Chapter 15 Factors

Creating Vectors

General Social Survey

gss_cat
## # A tibble: 21,483 × 9
##     year marital         age race  rincome        partyid    relig denom tvhours
##    <int> <fct>         <int> <fct> <fct>          <fct>      <fct> <fct>   <int>
##  1  2000 Never married    26 White $8000 to 9999  Ind,near … Prot… Sout…      12
##  2  2000 Divorced         48 White $8000 to 9999  Not str r… Prot… Bapt…      NA
##  3  2000 Widowed          67 White Not applicable Independe… Prot… No d…       2
##  4  2000 Never married    39 White Not applicable Ind,near … Orth… Not …       4
##  5  2000 Divorced         25 White Not applicable Not str d… None  Not …       1
##  6  2000 Married          25 White $20000 - 24999 Strong de… Prot… Sout…      NA
##  7  2000 Never married    36 White $25000 or more Not str r… Chri… Not …       3
##  8  2000 Divorced         44 White $7000 to 7999  Ind,near … Prot… Luth…      NA
##  9  2000 Married          44 White $25000 or more Not str d… Prot… Other       0
## 10  2000 Married          47 White $25000 or more Strong re… Prot… Sout…       3
## # … with 21,473 more rows

Modifying Vector Orders

Unordered Factor Levels

# Transform Data: Calculate average TV hours by religion
tvhours_by_relig <- gss_cat %>%
    
    group_by(relig) %>%
    summarise(
        avg_tvhours = mean(tvhours, na.rm = TRUE)
    )

# Plot

tvhours_by_relig %>%

    ggplot(aes(x = avg_tvhours, y = relig)) +
    geom_point()

Ordered Factor Levels

tvhours_by_relig %>%
    
       ggplot(aes(x = avg_tvhours, y = fct_reorder(.f = relig, .x = avg_tvhours))) +
    geom_point()

    # Labeling
    labs(y = NULL, x = "Mean Daily Hour Watching TV")
## $y
## NULL
## 
## $x
## [1] "Mean Daily Hour Watching TV"
## 
## attr(,"class")
## [1] "labels"

Moving a Single Level to the Front

tvhours_by_relig %>%

 ggplot(aes(x = avg_tvhours, 
              y = fct_reorder(.f = relig, .x = avg_tvhours) %>%
                  fct_relabel("Don't Know"))) +
geom_point()

# Labeling
labs(y = NULL, x = "Mean Daily Hour Watching TV")

Modifying Vector Levels

gss_cat %>% distinct(race)
## # A tibble: 3 × 1
##   race 
##   <fct>
## 1 White
## 2 Black
## 3 Other
# Recode Function
gss_cat %>%
    
    #Rename Levels
    mutate(race_rev = fct_recode(race, "African American"  = "Black")) %>%
    select(race, race_rev) %>%
    filter(race == "Black")
## # A tibble: 3,129 × 2
##    race  race_rev        
##    <fct> <fct>           
##  1 Black African American
##  2 Black African American
##  3 Black African American
##  4 Black African American
##  5 Black African American
##  6 Black African American
##  7 Black African American
##  8 Black African American
##  9 Black African American
## 10 Black African American
## # … with 3,119 more rows
# Collapse Multiple Levels into one
gss_cat %>%
    
    mutate(race_col = fct_collapse(race, "Minority" = c("Black","Other"))) %>%
    select(race, race_col) %>%
    filter(race != "White")
## # A tibble: 5,088 × 2
##    race  race_col
##    <fct> <fct>   
##  1 Black Minority
##  2 Black Minority
##  3 Black Minority
##  4 Other Minority
##  5 Black Minority
##  6 Other Minority
##  7 Black Minority
##  8 Other Minority
##  9 Black Minority
## 10 Black Minority
## # … with 5,078 more rows
# Lump small level into other levels
gss_cat %>% count(race)
## # A tibble: 3 × 2
##   race      n
##   <fct> <int>
## 1 Other  1959
## 2 Black  3129
## 3 White 16395
gss_cat %>% mutate(race_lump = fct_lump(race)) %>% distinct(race_lump)
## # A tibble: 2 × 1
##   race_lump
##   <fct>    
## 1 White    
## 2 Other

Chapter 16 Date and Times

Creating Date/Times

From Strings

# From Strings
"2022/10/28" %>% ymd()
## [1] "2022-10-28"
# From Numbers
20221028 %>% ymd()
## [1] "2022-10-28"
"2022-10-28 4-41-30" %>% ymd_hms()
## [1] "2022-10-28 04:41:30 UTC"

