Food security

Variables in analysis

dependent variables

HDDs

Aggregation of food groups from the questionnaire to create HDDs
group	group.description	variable.name	question.num.	question
1	Cereals	HDDS_01	Q17.1	Cereals
2	White roots and tubers	HDDS_02	Q17.2	White roots and tubers
3	Vegetables	HDDS_03	Q17.3	Orange fleshed roots/tubers or vegetables
HDDS_04	Q17.4	Dark green leafy vegetables
HDDS_05	Q17.5	Other vegetables
4	Fruits	HDDS_06	Q17.6	Orange fleshed fruits
HDDS_07	Q17.7	Other fruits
5	Meat	HDDS_08	Q17.8	Organ meat
HDDS_09	Q17.9	Flesh meat
6	Eggs	HDDS_10	Q17.10	Eggs
7	Fish	HDDS_11	Q17.11	Fish
8	Legumes, nuts and seeds	HDDS_12	Q17.12	Pulses
HDDS_13	Q17.13	Nuts and seeds
9	Milk and milk-products	HDDS_14	Q17.14	Milk and milk-products
10	Oils/Fats	HDDS_15	Q17.15	Oils/Fats
11	Sugar and sweets	HDDS_16	Q17.16	Sugar and sweets
12	Spices, condiments and beverages	HDDS_17	Q17.17	Spices and Condiments
HDDS_18	Q17.18	Beverages

Descriptive statistics

by country

HDDs summary statistics by country
country	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
KE	1,352	27.4	7.75	2.05	0	7.0	8	9	12
MO	729	14.8	8.62	2.13	1	7.0	9	10	12
TN	678	13.7	8.92	2.18	0	8.0	9	10	12
TZ	903	18.3	7.74	2.22	0	6.5	8	9	12
UG	1,279	25.9	8.09	1.88	0	7.0	8	9	12
Total	4,941	100.0	8.12	2.11	0	7.0	8	10	12

Kruskal-Wallis Test
Test	Statistic	df	p.value	Signif
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test	254	4	8.9e-54	***

Dunn's Post hoc test
country	KE	MO	TN	TZ
MO	<0.001	-	-	-
TN	<0.001	0.0074	-	-
TZ	1	<0.001	<0.001	-
UG	0.0038	<0.001	<0.001	0.025

HDDs summary statistics by country and city
country	city	n	%	Mean	st.Dev	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
KE	Kisumu	467	34.5	7.6	1.5	3	7.0	8	9	12
	Kitui	467	34.5	7.9	1.8	3	7.0	8	9	12
	Nyeri	418	30.9	7.8	2.7	0	7.0	8	10	12
	Subtotal	1,352	27.4	7.7	2.0	0	7.0	8	9	12
MO	Beni Mellal	364	49.9	8.3	2.0	2	7.0	9	10	12
	Meknes	365	50.1	9.0	2.2	1	8.0	9	10	12
	Subtotal	729	14.8	8.6	2.1	1	7.0	9	10	12
TN	Sousse	327	48.2	8.4	2.3	0	7.0	9	10	12
	Tunis	351	51.8	9.4	1.9	0	9.0	10	11	12
	Subtotal	678	13.7	8.9	2.2	0	8.0	9	10	12
TZ	Daressalaam	432	47.8	7.7	2.3	0	6.0	8	9	12
	Morogoro	471	52.2	7.8	2.2	0	7.0	8	9	12
	Subtotal	903	18.3	7.7	2.2	0	6.5	8	9	12
UG	Kalerwe	409	32.0	8.2	1.8	3	7.0	8	9	12
	Kampala	434	33.9	8.0	1.8	3	7.0	8	9	12
	Kapeeka	436	34.1	8.1	2.0	0	7.0	8	9	12
	Subtotal	1,279	25.9	8.1	1.9	0	7.0	8	9	12
Total	-	4,941	100.0	8.1	2.1	0	7.0	8	10	12

Kruskal-Wallis test for differences in HDDs between cities in countries
country	statistic	df	p.value	Signif
KE	22.43	2	1.3e-05	***
MO	23.29	1	1.4e-06	***
TN	32.45	1	1.2e-08	***
TZ	0.09	1	0.7651
UG	5.90	2	0.0522	.
Total	343.00	11	7.3e-67	***

by gender

HDDs summary statistics by gender
gender	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
Male	2,203	44.6	8.13	2.19	7	8	10	12
Female	2,738	55.4	8.12	2.05	7	8	10	12
Total	4,941	100.0	8.12	2.11	7	8	10	12

Mann Whitney U test for HDDs by gender
Test	Statistic	p.value	Signif
Mann-Whitney rank sum test	3,054,936	0.4283

by income

HDDs summary statistics by income
income	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
lower than average	1,070	21.7	7.52	2.23	6	8	9	12
somewhat lower than average	1,784	36.1	8.18	2.04	7	8	10	12
about average	758	15.3	8.37	2.02	7	9	10	12
somewhat higher than average	680	13.8	8.30	1.96	7	8	10	12
higher than average	649	13.1	8.49	2.19	7	9	10	12
Total	4,941	100.0	8.12	2.11	7	8	10	12

Kruskal-Wallis test for HDDs by income
Test	Statistic	df	p.value	Signif
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test	133.12	4	8.4e-28	***

Dunn's Post hoc test
Q21.income_avg	lower	somewhat lower	about average	somewhat higher
somewhat lower	<0.001	-	-	-
about average	<0.001	0.08	-	-
somewhat higher	<0.001	1	1	-
higher	<0.001	<0.001	1	0.1063

by education level

HDDs summary statistics by education level
income	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
No qualification literate	429	8.7	7.46	2.17	6	8	9	12
Primary	1,377	27.9	7.95	2.06	7	8	9	12
Secondary or more	3,135	63.4	8.29	2.11	7	8	10	12
Total	4,941	100.0	8.12	2.11	7	8	10	12

Kruskal-Wallis test for HDDs by education level
Test	Statistic	df	p.value	Signif
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test	82.43	2	1.3e-18	***

Dunn's Post hoc test
Q18.3.educ3	No qualification literate	Primary
Primary	<0.001	-
Secondary or more	<0.001	<0.001

Meet Food Needs

Descriptive statistics

by country

Q16.meet_food_needs summary statistics by country
country	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
KE	1,352	27.4	2.73	0.97	1	2	3	3	5
MO	729	14.8	3.00	1.11	1	2	3	4	5
TN	678	13.7	3.17	1.05	1	2	3	4	5
TZ	903	18.3	3.59	0.87	1	3	4	4	5
UG	1,279	25.9	2.95	1.19	1	2	3	4	5
Total	4,941	100.0	3.04	1.09	1	2	3	4	5

Kruskal-Wallis Test for Q16.meet_food_needs by country
Test	Statistic	df	p.value	Signif
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test	390.72	4	2.8e-83	***

Dunn's Post hoc test
Q16.meet_food_needs	KE	MO	TN	TZ
MO	<0.001	-	-	-
TN	<0.001	0.0284	-	-
TZ	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	-
UG	<0.001	1	<0.001	<0.001

Q16.meet_food_needs summary statistics by country and city
country	city	n	%	Mean	st.Dev	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
KE	Kisumu	467	34.5	3.1	0.8	1	3	3	4	5
	Kitui	467	34.5	2.4	0.8	1	2	2	3	5
	Nyeri	418	30.9	2.7	1.1	1	2	3	4	5
	Subtotal	1,352	27.4	2.7	1.0	1	2	3	3	5
MO	Beni Mellal	364	49.9	3.0	1.2	1	2	3	4	5
	Meknes	365	50.1	3.1	1.0	1	2	3	4	5
	Subtotal	729	14.8	3.0	1.1	1	2	3	4	5
TN	Sousse	327	48.2	3.0	1.1	1	2	3	4	5
	Tunis	351	51.8	3.3	1.0	1	3	3	4	5
	Subtotal	678	13.7	3.2	1.0	1	2	3	4	5
TZ	Daressalaam	432	47.8	3.7	0.8	1	3	4	4	5
	Morogoro	471	52.2	3.5	1.0	1	3	4	4	5
	Subtotal	903	18.3	3.6	0.9	1	3	4	4	5
UG	Kalerwe	409	32.0	2.8	1.2	1	2	3	4	5
	Kampala	434	33.9	2.7	1.2	1	2	2	4	5
	Kapeeka	436	34.1	3.4	1.1	1	3	3	4	5
	Subtotal	1,279	25.9	2.9	1.2	1	2	3	4	5
Total	-	4,941	100.0	3.0	1.1	1	2	3	4	5

