ac_egss2","sbs_env_dom_r2"]],"container":"<table class=\"display\">\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th> <\/th>\n      <th>title<\/th>\n      <th>code<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n<\/table>","options":{"pageLength":1,"order":[],"autoWidth":false,"orderClasses":false,"columnDefs":[{"orderable":false,"targets":0}],"lengthMenu":[1,10,25,50,100]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
  
---

#####Tabela dinâmica.

```r
pol_2 <- get_eurostat("hsw_exp3")
pol_3 <- label_eurostat(pol_2)
pol_4 <- pol_3 %>% filter(geo == "Portugal") %>%
  select(time, values, sex) %>% group_by(time, sex) %>%
  summarise(média = round(mean(values, na.rm = TRUE),2))
datatable(pol_4[-c(2,3),], options = list(pageLength = 7),autoHideNavigation = TRUE,)
```

<div class="datatables html-widget html-fill-item-overflow-hidden html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-61e9304e5dd82ad4bbda" style="width:100%;height:auto;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-61e9304e5dd82ad4bbda">{"x":{"filter":"none","autoHideNavigation":true,"data":[["1","2","3","4","5","6","7"],["2007-01-01","2013-01-01","2013-01-01","2013-01-01","2020-01-01","2020-01-01","2020-01-01"],["Females","Females","Males","Total","Females","Males","Total"],[8.74,11.83,13.65,12.33,7.98,7.78,7.35]],"container":"<table class=\"display\">\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th> <\/th>\n      <th>time<\/th>\n      <th>sex<\/th>\n      <th>média<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n<\/table>","options":{"pageLength":7,"columnDefs":[{"className":"dt-right","targets":3},{"orderable":false,"targets":0}],"order":[],"autoWidth":false,"orderClasses":false,"lengthMenu":[7,10,25,50,100]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
---
###Como encontrar ajuda no R.
- Operador ( ? ) e ( ?? ).

```r
?aov
```
aov {stats} R Documentation
Fit an Analysis of Variance Model
Description
Fit an analysis of variance model by a call to lm for each stratum.

Usage ... ... [?](http://mercury.webster.edu/aleshunas/R_learning_infrastructure/images/RStudio%20-%20opening%20view.png)

- Função help()

```r
help(package = tidyverse)
```
Documentation for package ‘tidyverse’ version 1.3.0
DESCRIPTION file.
User guides, package vignettes and other documentation.
Help Pages
tidyverse_conflicts Conflicts between the tidyverse and other packages
tidyverse_deps  List all tidyverse dependencies ... ...

---
####Questões aos formandos.
-  O que fazemos quando queremos descrever ou melhorar um conceito em voga extraído dos média?
-  Em que medida o R, i.e., o software livre, o poderia preparar?  
----
--

####Quais os meios preferenciais de obtenção de informação?
.pull-left[
##### Para informação sobre linguagem de programação:
1 [StackOverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/)   
2 [Github](https://github.com/)  
]
.pull-right[
#####Estatisticas.  
3 [INE](https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE)  
4 [dados.gov](https://dados.gov.pt/pt/)  
5 Portdata  
6 Eurostat  
7 ...
]

