Food security

Variables in analysis

Variables in analysis
type	Variable	stat*
numeric	HDDS12	8.12 (2.11)
	Q16.meet_food_needs	3.04 (1.09)
	Q4.lacking	3.79 (0.77)
	Q18.1.age	38.00 (13.31)
	Q19.HH_size	4.80 (2.60)
	Q19.4.hh_salary	1.59 (0.93)
	Q2.1.imp_availability	4.08 (1.18)
	Q2.2.imp_nutrition	3.98 (1.20)
	Q2.3.imp_provider	3.80 (1.28)
	Q2.4.imp_price	4.34 (1.02)
	Q2.5.imp_envfriend	3.49 (1.38)
	Q2.6.imp_divers	3.93 (1.17)
	Q2.7.imp_tradition	2.98 (1.53)
	Q2.8.imp_local	3.34 (1.44)
	Q2.9.imp_product	4.12 (1.14)
	Q11.healty_diet	3.68 (1.08)
	Q5.local_food	3.65 (1.30)
	Q6.local_food_interest	4.01 (1.08)
	Q13.nutri_food_interest	4.18 (1.05)
categorical	city
	. . .KE_Kisumu	467 (9.5)
	. . .KE_Kitui	467 (9.5)
	. . .KE_Nyeri	418 (8.5)
	. . .MO_Beni Mellal	364 (7.4)
	. . .MO_Meknes	365 (7.4)
	. . .TN_Sousse	327 (6.6)
	. . .TN_Tunis	351 (7.1)
	. . .TZ_Daressalaam	432 (8.7)
	. . .TZ_Morogoro	471 (9.5)
	. . .UG_Kalerwe	409 (8.3)
	. . .UG_Kampala	434 (8.8)
	. . .UG_Kapeeka	436 (8.8)
	Q18.2.gender
	. . .Male	2203 (44.6)
	. . .Female	2738 (55.4)
	Q19.3.children0_2
	. . .No	3713 (75.1)
	. . .Yes	1228 (24.9)
	Q19.2.children3_13
	. . .No	1887 (38.2)
	. . .Yes	3054 (61.8)
	Q18.3.educ3
	. . .No qualification literate	429 (8.7)
	. . .Primary	1377 (27.9)
	. . .Secondary or more	3135 (63.4)
	Q21.income_avg
	. . .lower than average	1070 (21.7)
	. . .somewhat lower than average	1784 (36.1)
	. . .about average	758 (15.3)
	. . .somewhat higher than average	680 (13.8)
	. . .higher than average	649 (13.1)
	Q20.hh_head_employ_3
	. . .Unemployed.Casual	1316 (26.6)
	. . .self.employed	1923 (38.9)
	. . .Clerk.Regular.Manager	1702 (34.4)
	Q3.income_food
	. . .A very limited part (less than 25%)	442 (8.9)
	. . .Less than half (from 25% to 50%)	1110 (22.5)
	. . .About half (50%)	1795 (36.3)
	. . .More than half (from 50% to 75%)	1181 (23.9)
	. . .Almost all (from 75% to 100%).	413 (8.4)
*numeric: mean (st.dev.), categorical: n (%);

The following cases were excluded from the analysis:

Q9_celebration/feast/fasting day=“Yes” (600 obs.);
Q18_gender=“Prefer not to say” (12 obs.);
Q17 for all foods answered “I don’t Know/Prefer Not to say”.