Kruskal-Wallis test for differences in Q16.meet_food_needs between cities in countries
country	statistic	df	p.value	Signif
KE	175.19	2	9.1e-39	***
MO	0.78	1	0.377
TN	14.80	1	1e-04	***
TZ	11.73	1	6e-04	***
UG	81.94	2	1.6e-18	***
Total	629.51	11	6.8e-128	***

by gender

Q16.meet_food_needs summary statistics by gender
gender	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
Male	2,203	44.6	3.06	1.10	1	2	3	4	5
Female	2,738	55.4	3.03	1.08	1	2	3	4	5
Total	4,941	100.0	3.04	1.09	1	2	3	4	5

Mann Whitney U test for Q16.meet_food_needs by gender
Test	Statistic	p.value	Signif
Mann-Whitney rank sum test	3,065,299	0.3039

by income

Q16.meet_food_needs summary statistics by income
income	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
lower than average	1,070	21.7	2.75	1.08	1	2	3	4	5
somewhat lower than average	1,784	36.1	3.04	1.08	1	2	3	4	5
about average	758	15.3	3.19	1.02	1	2	3	4	5
somewhat higher than average	680	13.8	3.17	1.09	1	2	3	4	5
higher than average	649	13.1	3.25	1.08	1	2	3	4	5
Total	4,941	100.0	3.04	1.09	1	2	3	4	5

Kruskal-Wallis test for Q16.meet_food_needs by income
Test	Statistic	df	p.value	Signif
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test	116.73	4	2.7e-24	***

Dunn's Post hoc test
Q21.income_avg	lower	somewhat lower	about average	somewhat higher
somewhat lower	<0.001	-	-	-
about average	<0.001	0.0124	-	-
somewhat higher	<0.001	0.0625	1	-
higher	<0.001	<0.001	1	1

by education level

Q16.meet_food_needs summary statistics by education level
income	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
No qualification literate	429	8.7	2.67	1.20	1	2	3	4	5
Primary	1,377	27.9	2.90	1.10	1	2	3	4	5
Secondary or more	3,135	63.4	3.16	1.04	1	2	3	4	5
Total	4,941	100.0	3.04	1.09	1	2	3	4	5

Kruskal-Wallis test for Q16.meet_food_needs by education level
Test	Statistic	df	p.value	Signif
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test	108.67	2	2.5e-24	***

Dunn's Post hoc test
Q18.3.educ3	No qualification literate	Primary
Primary	0.0019	-
Secondary or more	<0.001	<0.001

Lacking

Lacking variables (Q4: lacking_cereal, lacking_veg, lacking_fruit, lacking_leg, lacking_fish, lacking_oil) has been summarised in a single variable (Q4.lacking) with a confirmatory factor analysis

Latent variable: lacking
variable	Estimate	Std.Err	z.value	p.value
lacking_cereal	1.000	0.000
lacking_veg	1.057	0.037	28.728	0
lacking_fruit	1.310	0.044	30.067	0
lacking_leg	0.984	0.037	26.672	0
lacking_fish	0.961	0.039	24.914	0
lacking_oil	0.876	0.036	24.559	0
cfi	0.895
rmsea	0.105

Descriptive statistics

by country

Q4.lacking summary statistics by country
country	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
KE	1,352	27.4	3.39	0.75	1.00	3.00	3.48	3.92	5
MO	729	14.8	4.08	0.78	1.00	3.63	4.16	4.73	5
TN	678	13.7	3.83	0.79	1.12	3.42	3.94	4.39	5
TZ	903	18.3	4.19	0.68	1.00	3.87	4.28	4.70	5
UG	1,279	25.9	3.74	0.61	1.00	3.34	3.74	4.19	5
Total	4,941	100.0	3.79	0.77	1.00	3.34	3.85	4.35	5

Kruskal-Wallis Test for Q4.lacking by country
Test	Statistic	df	p.value	Signif
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test	807.72	4	1.6e-173	***

Dunn's Post hoc test
Q4.lacking	KE	MO	TN	TZ
MO	<0.001	-	-	-
TN	<0.001	<0.001	-	-
TZ	<0.001	0.0043	<0.001	-
UG	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

Q4.lacking summary statistics by country and city
country	city	n	%	Mean	st.Dev	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
KE	Kisumu	467	34.5	3.4	0.6	1.2	3.0	3.4	3.8	4.6
	Kitui	467	34.5	3.5	0.7	1.2	3.1	3.6	4.0	5.0
	Nyeri	418	30.9	3.3	0.9	1.0	2.8	3.4	3.9	5.0
	Subtotal	1,352	27.4	3.4	0.7	1.0	3.0	3.5	3.9	5.0
MO	Beni Mellal	364	49.9	4.1	0.7	2.1	3.6	4.2	4.6	5.0
	Meknes	365	50.1	4.1	0.8	1.0	3.6	4.2	4.8	5.0
	Subtotal	729	14.8	4.1	0.8	1.0	3.6	4.2	4.7	5.0
TN	Sousse	327	48.2	3.8	0.8	1.1	3.5	4.0	4.4	5.0
	Tunis	351	51.8	3.8	0.8	1.4	3.3	3.9	4.4	5.0
	Subtotal	678	13.7	3.8	0.8	1.1	3.4	3.9	4.4	5.0
TZ	Daressalaam	432	47.8	4.2	0.8	1.0	3.9	4.4	4.8	5.0
	Morogoro	471	52.2	4.2	0.5	1.5	3.9	4.3	4.6	5.0
	Subtotal	903	18.3	4.2	0.7	1.0	3.9	4.3	4.7	5.0
UG	Kalerwe	409	32.0	3.8	0.7	1.0	3.4	3.8	4.3	5.0
	Kampala	434	33.9	3.7	0.6	2.1	3.3	3.7	4.2	5.0
	Kapeeka	436	34.1	3.7	0.6	1.8	3.3	3.7	4.1	5.0
	Subtotal	1,279	25.9	3.7	0.6	1.0	3.3	3.7	4.2	5.0
Total	-	4,941	100.0	3.8	0.8	1.0	3.3	3.9	4.3	5.0

Kruskal-Wallis test for differences in Q4.lacking between cities in countries
country	statistic	df	p.value	Signif
KE	16.47	2	3e-04	***
MO	0.60	1	0.4403
TN	0.73	1	0.392
TZ	4.28	1	0.0385	*
UG	4.42	2	0.1096
Total	827.10	11	2.9e-170	***

by gender

Q4.lacking summary statistics by gender
gender	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
Male	2,203	44.6	3.80	0.79	1	3.34	3.88	4.38	5
Female	2,738	55.4	3.78	0.75	1	3.36	3.83	4.31	5
Total	4,941	100.0	3.79	0.77	1	3.34	3.85	4.35	5

Mann Whitney U test for Q4.lacking by gender
Test	Statistic	p.value	Signif
Mann-Whitney rank sum test	3,093,042	0.1217

by income

Q4.lacking summary statistics by income
income	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
lower than average	1,070	21.7	3.74	0.82	1	3.21	3.79	4.35	5
somewhat lower than average	1,784	36.1	3.83	0.70	1	3.41	3.88	4.32	5
about average	758	15.3	3.82	0.74	1	3.40	3.88	4.34	5
somewhat higher than average	680	13.8	3.77	0.80	1	3.31	3.85	4.36	5
higher than average	649	13.1	3.73	0.85	1	3.27	3.83	4.38	5
Total	4,941	100.0	3.79	0.77	1	3.34	3.85	4.35	5