From Individual Components

flights %>% 
    select(year: day, hour, minute) %>%
    mutate(departure = make_datetime(year = year, month = month,
                                     day = day, hour = hour, min = minute))
## # A tibble: 336,776 × 6
##     year month   day  hour minute departure          
##    <int> <int> <int> <dbl>  <dbl> <dttm>             
##  1  2013     1     1     5     15 2013-01-01 05:15:00
##  2  2013     1     1     5     29 2013-01-01 05:29:00
##  3  2013     1     1     5     40 2013-01-01 05:40:00
##  4  2013     1     1     5     45 2013-01-01 05:45:00
##  5  2013     1     1     6      0 2013-01-01 06:00:00
##  6  2013     1     1     5     58 2013-01-01 05:58:00
##  7  2013     1     1     6      0 2013-01-01 06:00:00
##  8  2013     1     1     6      0 2013-01-01 06:00:00
##  9  2013     1     1     6      0 2013-01-01 06:00:00
## 10  2013     1     1     6      0 2013-01-01 06:00:00
## # … with 336,766 more rows

From Other Types

# From Date to Date Time
today() %>% as_datetime()
## [1] "2023-01-13 UTC"
# From Date time to date
now() %>% as_date()
## [1] "2023-01-13"

Date - Time Components

Getting Components

date_time <- ymd_hms(“2022-10-28 18-18-18”) date_time

year(date_time) months(date_time, label= TRUE, abbr= FALSE) yday(date_time) mday(date_time) wday(date_time, label= TRUE, abbr = FALSE)

# Create flights_dt
make_datetime_100 <- function(year, month, day, time) {
  make_datetime(year, month, day, time %/% 100, time %% 100)
}

flights_dt <- flights %>% 
  filter(!is.na(dep_time), !is.na(arr_time)) %>% 
  mutate(
    dep_time = make_datetime_100(year, month, day, dep_time),
    arr_time = make_datetime_100(year, month, day, arr_time),
    sched_dep_time = make_datetime_100(year, month, day, sched_dep_time),
    sched_arr_time = make_datetime_100(year, month, day, sched_arr_time)
  ) %>% 
  select(origin, dest, ends_with("delay"), ends_with("time"))
flights_dt %>% 
    
   transmute(wday = wday(dep_time, label = TRUE)) %>% 
    
    ggplot(aes(wday)) +
    geom_bar()

Rounding

# floor_date for Rounding Down

flights_dt %>%
    
    mutate(week = floor_date(dep_time, "month")) %>%
    select(dep_time, week) %>%
    sample_n(10)
## # A tibble: 10 × 2
##    dep_time            week               
##    <dttm>              <dttm>             
##  1 2013-10-18 12:42:00 2013-10-01 00:00:00
##  2 2013-07-31 08:10:00 2013-07-01 00:00:00
##  3 2013-04-28 18:13:00 2013-04-01 00:00:00
##  4 2013-04-05 07:27:00 2013-04-01 00:00:00
##  5 2013-10-07 23:18:00 2013-10-01 00:00:00
##  6 2013-08-11 21:12:00 2013-08-01 00:00:00
##  7 2013-04-21 20:37:00 2013-04-01 00:00:00
##  8 2013-09-18 16:05:00 2013-09-01 00:00:00
##  9 2013-07-27 07:54:00 2013-07-01 00:00:00
## 10 2013-04-22 19:16:00 2013-04-01 00:00:00

Setting Components

flights_dt %>%
    mutate(dep_hour = update(dep_time, yday = 1)) %>%
    select(dep_time, dep_hour) %>%
    sample_n(10)
## # A tibble: 10 × 2
##    dep_time            dep_hour           
##    <dttm>              <dttm>             
##  1 2013-01-04 08:42:00 2013-01-01 08:42:00
##  2 2013-02-21 08:55:00 2013-01-01 08:55:00
##  3 2013-08-01 12:41:00 2013-01-01 12:41:00
##  4 2013-08-05 09:10:00 2013-01-01 09:10:00
##  5 2013-04-30 20:20:00 2013-01-01 20:20:00
##  6 2013-08-30 17:58:00 2013-01-01 17:58:00
##  7 2013-06-11 13:54:00 2013-01-01 13:54:00
##  8 2013-11-10 18:23:00 2013-01-01 18:23:00
##  9 2013-03-12 08:22:00 2013-01-01 08:22:00
## 10 2013-11-27 09:28:00 2013-01-01 09:28:00

Time Spans