dependent variables

HDDs

Aggregation of food groups from the questionnaire to create HDDs
group	group.description	variable.name	question.num.	question
1	Cereals	HDDS_01	Q17.1	Cereals
2	White roots and tubers	HDDS_02	Q17.2	White roots and tubers
3	Vegetables	HDDS_03	Q17.3	Orange fleshed roots/tubers or vegetables
HDDS_04	Q17.4	Dark green leafy vegetables
HDDS_05	Q17.5	Other vegetables
4	Fruits	HDDS_06	Q17.6	Orange fleshed fruits
HDDS_07	Q17.7	Other fruits
5	Meat	HDDS_08	Q17.8	Organ meat
HDDS_09	Q17.9	Flesh meat
6	Eggs	HDDS_10	Q17.10	Eggs
7	Fish	HDDS_11	Q17.11	Fish
8	Legumes, nuts and seeds	HDDS_12	Q17.12	Pulses
HDDS_13	Q17.13	Nuts and seeds
9	Milk and milk-products	HDDS_14	Q17.14	Milk and milk-products
10	Oils/Fats	HDDS_15	Q17.15	Oils/Fats
11	Sugar and sweets	HDDS_16	Q17.16	Sugar and sweets
12	Spices, condiments and beverages	HDDS_17	Q17.17	Spices and Condiments
HDDS_18	Q17.18	Beverages

Lacking

Lacking variables (Q4: lacking_cereal, lacking_veg, lacking_fruit, lacking_leg, lacking_fish, lacking_oil) has been summarised in a single variable (Q4.lacking) with a confirmatory factor analysis

Latent variable: lacking
variable	Estimate	Std.Err	z.value	p.value
lacking_cereal	1.000	0.000
lacking_veg	1.057	0.037	28.728	0
lacking_fruit	1.310	0.044	30.067	0
lacking_leg	0.984	0.037	26.672	0
lacking_fish	0.961	0.039	24.914	0
lacking_oil	0.876	0.036	24.559	0
cfi	0.895
rmsea	0.105

Meet food needs

Computed explanatory variables

variable	description	calculation
Q19.HH_size	household size	19.1 No. of household members (adults 14 or older) + 19.2 No. of children (aged 3-13 years) + 19.3 No. of children (aged 0-2 years)
Q18.3.educ3	education level	No qualification literate Primary Secondary OR More than secondary OR Other
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	household head’s form of employment	Unemployed OR Casual worker (paid by the day) Sole trader OR Businessman / self-employed OR Other Clerk (formal employment) OR Manager OR Regular worker
Q19.3.children0_2	presence of children aged 0-2 years	if 19.3 No. of children (aged 0-2 years) > 0, Yes, otherwise No
Q19.2.children3_13	presence of children aged 3-13	if 19.2 No. of children (aged 3-13 years) > 0, Yes, otherwise No

model with HDDs as dependent variable

Univariate analysis of the relationship between HDDs and explanatory variables

Categorical explanatory variables
variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
city	343.0014	<0.001	***
Q21.income_avg	133.1210	<0.001	***
Q18.3.educ3	82.4254	<0.001	***
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	81.5071	<0.001	***
Q3.income_food	38.3874	<0.001	***
Q19.2.children3_13	1.1030	0.2936
Q18.2.gender	0.6273	0.4283
Q19.3.children0_2	0.0307	0.8609
*Kruskal-Wallis test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

Numerical explanatory variables
variable	rho*	p.value	signif+
Q11.healty_diet	0.1975	<0.001	***
Q4.lacking	0.1753	<0.001	***
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.1625	<0.001	***
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.1265	<0.001	***
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.1256	<0.001	***
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.1177	<0.001	***
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.1078	<0.001	***
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.1043	<0.001	***
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.0875	<0.001	***
Q2.8.imp_local	0.0871	<0.001	***
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0864	<0.001	***
Q5.local_food	0.0644	<0.001	***
Q19.HH_size	0.0480	<0.001	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.0456	0.0013	**
Q2.9.imp_product	0.0396	0.0054	**
Q6.local_food_interest	0.0224	0.1146
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0098	0.4920
Q18.1.age	0.0002	0.9899
*Spearman correlation
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