Kruskal-Wallis test for Q4.lacking by income
Test	Statistic	df	p.value	Signif
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test	8.35	4	0.0795	.

by education level

Q4.lacking summary statistics by education level
income	N	%	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
No qualification literate	429	8.7	3.67	0.77	1.27	3.18	3.64	4.22	5
Primary	1,377	27.9	3.73	0.80	1.00	3.28	3.78	4.30	5
Secondary or more	3,135	63.4	3.83	0.75	1.00	3.42	3.91	4.38	5
Total	4,941	100.0	3.79	0.77	1.00	3.34	3.85	4.35	5

Kruskal-Wallis test for Q4.lacking by education level
Test	Statistic	df	p.value	Signif
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test	32.79	2	7.6e-08	***

Dunn's Post hoc test
Q18.3.educ3	No qualification literate	Primary
Primary	0.1418	-
Secondary or more	<0.001	<0.001

Independent variables

Computed explanatory variables

variable	description	calculation
Q19.HH_size	household size	19.1 No. of household members (adults 14 or older) + 19.2 No. of children (aged 3-13 years) + 19.3 No. of children (aged 0-2 years)
Q18.3.educ3	education level	No qualification literate Primary Secondary OR More than secondary OR Other
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	household head’s form of employment	Unemployed OR Casual worker (paid by the day) Sole trader OR Businessman / self-employed OR Other Clerk (formal employment) OR Manager OR Regular worker
Q19.3.children0_2	presence of children aged 0-2 years	if 19.3 No. of children (aged 0-2 years) > 0, Yes, otherwise No
Q19.2.children3_13	presence of children aged 3-13	if 19.2 No. of children (aged 3-13 years) > 0, Yes, otherwise No

descriptive statistics

Independent variables - Descriptive statistics
Characteristic	N = 4,9411
city
KE_Kisumu	467 (9.5%)
KE_Kitui	467 (9.5%)
KE_Nyeri	418 (8.5%)
MO_Beni Mellal	364 (7.4%)
MO_Meknes	365 (7.4%)
TN_Sousse	327 (6.6%)
TN_Tunis	351 (7.1%)
TZ_Daressalaam	432 (8.7%)
TZ_Morogoro	471 (9.5%)
UG_Kalerwe	409 (8.3%)
UG_Kampala	434 (8.8%)
UG_Kapeeka	436 (8.8%)
Q18.2.gender
Male	2,203 (45%)
Female	2,738 (55%)
Q18.1.age	38 (13, 36)
Q19.HH_size	4.80 (2.60, 4.00)
Q19.3.children0_2	1,228 (25%)
Q19.2.children3_13	3,054 (62%)
Q18.3.educ3
No qualification literate	429 (8.7%)
Primary	1,377 (28%)
Secondary or more	3,135 (63%)
Q21.income_avg
lower than average	1,070 (22%)
somewhat lower than average	1,784 (36%)
about average	758 (15%)
somewhat higher than average	680 (14%)
higher than average	649 (13%)
Q19.4.hh_salary	1.59 (0.93, 1.00)
Q20.hh_head_employ_3
Unemployed.Casual	1,316 (27%)
self.employed	1,923 (39%)
Clerk.Regular.Manager	1,702 (34%)
Q3.income_food
A very limited part (less than 25%)	442 (8.9%)
Less than half (from 25% to 50%)	1,110 (22%)
About half (50%)	1,795 (36%)
More than half (from 50% to 75%)	1,181 (24%)
Almost all (from 75% to 100%).	413 (8.4%)
Q2.1.imp_availability	4.08 (1.18, 5.00)
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	3.98 (1.20, 4.00)
Q2.3.imp_provider	3.80 (1.28, 4.00)
Q2.4.imp_price	4.34 (1.02, 5.00)
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	3.49 (1.38, 4.00)
Q2.6.imp_divers	3.93 (1.17, 4.00)
Q2.7.imp_tradition	2.98 (1.53, 3.00)
Q2.8.imp_local	3.34 (1.44, 4.00)
Q2.9.imp_product	4.12 (1.14, 5.00)
Q11.healty_diet	3.68 (1.08, 4.00)
Q5.local_food	3.65 (1.30, 4.00)
Q6.local_food_interest	4.01 (1.08, 4.00)
Q13.nutri_food_interest	4.18 (1.05, 5.00)
1n (%); Mean (SD, Median)

Univariate analysis of the relationship between dependent variables and explanatory variables

Categorical Independent variables - Kruskal-Wallis test
variable	HDDs*	Q16.meet_food_needs*	Q4.lacking*
country	254.0043	***	390.7213	***	807.7154	***
city	343.0014	***	629.5081	***	827.1018	***
Q18.2.gender	0.6273		1.0568		2.3957
Q19.3.children0_2	0.0307		12.3401	***	5.3780	*
Q19.2.children3_13	1.1030		4.1612	*	4.9410	*
Q18.3.educ3	82.4254	***	108.6710	***	32.7912	***
Q21.income_avg	133.1210	***	116.7251	***	8.3510	.
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	81.5071	***	318.8513	***	120.6005	***
Q3.income_food	38.3874	***	134.0416	***	32.9063	***
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

Numerical Independent variables - Spearman correlation
variable	HDDs*	Q16.meet_food_needs*	Q4.lacking*
HDDS12			0.1625	***	0.1753	***
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.1625	***			0.2878	***
Q4.lacking	0.1753	***	0.2878	***
Q18.1.age	0.0002		-0.0339	*	0.0081
Q19.HH_size	0.0480	***	0.0151		-0.0125
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.1256	***	0.1623	***	0.1081	***
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0098		0.0263	.	0.0904	***
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.1177	***	0.1023	***	0.2311	***
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.1265	***	0.0662	***	0.1672	***
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.0875	***	-0.0061		0.0456	**
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0864	***	0.0956	***	0.2512	***
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.1078	***	0.0855	***	0.2431	***
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.1043	***	0.0367	**	0.2434	***
Q2.8.imp_local	0.0871	***	0.0592	***	0.1840	***
Q2.9.imp_product	0.0396	**	0.1168	***	0.2500	***
Q11.healty_diet	0.1975	***	0.1600	***	0.2402	***
Q5.local_food	0.0644	***	0.0534	***	0.1123	***
Q6.local_food_interest	0.0224		0.0398	**	0.0779	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.0456	**	0.0444	**	0.0573	***
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

Regression models

project level

variable	HDDs	Q16.meet_food_needs	Q4.lacking
(Intercept)	3.6095 (0.2686)	***	1.2381 (0.1074)	***	1.4261 (0.0792)	***
HDDS12			0.0327 (0.0067)	***	0.0299 (0.0047)	***
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.1687 (0.0297)	***			0.1208 (0.0095)	***
Q4.lacking	0.2382 (0.0417)	***	0.2089 (0.0194)	***
Q19.HH_size	0.0602 (0.0112)	***
Q18.3.educ3
. Primary	0.5341 (0.1125)	***	0.0832 (0.0532)
. Secondary or more	0.5805 (0.1091)	***	0.2083 (0.0517)	***
Q21.income_avg
. somewhat lower than average	0.4109 (0.0811)	***	0.1793 (0.0387)	***
. about average	0.4913 (0.1007)	***	0.3678 (0.0483)	***
. somewhat higher than average	0.5773 (0.1086)	***	0.5622 (0.0520)	***
. higher than average	0.8570 (0.1209)	***	0.7460 (0.0583)	***
Q19.4.hh_salary			0.0581 (0.0151)	***
Q20.hh_head_employ_3
. self.employed			0.2216 (0.0359)	***
. Clerk.Regular.Manager			0.2152 (0.0371)	***
Q3.income_food
. Less than half (from 25% to 50%)			0.0622 (0.0527)
. About half (50%)			-0.0719 (0.0499)
. More than half (from 50% to 75%)			-0.0999 (0.0524)	.
. Almost all (from 75% to 100%).			-0.3220 (0.0640)	***
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.0982 (0.0233)	***			0.0296 (0.0081)	***
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.1080 (0.0284)	***			0.0460 (0.0096)	***
Q2.6.imp_divers					0.0767 (0.0088)	***
Q2.7.imp_tradition			-0.0326 (0.0095)	***	0.0220 (0.0070)	**
Q2.9.imp_product					0.0734 (0.0087)	***
Q11.healty_diet	0.2326 (0.0282)	***	0.1052 (0.0133)	***	0.0954 (0.0094)	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.1349 (0.0287)	***
city FE	Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.1518		0.2836		0.2813
adj.r.squared	0.1477		0.2795		0.2786
n.obs	4941		4941		4941

country level

HDDs

Q16.meet_food_needs

Q4.lacking

Regression models food security - experiments

project level

Risk

variable	HDDs	Q16.meet_food_needs	Q4.lacking
(Intercept)	8.0878 (0.6872)	***	2.3262 (0.3178)	***	3.6245 (0.2555)	***
risk	0.0022 (0.0281)		-0.0225 (0.0130)	.	-0.0076 (0.0100)
city FE	Yes		Yes		Yes
session.code FE	Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.1554		0.2454		0.1920
adj.r.squared	0.0671		0.1666		0.1057
n.obs	1343		1343		1317

