Module One: ISO and Quality Contributors to Manufacturing Systems

First a little bit about Strategy

What is strategy?

A plan is NOT a strategy.

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What is a strategy?

Strategy is shaped by competitive forces (Porter 2008).

Question: What happened to Southwest? Can ISO prevent this?

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What is ISO?

ISO , the International Organization for Standardization¹ is an independent, non-governmental international organization with a membership of 167 national standards bodies². For example, the American National Standards Institute represents the United States.

ISO members are national standards organizations that collaborate in the development and promotion of international standards for technology, scientific testing processes, working conditions, societal issues and more. ISO and its members then sell documents detailing these standards.

The ISO’s General Assembly is its decision-making body. It consists of representatives from the members and elected leaders called principal officers. The organization has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, where a central secretariat oversees operations.

ISO history

ISO began in 1946 when delegates from 25 countries met at the institute if Civil Engineers in London. You can see the timeline of main events here: https://www.iso.org/about-us.html, and a nice description of ISO’s first 50 years in Friendship among equals. The pdf document ISO in brief provides a good summary of the organization in 2019.

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What is a standard?

A standard is an internationally recognized way of doing something.

ISO Standards

There are around 22,000 ISO standards to date, covering various industries. But out of these, the three main types are:

1. ISO 9001:2015: standard for general organizational quality management systems (QMS), including vendor management. ISO comprises QMS standards for specific industries, too.

2. ISO 27001:2013: standard for Information Security Management Systems (ISMS).

3. ISO 14001:2015: standard for Environmental Management Systems (“What Are the Different Types of ISO Standards?” n.d.)

ISO standards are internationally agreed-upon formulas that describe the best way of doing a specific activity. They are the main products of ISO.

Quality gurus related to manufacturing

Walter Shewhart

Deming influencer. Developer of the control chart, the control cycle (Plan, Do, Check, Act) and differentiation of common vs assignable causes of variation. (Best and Neuhauser 2006)

W. E. Deming

Creator of the fourteen points and seven diseases of management. Japan offers a Deming Prize in his honor. Expanded on the ideas of Walter Shewhart and developed a statistical approach to quality. [Walton (1998)](“Giants of QualityW. Edwards Deming” 2012)

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Joseph Juran

Developer of quality management: planning, improvement, and control. Provided definitions of conformance and design quality. Created the concept of Cost of Quality. (Glick 2018) (Bailey 2007) (Godfrey and Kenett 2007)

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Armand Feigenbaum

Creator of the concept of Total Quality Control. (Anonymous 2010), (A. V. Feigenbaum 1951). during his work at GE he observed that managing for quality was very specific and meant that only one department was responsible for ensuring that technical specifications in products and services where met. Feigenbaum was aware that the pursuit of quality connected all processes and people from the organization. Therefore, quality improvement is a way of leading, inspiring, integrating efforts and managing the business for profit, growth, and customer value. (Armand V. Feigenbaum and Feigenbaum 2005)

Kaoru Ishikawa

Creator of the concept of Company Wide Quality Control, Ishikawa or Fish Bone diagram, and Quality Circles.

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Genichi Taguchi

Taguchi’s best-known contribution came in the form of the loss function. Taguchi focused on minimizing variation in certain parameters. The prevailing view at the time (and perhaps even now) was that there were no costs as long as a quality characteristic’s measurement fell within specification limits. Taguchi challenged this assumption and suggested that any item manufactured away from its nominal value would result in some loss to the customer or manufacturer. (“Genichi Taguchi” 2008).

Taiichi Ohno and Shigeo Shingo

Ohno, a japanese Industrial engineer. Considered the father of the Toyota Production System or TPS. TPS is the originator of Lean Manufacturing. Ohno devised the seven wastes. (“How the Toyota Production System Was Created,” n.d.)

Shigeo Shingo, a vital contributor to the TPS with technologies such as Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED), Poka-Yoke (Mistake Proofing), and 5S, among others. (Snyder and Dillon 2019). The University of Utah created an award, an institute, on his name. (“Shingo Institute,” n.d.)

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References

Anonymous. 2010. “Armand Vallin Feigenbaum.” Production and Operations Management 19 (1): IX, X. https://www.proquest.com/docview/228723900/abstract/7EBD8E3638B1452CPQ/1.

Bailey, J. 2007. “Profile: Joseph Juran.” Engineering Management 17 (4): 46–47. https://doi.org/10.1049/em:20070415.

Best, M, and D Neuhauser. 2006. “Walter a Shewhart, 1924, and the Hawthorne Factory.” Quality & Safety in Health Care 15 (2): 142–43. https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2006.018093.

Feigenbaum, A. V. 1951. Quality Control: Principles, Practice and Administration; an Industrial Management Tool for Improving Product Quality and Design and for Reducing Operating Costs and Losses. McGraw-Hill Industrial Organization and Management Series. New York: McGraw-Hill. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002553982.

Feigenbaum, Armand V., and Donald S. Feigenbaum. 2005. “What Quality Means Today.” MIT Sloan Management Review 46 (2): 96. https://www.proquest.com/docview/224962593/abstract/7F17B218711E4ADAPQ/1.

“Genichi Taguchi.” 2008. Production and Operations Management 17 (5): i–. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10591478&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA188325800&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs.

“Giants of QualityW. Edwards Deming.” 2012. Quality and Reliability Engineering International 28 (3): 247–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/qre.1389.

Glick, Bud. 2018. “A Primer on Cost of Quality.” Software Quality Professional 20 (4): 61–63. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=aci&AN=132742442&site=ehost-live&custid=s5308004.

Godfrey, A. Blanton, and Ron S. Kenett. 2007. “Joseph M. Juran, a Perspective on Past Contributions and Future Impact.” Quality and Reliability Engineering International 23 (6): 653–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/qre.861.

“How the Toyota Production System Was Created.” n.d. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.2753/JES1097-203X100483?needAccess=true&role=button.

Porter, Michael E. 2008. “The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy.” Harvard Business Review 86 (1): 78–93. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=bth&AN=28000138&site=ehost-live&custid=s5308004.

“Shingo Institute.” n.d. https://shingo.org/.

Snyder, Ken, and Andrew Dillon. 2019. “Think Like Shingo: Shigeo Shingo on Quality.” Cost Management 33 (August): 5–10. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2261006585/abstract/303B1CD696F64188PQ/1.

Walton, Mary. 1998. “Deming’s Fourteen Points.” Dental Economics 88 (3): 32. https://www.proquest.com/docview/209810514/citation/5BFE15E6D824426EPQ/1.

“What Are the Different Types of ISO Standards?” n.d. https://reciprocity.com/resources/types-of-iso-standards/.

Footnotes

1. Because ‘International Organization for Standardization’ would have different acronyms in different languages (IOS in English, OIN in French for Organisation internationale de normalisation), the founders decided to give it the short form ISO. ISO is derived from the Greek ‘isos’, meaning equal.

2. https://www.iso.org/about-us.html