#####Motores de busca.
7 Goole / DuckDuck / Yahoo / ...
---
###Conteúdos expecificos.  
#### 1)Instalação de pacotes; 2)Importar tabelas.
##### 1)Funções para instalar e carregar os pacotes (i.e., software adicional): **Install.packages()** e **library()**.

```r
# instalar o pacote read_exel:
# install.packages("read_exel")
# carregar as livrarias do pacote read_exel:
# library(read_exel)
```
##### 2)Funções: **getwd()** e setwd(); **read.csv()** ou read.csv2() e **read_xlsx**, read_exel ou read_xls.

```r
getwd()
```

```
## [1] "/home/rv/Untitled3"
```

```r
# setwd("...")
# read.csv("ficheiro.csv", sep = ",", dec = ".")
# read_xlsx("ficheiro.xlsx")
```
---
**O nosso data.frame**.

```
## # A tibble: 4 × 4
##   nome     classificação pontuação fact_pond
##   <chr>    <fct>             <int>     <dbl>
## 1 Jonas    1                    56      -2.4
## 2 Clara    2                    54      -0.2
## 3 Xico     3                    45       1  
## 4 Adelaide 1                    66      -2.1
```
--
####Objecto, nome e funções.
- Para que um objecto fique gravado na memória do computador é necessário atribuir-lhe um nome, Wickham(2021).
- O nome é associado ao objecto com o símbolo "assignment" ( <- ).
- Geralmente utilizam-se minúsculas para o nome do objecto e o único símbolo aceitável é o "underscore" ( _ ), o ponto ( . ) serve para criar variáveis implícitas e não é contemplado nesta sessão. Desta forma os espaços entre nomes constituídos por mais de uma palavra deverão ser preenchidos por "underscore", e o nome não pode começar com um número.
- As funções estão associadas aos parênteses ( () ) nos quais se inscrevem os argumentos. Numa função, para além dos argumentos, geralmente estão os nomes dos objectos e também se podem encontrar outras funções.
---
Desta forma:

```r
# df_exemplo <- read.csv("ficheiro.csv", sep = ",", dec = ".")
```
--
####*A função c()*
- Esta é das funções mais utilizadas na linguagem de programação R e tem o nome de "concatenation", que significa unir, concatenar, juntar, encadear.
- Podemos então:

```r
#unir um conjunto de números.
num <- c(2,45,3,6:10)
num
```

```
## [1]  2 45  3  6  7  8  9 10
```

```r
#ou um conjunto de caracteres.
car <- c("bolha","86maria","5","alfa-romeo")
car
```

```
## [1] "bolha"      "86maria"    "5"          "alfa-romeo"
```
**Ou qualquer outro conjunto**.
---
###Operadores
- Aritmeticos: + , - , * , / .
- Relacionais: > (maior), >= (maior ou igual), < (menor), <= (menor ou igual), == (igual) e != (diferente).
- Lógicos: & (e) , | (ou).

```r
a <- 2
b <- 4
a + b
```

```
## [1] 6
```

```r
a != b
```

```
## [1] TRUE
```

```r
!a & b; !a | b
```

```
## [1] FALSE
```

```
## [1] TRUE
```
---
###Nível de mensuração de variáveis(1).
-Nominal e ordinal.

```r
d1 <- factor(c(1,0,0,1,0), levels = c(0,1))
d2 <- ordered(c("a","b","c","d"), levels = c("a","b","c","d"))
d1; d2
```

```
## [1] 1 0 0 1 0
## Levels: 0 1
```

```
## [1] a b c d
## Levels: a < b < c < d
```

```r
class(d1)
```

```
## [1] "factor"
```

```r
class(d2)
```

```
## [1] "ordered" "factor"
```
---
###Nível de mensuração de variáveis(2).
- Intervalar.

```r
temp <- seq(-0, 40, 0.001)
temp <- round(sample(temp, 8),1)
negativos <- c(-4,-1)
temp <- c(temp,negativos)
temp
```

```
##  [1] 13.4  1.3 37.6  5.9 28.9 34.0 18.0 21.8 -4.0 -1.0
```
- Razão.

```r
altura <- rep(c(450:550)/2.9, 100)
altura <- round(sample(altura, 10),1)
altura
```

```
##  [1] 182.4 174.5 176.6 189.0 173.8 188.3 189.0 158.3 183.4 165.2
```
---
###Estruturas de dados no R(1).

- Vectores

```r
#vector lógico
logi_2 <- c(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE,TRUE)
logi_2
```

```
## [1]  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE
```

```r
class(logi_2)
```

```
## [1] "logical"
```

```r
#vector numérico
num_2 <- c(3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
num_2
```

```
## [1] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
```

```r
class(num_2)
```

```
## [1] "numeric"
```
---
###Estruturas de dados no R(2).

```r
#vector de caracteres ("string")
car_2 <- c("João","Maria","Adelaide")
car_2
```

```
## [1] "João"     "Maria"    "Adelaide"
```

```r
class(car_2)
```

```
## [1] "character"
```
######\#coerção

```r
#Double
c(1,3,5,7,9,11,13)/2
```

```
## [1] 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
```

```r
typeof(c(1,3,5,7,9,11,13)/2)
```

```
## [1] "double"
```
---
###Estruturas de dados no R(3).
Vector numérico de tipo "Integer"

```r
#Integer
c(1L,3L,5L,7L,9L,11L,13L)
```

```
## [1]  1  3  5  7  9 11 13
```

```r
typeof(c(1L,3L,5L,7L,9L,11L,13L))
```

```
## [1] "integer"
```
- Fatores

```r
factor_1 <- sample(rep(c("brisa", "vento", "ventania", "tempestade", "furacão"), 300),30)
factor_1 <- factor(factor_1, levels = c("brisa", "vento", "ventania", "tempestade", "furacão"))
class(factor_1)
```

```
## [1] "factor"
```
---
###Estruturas de dados no R(4).
![](TeStE_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-22-1.png)