Time

variable	HDDs	Q16.meet_food_needs	Q4.lacking
(Intercept)	7.9534 (0.5625)	***	2.0023 (0.2657)	***	3.3993 (0.2083)	***
time	0.0262 (0.0148)	.	0.0154 (0.0070)	*	0.0174 (0.0054)	**
city FE	Yes		Yes		Yes
session.code FE	Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.1220		0.2293		0.1692
adj.r.squared	0.0524		0.1682		0.1019
n.obs	1729		1729		1698

PGG

Trust

HDDs - experiments country level

Risk

Time

PGG

Trust

DQQ

Food Group Diversity Score (FGDS) and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women of Reproductive Age (MDD-W)

MDD-W: if FGDS ge 5 than Yes otherwise No

descriptive statistics

by country

by income

by education level

Univariate analysis of the relationship between MDD.W and explanatory variables

logistic model

project level

with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

country level

MDD.W - experiments

project level

country level

risk

Time

PGG

Trust

All-5: Consumed all five recommended food groups

descriptive statistics

by country

by gender

by income

by education level

Univariate analysis of the relationship between All.5 and explanatory variables

logistic model

project level

with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

country level

All.5 - experiments

project level

country level

risk

Time

PGG

Trust

NCD-Protect score, NCD-Risk score, Global Dietary Recommendations (GDR) score

GDR score = NCD-Protect - NCD-Risk + 9

descriptive statistics

by country

by gender

by income

by education level

Univariate analysis of the relationship between GDR and explanatory variables

regression model

project level

with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

country level

GDR - experiments

project level

country level

risk

Time

PGG

Trust

Innovation

innovation as mix between Q6 local food interest & Q13 nutri food interest

The propensity to introduce the consumption of innovative products is calculated as the average of Q6.local_food_ _interest and Q13.nutri_food_interest

Reasons for including new food products (local or nutrient-rich) were grouped using a factor analysis, as well as obstacles.

descriptive statistics

by country

by gender

by income

by education

Univariate analysis of the relationship between Propensity to introduce new food products and explanatory variables

regression model

project level

with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

country level

Regression models innovation - experiments

project level

country level

risk

Time

PGG

Trust

Experiments

Risk

Univariate analysis

regression analysis

feature selection (Boruta algorithm)

KE

## 
## Call:
##  randomForest(formula = frml, data = datB, importance = T) 
##                Type of random forest: regression
##                      Number of trees: 500
## No. of variables tried at each split: 5
## 
##           Mean of squared residuals: 5.174913
##                     % Var explained: 44.79

##                   variable    IncMSE IncNodePurity
## 1       Q2.7.imp_tradition 21.800549     174.92474
## 2           Q2.8.imp_local 18.072497     188.89968
## 3        Q2.3.imp_provider 16.616380     169.12884
## 4         Q2.9.imp_product 16.560927     157.19317
## 5          Q11.healty_diet 14.292595     115.43544
## 6           Q3.income_food 14.252738     164.75299
## 7   Q6.local_food_interest 14.154527      79.89880
## 8       Q2.5.imp_envfriend 13.926696     127.74895
## 9            Q5.local_food 10.561493      70.84496
## 10      Q2.2.imp_nutrition  9.682119      87.39528
## 11 Q13.nutri_food_interest  9.196815      52.70723
## 12         Q2.6.imp_divers  8.855920      82.63194
## 13              Q4.lacking  8.846952     219.87668
## 14         Q19.4.hh_salary  8.451514     102.27890
## 15   Q2.1.imp_availability  4.447112      43.02512
## 16             Q19.HH_size  3.879172     113.06789
## 17          Q2.4.imp_price  2.985620      42.54572

## [1] "1 Q2.7.imp_tradition"
## [1] "2 Q2.8.imp_local"
## [1] "3 Q2.3.imp_provider"
## [1] "4 Q2.9.imp_product"
## [1] "5 Q11.healty_diet"
## [1] "6 Q3.income_food"

MO

## 
## Call:
##  randomForest(formula = frml, data = datB, importance = T) 
##                Type of random forest: regression
##                      Number of trees: 500
## No. of variables tried at each split: 2
## 
##           Mean of squared residuals: 3.07358
##                     % Var explained: 3.92

##                  variable   IncMSE IncNodePurity
## 1            session.code 8.066338     381.78131
## 2                     GDR 6.396866     146.67868
## 3          Q2.8.imp_local 4.289426      73.00984
## 4              Q4.lacking 4.153730     183.62809
## 5 Q13.nutri_food_interest 4.110316      84.66416
## 6         Q2.6.imp_divers 3.978559      69.76876

## [1] "1 session.code"
## [1] "2 GDR"
## [1] "3 Q2.8.imp_local"
## [1] "4 Q4.lacking"
## [1] "5 Q13.nutri_food_interest"
## [1] "6 Q2.6.imp_divers"

variable	HDDs		Q16.meet_food_needs		Q4.lacking
(Intercept)	7.9364 (0.4586)	***	1.8599 (0.2313)	***	3.4344 (0.1667)	***
PGG.1	0.0024 (0.0025)		0.0021 (0.0013)	.	0.0000 (0.0009)
PGG.2	0.0001 (0.0024)		0.0008 (0.0012)		0.0011 (0.0009)
city FE	Yes		Yes		Yes
session.code FE	Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.1164		0.2097		0.1791
adj.r.squared	0.0588		0.1582		0.1246
n.obs	867		867		853

variable	HDDs		Q16.meet_food_needs		Q4.lacking
(Intercept)	8.1338 (0.4739)	***	2.2830 (0.2210)	***	3.5927 (0.1662)	***
Trust.1	0.0028 (0.0048)		0.0010 (0.0022)		-0.0006 (0.0017)
Trust.2	-0.0014 (0.0034)		-0.0008 (0.0016)		-0.0003 (0.0012)
Trust.3	-0.0003 (0.0022)		0.0006 (0.0010)		0.0005 (0.0008)
Trust.4	-0.0017 (0.0017)		-0.0001 (0.0008)		0.0000 (0.0006)
city FE	Yes		Yes		Yes
session.code FE	Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.1022		0.2280		0.1605
adj.r.squared	0.0453		0.1790		0.1063
n.obs	1308		1308		1287

variable	KE		MO		TN		TZ		UG
(Intercept)	7.8382 (0.4710)	***	7.8382 (0.4710)	***	9.5768 (0.6117)	***	7.9189 (0.5462)	***	8.4362 (0.5250)	***
Trust.1	-0.0015 (0.0115)		-0.0015 (0.0115)		-0.0043 (0.0124)		0.0117 (0.0072)		-0.0034 (0.0123)
Trust.2	0.0011 (0.0092)		0.0011 (0.0092)		-0.0015 (0.0090)		0.0003 (0.0051)		-0.0016 (0.0084)
Trust.3	0.0051 (0.0076)		0.0051 (0.0076)		0.0035 (0.0066)		-0.0028 (0.0032)		0.0053 (0.0045)
Trust.4	-0.0070 (0.0054)		-0.0070 (0.0054)		-0.0052 (0.0043)		-0.0021 (0.0024)		-0.0006 (0.0043)
session.code FE	Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.0645		0.0645		0.1067		0.0626		0.0662
adj.r.squared	0.00235		0.00235		0.0447		0.00143		-0.0214
n.obs	258		258		232		474		176

FGDS.code	FGDS.descr	variable	question	question.descr
1	Grains, white roots and tubers, and plantains	DQQ_01	Q10.1	01 staple foods made from grains
		DQQ_02	Q10.2	02 whole grains
		DQQ_03	Q10.3	03 white roots/tubers
2	Pulses (beans, peas and lentils)	DQQ_04	Q10.4	04 legumes
3	Nuts and seeds	DQQ_21	Q10.21	21 nuts & seeds
4	Dairy	DQQ_14	Q10.14	14 cheese
		DQQ_15	Q10.15	15 yogurt
		DQQ_25	Q10.25	25 fluid milk
5	Meat, poultry and fish	DQQ_16	Q10.16	16 processed meat
		DQQ_17	Q10.17	17 unprocessed red meat (ruminant?
		DQQ_18	Q10.18	18 unprocessed red meat (non-ruminant?
		DQQ_19	Q10.19	19 poultry
		DQQ_20	Q10.20	20 fish & seafood
6	Eggs	DQQ_13	Q10.13	13 eggs
7	Dark green leafy vegetables	DQQ_061	Q10.6.1	06.1 dark green leafy vegetables
7	Dark green leafy vegetables	DQQ_062	Q10.6.2	06.2 dark green leafy vegetables
8	Other vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables	DQQ_05	Q10.5	05 vitamin A-rich orange veg
8	Other vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables	DQQ_08	Q10.8	08 vitamin A-rich fruits
9	Other vegetables	DQQ_071	Q10.7.1	07.1 other vegetables
9	Other vegetables	DQQ_072	Q10.7.2	07.2 other vegetables
10	Other fruits	DQQ_09	Q10.9	09 citrus
		DQQ_101	Q10.10.1	10.1 other fruits
		DQQ_102	Q10.10.2	10.2 other fruits

variable	KE		MO		TN		TZ		UG
(Intercept)	3.0594 (0.3703)	***	4.8377 (0.4476)	***	7.0117 (0.3048)	***	2.1243 (0.5503)	***	5.1694 (0.3925)	***
Q16.meet_food_needs			0.3811 (0.0694)	***	0.2020 (0.0789)	*	0.3077 (0.0834)	***	0.1714 (0.0456)	***
Q4.lacking							0.4223 (0.1087)	***	0.3474 (0.0861)	***
Q19.HH_size							0.1030 (0.0314)	**	0.0798 (0.0159)	***
Q19.2.children3_13
. Yes					0.4553 (0.1649)	**
Q18.3.educ3
. Primary			0.9183 (0.2220)	***
. Secondary or more			0.9758 (0.1995)	***
Q21.income_avg
. somewhat lower than average	0.9670 (0.2155)	***
. about average	0.8789 (0.1883)	***
. somewhat higher than average	0.8397 (0.1703)	***
. higher than average	1.3010 (0.1719)	***
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.1763 (0.0637)	**			0.3279 (0.0860)	***
Q20.hh_head_employ_3
. self.employed			0.6785 (0.2010)	***
. Clerk.Regular.Manager			0.5229 (0.1683)	**
Q3.income_food
. Less than half (from 25% to 50%)	1.1084 (0.2686)	***
. About half (50%)	1.1190 (0.2573)	***
. More than half (from 50% to 75%)	0.9184 (0.2658)	***
. Almost all (from 75% to 100%).	0.3749 (0.2957)
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.1427 (0.0502)	**
Q2.3.imp_provider							0.1754 (0.0558)	**
Q2.4.imp_price									-0.1449 (0.0408)	***
Q2.6.imp_divers			0.2597 (0.0754)	***
Q2.7.imp_tradition							-0.1262 (0.0441)	**
Q2.9.imp_product	0.1419 (0.0460)	**	-0.2500 (0.0825)	**
Q11.healty_diet	0.3954 (0.0495)	***					0.2670 (0.0684)	***	0.1469 (0.0512)	**
Q5.local_food							0.2493 (0.0601)	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest			0.3281 (0.0683)	***					0.1920 (0.0425)	***
city FE	Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.1682		0.2478		0.0862		0.1361		0.0938
adj.r.squared	0.1608		0.2384		0.0808		0.1294		0.0895
n.obs	1352		729		678		903		1279

variable	KE		MO		TN		TZ		UG
(Intercept)	1.5616 (0.1623)	***	0.6851 (0.1866)	***	1.9974 (0.2544)	***	2.4208 (0.1184)	***	0.0477 (0.2423)
HDDS12			0.1030 (0.0167)	***			0.0421 (0.0123)	***	0.0465 (0.0160)	**
Q4.lacking	0.3363 (0.0315)	***			0.2393 (0.0464)	***			0.2830 (0.0495)	***
Q18.1.age									0.0085 (0.0026)	***
Q19.HH_size									-0.0507 (0.0108)	***
Q21.income_avg
. somewhat lower than average	0.0325 (0.0922)		0.4463 (0.0817)	***	0.4681 (0.1582)	**	0.2079 (0.0625)	***	0.2619 (0.0797)	**
. about average	-0.0281 (0.0819)		0.8278 (0.1107)	***	0.7981 (0.1609)	***	0.5017 (0.0915)	***	0.5207 (0.1158)	***
. somewhat higher than average	0.0763 (0.0793)		1.3407 (0.1159)	***	1.1864 (0.1704)	***	0.6151 (0.1133)	***	0.8301 (0.1648)	***
. higher than average	0.4334 (0.0839)	***	1.4808 (0.1292)	***	1.3039 (0.1886)	***	0.7409 (0.1043)	***	0.7311 (0.2428)	**
Q19.4.hh_salary									0.1570 (0.0334)	***
Q20.hh_head_employ_3
. self.employed	0.1899 (0.0581)	**
. Clerk.Regular.Manager	0.2311 (0.0560)	***
Q3.income_food
. Less than half (from 25% to 50%)	0.3832 (0.1195)	**
. About half (50%)	0.0942 (0.1140)
. More than half (from 50% to 75%)	-0.0801 (0.1160)
. Almost all (from 75% to 100%).	-0.2466 (0.1272)	.
Q2.4.imp_price					-0.0947 (0.0331)	**
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.0608 (0.0215)	**
Q2.7.imp_tradition	-0.0508 (0.0182)	**			-0.0688 (0.0270)	*
Q11.healty_diet			0.1309 (0.0356)	***			0.1636 (0.0250)	***	0.2653 (0.0292)	***
Q5.local_food									-0.0561 (0.0207)	**
Q13.nutri_food_interest			0.1043 (0.0342)	**
city FE	Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.3194		0.3683		0.2138		0.1772		0.2461
adj.r.squared	0.3117		0.3621		0.2044		0.1717		0.2383
n.obs	1352		729		678		903		1279