---
###Estruturas de dados no R(5).
- Listas

```r
a <- c(3,4,5,6)
lista_1 <- list(2, "Barco", "2", 1:4, a, table(c = c(4,3,2,1)))
typeof(lista_1)
```

```
## [1] "list"
```
- Matrizes

```r
matriz_1 <- matrix(c(1:9), nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
matriz_1
```

```
##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,]    1    4    7
## [2,]    2    5    8
## [3,]    3    6    9
```

```r
class(matriz_1)
```

```
## [1] "matrix" "array"
```
---
###Estruturas de dados no R(6).
- Data.frame
<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> k </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> w </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> x </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> y </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> z </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Jan </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> joão </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> A </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.14214 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 90 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Feb </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> joão </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> B </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.89966 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 74 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mar </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> joão </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> C </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.62050 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 84 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Apr </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> joão </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> D </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.30951 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 61 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> May </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> joão </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> E </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.97056 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 60 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Jun </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> maria </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> F </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.60682 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 88 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Jul </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> maria </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> G </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.22087 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 43 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Aug </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> maria </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> H </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.81489 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 67 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sep </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> maria </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> I </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.39072 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Oct </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> maria </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> J </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.94994 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 59 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
---
###Estruturas de dados no R(7).
Cronstruindo um data.frame().

```r
z <- c(3,4,5,6)
x <- c(letters[c(1:4)])
data.frame(z,x)
```

```
##   z x
## 1 3 a
## 2 4 b
## 3 5 c
## 4 6 d
```

```r
data.frame(z = c(3,4,5,6),
           x = c(letters[c(1:4)]))
```

```
##   z x
## 1 3 a
## 2 4 b
## 3 5 c
## 4 6 d
```
---
###Operadores [ ] e $.
Estruturas com NULL dimensões, Wickam(2021).

```r
vector <- c(50:100)
```

```r
# posição:
vector[45]
```

```
## [1] 94
```

```r
# extrair um vector do vector original:
vector_2 <- vector[c(50:55)]
vector_2
```

```
## [1]  99 100  NA  NA  NA  NA
```

```r
#alterar um valor
vector_2[1] <- 49
vector_2
```

```
## [1]  49 100  NA  NA  NA  NA
```
---
###Operadores [ ] e $.
Estruturas rectangulares (data.frame ou matrix).

```r
df_2 <- data.frame(z = c(3,4,5,6), x = c(letters[c(1:4)]))
# localizar um elemento:
df_2[1,2] # primeiro digito refer-se à linha e o segundo à coluna.
```

```
## [1] "a"
```

```r
# extrair um ou mais valores para um vector ou tabela:
df_2 <- df_2[c(1,2), c(1)]
df_2
```

```
## [1] 3 4
```

```r
data.frame(df_2)
```

```
##   df_2
## 1    3
## 2    4
```

```r
# modificar valores à semelhança do procedimento para vectores.
```
---
###Operadores [ ] e $.
O operador $ serve para extrair ou alterar colunas de uma tabela.

```r
df$pontuação
```

```
## [1] 56 54 45 66
```

```r
df$pontuação <- c(55L,50L,45L,67L)
df
```

```
##       nome classificação pontuação fact_pond
## 1    Jonas             1        55      -2.4
## 2    Clara             2        50      -0.2
## 3     Xico             3        45       1.0
## 4 Adelaide             1        67      -2.1
```
#####**Filtrar com operador lógico exemplo:**

```r
df[df$pontuação >= 60, ]
```

```
##       nome classificação pontuação fact_pond
## 4 Adelaide             1        67      -2.1
```

---
Referências
  
Wicham, H. (2021). *Advanced R* (2 ed). CBC Press.  
https://adv-r.hadley.nz/