variable	KE		MO		TN		TZ		UG
(Intercept)	1.3022 (0.1358)	***	2.0789 (0.1813)	***	2.0213 (0.1890)	***	2.4391 (0.1484)	***	2.4343 (0.1015)	***
HDDS12							0.0351 (0.0094)	***	0.0341 (0.0087)	***
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.2391 (0.0194)	***	0.1281 (0.0239)	***	0.1581 (0.0275)	***			0.0784 (0.0145)	***
Q19.2.children3_13
. Yes									0.1207 (0.0354)	***
Q19.4.hh_salary							-0.0757 (0.0238)	**	0.0456 (0.0165)	**
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.0599 (0.0191)	**
Q2.4.imp_price			0.0937 (0.0263)	***
Q2.5.imp_envfriend			-0.0695 (0.0250)	**	0.0643 (0.0219)	**	0.0666 (0.0175)	***	0.0399 (0.0106)	***
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.0603 (0.0189)	**	0.1667 (0.0317)	***			0.0883 (0.0188)	***
Q2.7.imp_tradition									0.0352 (0.0106)	***
Q2.8.imp_local			0.0747 (0.0270)	**
Q2.9.imp_product	0.0974 (0.0158)	***	0.1288 (0.0316)	***	0.0959 (0.0279)	***	0.0643 (0.0210)	**	0.0494 (0.0125)	***
Q11.healty_diet	0.1893 (0.0162)	***					0.1103 (0.0195)	***	0.0657 (0.0162)	***
Q5.local_food					0.1040 (0.0233)	***
Q6.local_food_interest	-0.0619 (0.0189)	**
Q13.nutri_food_interest					0.0694 (0.0252)	**	0.0713 (0.0241)	**
city FE	Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.2732		0.1823		0.1312		0.2182		0.1415
adj.r.squared	0.2689		0.1755		0.1247		0.2121		0.1361
n.obs	1352		729		678		903		1279

variable	KE		MO		TN		TZ		UG
(Intercept)	8.0790 (0.7878)	***	8.0790 (0.7878)	***	9.2187 (0.7174)	***	7.5142 (0.6841)	***	9.0017 (1.5384)	***
risk	-0.0132 (0.0416)		-0.0132 (0.0416)		0.0212 (0.0690)		0.0728 (0.0630)		-0.0002 (0.0892)
session.code FE	Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.1215		0.1215		0.1024		0.1147		0.3348
adj.r.squared	0.0222		0.0222		0.0318		0.0351		0.0404
n.obs	247		247		330		316		89

variable	KE		MO		TN		TZ		UG
(Intercept)	7.4140 (0.5182)	***	7.4140 (0.5182)	***	8.8665 (0.5614)	***	7.2354 (0.5901)	***	7.9987 (0.8773)	***
time	0.0359 (0.0303)		0.0359 (0.0303)		0.0162 (0.0396)		0.0803 (0.0289)	**	0.0002 (0.0292)
session.code FE	Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.0841		0.0841		0.0920		0.0876		0.0527
adj.r.squared	0.0138		0.0138		0.0331		0.0163		-0.0562
n.obs	352		352		395		360		263

variable	KE		MO		TN		UG
(Intercept)	6.7165 (0.4376)	***	6.7165 (0.4376)	***	7.6429 (0.5838)	***	8.0355 (0.4865)	***
PGG.1	-0.0001 (0.0050)		-0.0001 (0.0050)		-0.0008 (0.0060)		0.0036 (0.0041)
PGG.2	0.0025 (0.0049)		0.0025 (0.0049)		0.0072 (0.0058)		-0.0064 (0.0040)
session.code FE	Yes		Yes		Yes		Yes
r.squared	0.0624		0.0624		0.0904		0.0365
adj.r.squared	0.00965		0.00965		0.0239		-0.0349
n.obs	245		245		192		233

.	country	<5	≥5	Total
count	KE	60	629	689
	MO	26	130	156
	TN	42	332	374
	TZ	36	386	422
	UG	167	575	742
	Total	331	2052	2383

row.%	KE	8.7	91.3	100.0
	MO	16.7	83.3	100.0
	TN	11.2	88.8	100.0
	TZ	8.5	91.5	100.0
	UG	22.5	77.5	100.0
	Total	13.9	86.1	100.0

income_avg	<5	≥5	Sum
lower than average	17.4	82.6	100
somewhat lower than average	16.0	84.0	100
about average	13.1	86.9	100
somewhat higher than average	11.8	88.2	100
higher than average	5.8	94.2	100
Total	13.9	86.1	100

educ	<5	≥5	Sum
No qualification literate	31.7	68.3	100
Primary	15.4	84.6	100
Secondary or more	11.2	88.8	100
Total	13.9	86.1	100

variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
city	114.7380	<0.001	***
Q18.3.educ3	61.0953	<0.001	***
Q21.income_avg	24.6737	<0.001	***
Q3.income_food	19.3342	<0.001	***
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	9.9658	0.0069	**
Q19.2.children3_13	6.6008	0.0102	*
Q19.3.children0_2	4.5600	0.0327	*
*Chi-squared test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
HDDS12	300.1202	<0.001	***
Q11.healty_diet	79.0934	<0.001	***
Q16.meet_food_needs	46.2984	<0.001	***
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	42.8887	<0.001	***
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	41.3737	<0.001	***
Q5.local_food	31.3798	<0.001	***
Q2.6.imp_divers	28.7895	<0.001	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest	28.4388	<0.001	***
Q4.lacking	1493.8846	<0.001	***
Q2.1.imp_availability	22.1010	<0.001	***
Q19.HH_size	45.8622	<0.001	***
Q2.8.imp_local	19.8596	<0.001	***
Q19.4.hh_salary	27.0301	<0.001	***
Q6.local_food_interest	13.5968	0.0087	**
Q2.7.imp_tradition	10.7267	0.0298	*
Q2.9.imp_product	6.5646	0.1608
Q2.4.imp_price	5.8306	0.2122
Q2.3.imp_provider	4.3981	0.3548
Q18.1.age	32.7404	0.3815
*Kruskal-Wallis test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif	exp.b
(Intercept)	-0.9704	0.9757	-0.9945	0.3200		0.3789
Q18.1.age	0.0081	0.0099	0.8227	0.4107		1.0082
Q19.HH_size	-0.0130	0.0387	-0.3362	0.7367		0.9871
Q19.3.children0_2
. Yes	-0.0632	0.1670	-0.3784	0.7051		0.9387
Q19.2.children3_13
. Yes	0.1305	0.1759	0.7422	0.4580		1.1394
Q18.3.educ3
. Primary	0.5923	0.2439	2.4280	0.0152	*	1.8081
. Secondary or more	0.5030	0.2501	2.0113	0.0443	*	1.6536
Q21.income_avg
. somewhat lower than average	0.0403	0.2070	0.1948	0.8456		1.0411
. about average	-0.3111	0.2687	-1.1576	0.2470		0.7326
. somewhat higher than average	-0.2419	0.3174	-0.7624	0.4459		0.7851
. higher than average	0.2431	0.3780	0.6431	0.5202		1.2751
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.1821	0.1005	1.8113	0.0701	.	1.1998
Q20.hh_head_employ_3
. self.employed	-0.2620	0.1841	-1.4231	0.1547		0.7695
. Clerk.Regular.Manager	-0.1817	0.2011	-0.9035	0.3663		0.8338
Q3.income_food
. Less than half (from 25% to 50%)	-0.1512	0.2659	-0.5688	0.5695		0.8597
. About half (50%)	0.2341	0.2553	0.9170	0.3591		1.2638
. More than half (from 50% to 75%)	-0.3024	0.2629	-1.1499	0.2502		0.7391
. Almost all (from 75% to 100%).	-0.0109	0.3184	-0.0342	0.9727		0.9892
HDDS12	0.5269	0.0387	13.6033	<0.001	***	1.6937
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.0743	0.0762	0.9759	0.3291		1.0772
Q4.lacking	0.1207	0.1107	1.0902	0.2756		1.1283
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0204	0.0599	0.3402	0.7337		1.0206
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.0844	0.0698	1.2089	0.2267		1.0881
Q2.3.imp_provider	-0.1795	0.0649	-2.7641	0.0057	**	0.8357
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.0841	0.0704	-1.1951	0.2320		0.9193
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0756	0.0585	1.2921	0.1963		1.0785
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.0935	0.0721	1.2970	0.1946		1.0980
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.0579	0.0549	1.0540	0.2919		1.0596
Q2.8.imp_local	-0.0601	0.0542	-1.1089	0.2675		0.9416
Q2.9.imp_product	-0.0530	0.0651	-0.8147	0.4152		0.9484
Q11.healty_diet	0.2536	0.0720	3.5197	<0.001	***	1.2886
Q5.local_food	-0.0314	0.0604	-0.5195	0.6034		0.9691
Q6.local_food_interest	0.0692	0.0736	0.9403	0.3471		1.0716
Q13.nutri_food_interest	-0.1017	0.0735	-1.3837	0.1665		0.9033
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	1816.0	2252
Residual deviance	1348.2	2208
AIC	1438.2
Pseudo_R2	0.2576
n.obs	2253

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif	exp.b
(Intercept)	-0.4044	0.6594	-0.6133	0.5397		0.6674
HDDS12	0.5178	0.0364	14.2297	<0.001	***	1.6783
Q11.healty_diet	0.2961	0.0650	4.5585	<0.001	***	1.3446
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	1816.0	2252
Residual deviance	1397.4	2239
AIC	1425.4
Pseudo_R2	0.2305
n.obs	2253

variable	KE		MO		TN		TZ		UG
(Intercept)	-0.4248 (0.8147)		-8.6468 (1.8202)	***	-0.1719 (0.6956)		0.0595 (0.4635)		-5.0658 (0.6065)	***
HDDS12	0.6680 (0.0886)	***	0.8675 (0.1827)	***	0.2687 (0.0835)	**	0.3307 (0.0681)	***	0.6035 (0.0636)	***
Q16.meet_food_needs			1.2810 (0.3525)	***
Q2.2.imp_nutrition									0.2046 (0.0706)	**
Q11.healty_diet									0.2825 (0.0920)	**
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	360.9		140.2		202.3		245.9		791.3
Residual deviance	248.5		73.2		192.2		222.2		643.0
AIC	256.5		79.2		196.2		226.2		651.0
Pseudo_R2	0.3115		0.4778		0.0500		0.0963		0.1874
n.obs	641		155		294		421		742

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	2.4068	0.4370	5.5070	<0.001	***
risk	-0.0870	0.0599	-1.4523	0.1464
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	383.5	550
Residual deviance	370.3	545
AIC	382.3
Pseudo_R2	0.0345
n.obs	551

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	2.2752	0.3385	6.7223	<0.001	***
time	-0.0258	0.0356	-0.7239	0.4691
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	482.0	723
Residual deviance	469.5	718
AIC	481.5
Pseudo_R2	0.0260
n.obs	724

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	2.0412	0.3919	5.2081	<0.001	***
PGG.1	0.0009	0.0053	0.1769	0.8596
PGG.2	-0.0012	0.0050	-0.2470	0.8049
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	306.1	402
Residual deviance	304.2	397
AIC	316.2
Pseudo_R2	0.0061
n.obs	403

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	2.3945	0.3621	6.6135	<0.001	***
Trust.1	-0.0065	0.0121	-0.5401	0.5891
Trust.2	-0.0103	0.0081	-1.2660	0.2055
Trust.3	0.0028	0.0050	0.5662	0.5713
Trust.4	-0.0005	0.0041	-0.1175	0.9065
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	350.5	536
Residual deviance	327.6	528
AIC	345.6
Pseudo_R2	0.0651
n.obs	537

variable	KE		MO	TN	TZ	UG
(Intercept)	-19.6637 (17730.3725)		-0.1188 (1.2811)	20.3264 (3553.4196)	21.7673 (11047.8863)	19.0287 (29232.4402)
risk	-0.4512 ( 0.1533)	**	0.0339 (0.2287)	-0.1443 ( 0.1472)	-0.0370 ( 0.2990)	0.2537 ( 0.3363)
session.code FE	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Null deviance	84.7		73.0	128.9	56.2	29.6
Residual deviance	48.6		53.4	100.3	38.0	9.8
AIC	100.6		93.4	150.3	92.0	59.8
Pseudo_R2	0.4255		0.2686	0.2218	0.3229	0.6681
n.obs	113		77	177	146	38

variable	KE	MO	TN	TZ		UG
(Intercept)	-0.1792 (1.3282)	0.1665 (1.2388)	19.0173 (3216.2018)	20.2323 (9937.2213)		22.1546 (10131.4622)
time	-0.1072 (0.0999)	-0.0278 (0.1215)	0.1012 ( 0.1056)	0.3716 ( 0.1700)	*	-0.1995 ( 0.1013)	*
session.code FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes
Null deviance	101.8	73.0	140.4	57.2		97.5
Residual deviance	76.4	53.4	111.7	31.9		43.2
AIC	128.4	93.4	161.7	85.9		99.2
Pseudo_R2	0.2494	0.2690	0.2045	0.4421		0.5569
n.obs	150	77	208	157		132

Food security models & Innovation

fabrizio

2022-12-05

Food security

Variables in analysis

dependent variables

HDDs

Descriptive statistics

by country

by gender

by income

by education level

Meet Food Needs

Descriptive statistics

by country

by gender

by income

by education level

Lacking

Descriptive statistics

by country

by gender

by income

by education level

Independent variables

Computed explanatory variables

descriptive statistics

Univariate analysis of the relationship between dependent variables and explanatory variables

Regression models

project level

country level

HDDs

Q16.meet_food_needs

Q4.lacking

Regression models food security - experiments

project level

Risk

Time

PGG

Trust

HDDs - experiments country level

Risk

Time

PGG

Trust

DQQ

Food Group Diversity Score (FGDS) and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women of Reproductive Age (MDD-W)

descriptive statistics

by country

by income

by education level

Univariate analysis of the relationship between MDD.W and explanatory variables

logistic model

project level

with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

country level

MDD.W - experiments

project level

country level

risk

Time

PGG

Trust

All-5: Consumed all five recommended food groups

descriptive statistics

by country

by gender

by income

by education level

Univariate analysis of the relationship between All.5 and explanatory variables

logistic model

project level

with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

country level

All.5 - experiments

project level

country level

risk

variable	KE		MO	TN		UG
(Intercept)	1.7739 (0.9269)	.	-0.9214 (1.4833)	2.0924 (0.9045)	*	2.0845 (1.3348)
PGG.1	-0.0072 (0.0119)		0.0373 (0.0325)	0.0009 (0.0090)		-0.0057 (0.0120)
PGG.2	0.0001 (0.0111)		-0.0224 (0.0268)	0.0007 (0.0091)		0.0012 (0.0122)
session.code FE	Yes		Yes	Yes		Yes
Null deviance	80.2		51.7	91.2		81.2
Residual deviance	71.9		37.5	78.1		68.7
AIC	99.9		67.5	106.1		102.7
Pseudo_R2	0.1027		0.2756	0.1433		0.1539
n.obs	111		54	123		115

variable	KE		MO	TN		TZ		UG
(Intercept)	2.0522 (1.0807)	.	1.9813 (6.0202)	23.8960 (7831.4486)		3.6757 (1.6922)	*	21.9323 (5422.6309)
Trust.1	-0.0380 (0.0318)		-0.0984 (0.1206)	0.0664 ( 0.0476)		0.0457 (0.0333)		-0.0351 ( 0.0483)
Trust.2	0.0099 (0.0273)		-0.2451 (0.2692)	-0.1425 ( 0.0624)	*	-0.0300 (0.0200)		0.0907 ( 0.0437)	*
Trust.3	-0.0071 (0.0162)		-0.0003 (0.0251)	0.0415 ( 0.0230)	.	0.0014 (0.0089)		0.0199 ( 0.0153)
Trust.4	0.0008 (0.0111)		0.1158 (0.0995)	0.0079 ( 0.0178)		-0.0051 (0.0076)		-0.0460 ( 0.0233)	*
session.code FE	Yes		Yes	Yes		Yes		Yes
Null deviance	89.3		21.6	55.8		80.3		86.4
Residual deviance	77.8		12.3	28.0		56.1		38.8
AIC	111.8		32.3	60.0		116.1		70.8
Pseudo_R2	0.1294		0.4311	0.4983		0.3012		0.5505
n.obs	116		24	100		209		88

All.5.code	All.5.descr	variable	question	question.descr
1	Starchy staples	DQQ_01	Q10.1	01 staple foods made from grains
		DQQ_02	Q10.2	02 whole grains
		DQQ_03	Q10.3	03 white roots/tubers
2	Vegetables	DQQ_05	Q10.5	05 vitamin A-rich orange veg
		DQQ_061	Q10.6.1	06.1 dark green leafy vegetables
		DQQ_062	Q10.6.2	06.2 dark green leafy vegetables
		DQQ_071	Q10.7.1	07.1 other vegetables
		DQQ_072	Q10.7.2	07.2 other vegetables
3	Fruits	DQQ_08	Q10.8	08 vitamin A-rich fruits
		DQQ_09	Q10.9	09 citrus
		DQQ_101	Q10.10.1	10.1 other fruits
		DQQ_102	Q10.10.2	10.2 other fruits
4	Pulses, nuts and seeds	DQQ_04	Q10.4	04 legumes
4	Pulses, nuts and seeds	DQQ_21	Q10.21	21 nuts & seeds
5	Animal-source foods	DQQ_13	Q10.13	13 eggs
		DQQ_14	Q10.14	14 cheese
		DQQ_15	Q10.15	15 yogurt
		DQQ_17	Q10.17	17 unprocessed red meat (ruminant?
		DQQ_18	Q10.18	18 unprocessed red meat (non-ruminant?
		DQQ_19	Q10.19	19 poultry
		DQQ_20	Q10.20	20 fish & seafood
		DQQ_25	Q10.25	25 fluid milk

income	No	Yes	Sum
lower than average	54.5	45.5	100
somewhat lower than average	46.0	54.0	100
about average	40.0	60.0	100
somewhat higher than average	42.6	57.4	100
higher than average	33.6	66.4	100
Sum	44.8	55.2	100

education	No	Yes	Sum
No qualification literate	65.0	35.0	100
Primary	44.7	55.3	100
Secondary or more	42.1	57.9	100
Sum	44.8	55.2	100

variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
city	282.7524	<0.001	***
Q18.3.educ3	80.4546	<0.001	***
Q21.income_avg	82.9605	<0.001	***
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	34.9240	<0.001	***
Q19.2.children3_13	29.3177	<0.001	***
Q3.income_food	20.4105	<0.001	***
Q19.3.children0_2	0.9535	0.3288
Q18.2.gender	0.0230	0.8794
*Chi-squared test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
HDDS12	501.2822	<0.001	***
Q11.healty_diet	99.0373	<0.001	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest	65.6137	<0.001	***
Q16.meet_food_needs	46.6270	<0.001	***
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	37.2961	<0.001	***
Q5.local_food	33.5091	<0.001	***
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	27.0460	<0.001	***
Q2.6.imp_divers	22.7918	<0.001	***
Q2.3.imp_provider	19.3533	<0.001	***
Q19.HH_size	50.8965	0.0016	**
Q2.8.imp_local	16.7560	0.0022	**
Q19.4.hh_salary	25.6428	0.0023	**
Q2.1.imp_availability	14.2852	0.0064	**
Q2.7.imp_tradition	11.0887	0.0256	*
Q6.local_food_interest	10.0636	0.0394	*
Q2.4.imp_price	8.7082	0.0688	.
Q4.lacking	2239.1365	0.0790	.
Q18.1.age	72.9288	0.2608
Q2.9.imp_product	4.1134	0.3909
*Kruskal-Wallis test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif	exp.b
(Intercept)	-2.8119	0.3797	-7.4053	<0.001	***	0.0601
Q18.1.age	0.0006	0.0027	0.2239	0.8229		1.0006
Q18.2.gender
. Female	-0.1548	0.0673	-2.3003	0.0214	*	0.8566
Q19.HH_size	-0.0213	0.0159	-1.3367	0.1813		0.9789
Q19.3.children0_2
. Yes	0.1066	0.0801	1.3306	0.1833		1.1125
Q19.2.children3_13
. Yes	0.1721	0.0766	2.2480	0.0246	*	1.1878
Q18.3.educ3
. Primary	0.2847	0.1319	2.1584	0.0309	*	1.3293
. Secondary or more	0.2577	0.1315	1.9594	0.0501	.	1.2939
Q21.income_avg
. somewhat lower than average	0.2387	0.0942	2.5337	0.0113	*	1.2696
. about average	0.2363	0.1172	2.0166	0.0437	*	1.2665
. somewhat higher than average	0.1109	0.1271	0.8721	0.3832		1.1173
. higher than average	0.4352	0.1455	2.9917	0.0028	**	1.5452
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.0376	0.0398	0.9462	0.3441		1.0384
Q20.hh_head_employ_3
. self.employed	-0.0297	0.0872	-0.3403	0.7336		0.9708
. Clerk.Regular.Manager	0.0029	0.0909	0.0317	0.9747		1.0029
Q3.income_food
. Less than half (from 25% to 50%)	-0.1905	0.1283	-1.4847	0.1376		0.8265
. About half (50%)	-0.0329	0.1223	-0.2693	0.7877		0.9676
. More than half (from 50% to 75%)	-0.2241	0.1282	-1.7477	0.0805	.	0.7992
. Almost all (from 75% to 100%).	-0.1225	0.1582	-0.7744	0.4387		0.8847
HDDS12	0.3683	0.0185	19.8934	<0.001	***	1.4453
Q16.meet_food_needs	-0.0655	0.0347	-1.8868	0.0592	.	0.9366
Q4.lacking	0.1094	0.0491	2.2275	0.0259	*	1.1157
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0144	0.0298	0.4825	0.6294		1.0145
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.0056	0.0327	0.1711	0.8642		1.0056
Q2.3.imp_provider	-0.0071	0.0289	-0.2459	0.8057		0.9929
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.0339	0.0333	-1.0196	0.3079		0.9666
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0314	0.0275	1.1386	0.2549		1.0319
Q2.6.imp_divers	-0.0058	0.0340	-0.1710	0.8642		0.9942
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.0428	0.0250	1.7110	0.0871	.	1.0438
Q2.8.imp_local	0.0024	0.0260	0.0921	0.9266		1.0024
Q2.9.imp_product	-0.0235	0.0302	-0.7775	0.4369		0.9768
Q11.healty_diet	0.1520	0.0332	4.5732	<0.001	***	1.1641
Q5.local_food	0.0064	0.0289	0.2224	0.8240		1.0065
Q6.local_food_interest	-0.0770	0.0342	-2.2506	0.0244	*	0.9259
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.0641	0.0355	1.8076	0.0707	.	1.0662
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	6796.3	4940
Residual deviance	5796.6	4895
AIC	5888.6
Pseudo_R2	0.1471
n.obs	4941

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif	exp.b
(Intercept)	-2.5780	0.1901	-13.5613	<0.001	***	0.0759
HDDS12	0.3793	0.0180	21.1282	<0.001	***	1.4613
Q11.healty_diet	0.1855	0.0309	6.0030	<0.001	***	1.2039
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	6796.3	4940
Residual deviance	5857.8	4927
AIC	5885.8
Pseudo_R2	0.1381
n.obs	4941

variable	KE		MO		TN		TZ		UG
(Intercept)	-2.7512 (0.3224)	***	-6.3801 (0.6029)	***	-1.9696 (0.3679)	***	-2.8965 (0.3509)	***	-4.0679 (0.3471)	***
HDDS12	0.3650 (0.0355)	***	0.3779 (0.0485)	***	0.2718 (0.0405)	***	0.3591 (0.0389)	***	0.4788 (0.0380)	***
Q2.3.imp_provider			0.2476 (0.0742)	***
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.1446 (0.0522)	**							0.1342 (0.0386)	***
Q11.healty_diet	0.1763 (0.0596)	**					0.2256 (0.0678)	***
Q5.local_food			0.3845 (0.0913)	***
city FE	Yes								Yes
Null deviance	1767.2		941.3		908.2		1169.2		1770.3
Residual deviance	1568.9		813.3		856.8		1033.8		1534.5
AIC	1580.9		821.3		860.8		1039.8		1544.5
Pseudo_R2	0.1122		0.1359		0.0566		0.1158		0.1332
n.obs	1352		729		678		903		1279