linear model with all explanatory variables

coefficients
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	3.4712	0.3186	10.8948	<0.001	***
Q18.2.genderFemale	0.0925	0.0584	1.5844	0.1132		0.0218
Q18.1.age	-0.0017	0.0024	-0.7345	0.4627		-0.0110
Q19.HH_size	0.0331	0.0139	2.3783	0.0174	*	0.0407
Q19.3.children0_2Yes	0.0688	0.0695	0.9897	0.3224		0.0141
Q19.2.children3_13Yes	0.1739	0.0670	2.5960	0.0095	**	0.0400
Q18.3.educ3Primary	0.5184	0.1127	4.6000	<0.001	***	0.1100
Q18.3.educ3Secondary or more	0.5155	0.1126	4.5795	<0.001	***	0.1174
Q21.income_avgsomewhat lower than average	0.3610	0.0820	4.4051	<0.001	***	0.0820
Q21.income_avgabout average	0.4148	0.1026	4.0440	<0.001	***	0.0707
Q21.income_avgsomewhat higher than average	0.4804	0.1110	4.3285	<0.001	***	0.0783
Q21.income_avghigher than average	0.7445	0.1250	5.9573	<0.001	***	0.1190
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.0835	0.0348	2.4003	0.0164	*	0.0366
Q20.hh_head_employ_3self.employed	0.2440	0.0762	3.2033	0.0014	**	0.0563
Q20.hh_head_employ_3Clerk.Regular.Manager	0.1799	0.0788	2.2816	0.0226	*	0.0404
Q3.income_foodLess than half (from 25% to 50%)	-0.0251	0.1115	-0.2252	0.8219		-0.0050
Q3.income_foodAbout half (50%)	0.1623	0.1057	1.5365	0.1245		0.0369
Q3.income_foodMore than half (from 50% to 75%)	0.1111	0.1111	1.0004	0.3172		0.0224
Q3.income_foodAlmost all (from 75% to 100%).	-0.3336	0.1361	-2.4521	0.0142	*	-0.0437
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.1501	0.0301	4.9889	<0.001	***	0.0771
Q4.lacking	0.2198	0.0425	5.1715	<0.001	***	0.0802
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0033	0.0260	0.1267	0.8991		0.0018
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.0353	0.0284	1.2420	0.2143		0.0201
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.0922	0.0251	3.6671	<0.001	***	0.0556
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.1107	0.0290	-3.8105	<0.001	***	-0.0536
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0096	0.0241	0.3985	0.6903		0.0063
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.0014	0.0295	0.0468	0.9626		0.0008
Q2.7.imp_tradition	-0.0305	0.0217	-1.4063	0.1597		-0.0221
Q2.8.imp_local	0.0283	0.0226	1.2498	0.2114		0.0192
Q2.9.imp_product	-0.0338	0.0264	-1.2799	0.2007		-0.0182
Q11.healty_diet	0.2190	0.0287	7.6389	<0.001	***	0.1115
Q5.local_food	0.0612	0.0253	2.4150	0.0158	*	0.0377
Q6.local_food_interest	-0.0373	0.0296	-1.2575	0.2086		-0.0190
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.1344	0.0308	4.3659	<0.001	***	0.0669
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1632
adj.r.squared	0.1557
f.statistic	21.7074	44	4896	<0.001
n.obs	4941
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

Coefficients
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	3.6095	0.2686	13.4385	<0.001	***
Q19.HH_size	0.0602	0.0112	5.4023	<0.001	***	0.0740
Q18.3.educ3Primary	0.5341	0.1125	4.7485	<0.001	***	0.1133
Q18.3.educ3Secondary or more	0.5805	0.1091	5.3193	<0.001	***	0.1322
Q21.income_avgsomewhat lower than average	0.4109	0.0811	5.0669	<0.001	***	0.0933
Q21.income_avgabout average	0.4913	0.1007	4.8773	<0.001	***	0.0838
Q21.income_avgsomewhat higher than average	0.5773	0.1086	5.3176	<0.001	***	0.0941
Q21.income_avghigher than average	0.8570	0.1209	7.0874	<0.001	***	0.1369
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.1687	0.0297	5.6769	<0.001	***	0.0866
Q4.lacking	0.2382	0.0417	5.7125	<0.001	***	0.0869
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.0982	0.0233	4.2240	<0.001	***	0.0593
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.1080	0.0284	-3.8018	<0.001	***	-0.0523
Q11.healty_diet	0.2326	0.0282	8.2620	<0.001	***	0.1184
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.1349	0.0287	4.6931	<0.001	***	0.0671
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1518
adj.r.squared	0.1477
f.statistic	36.6715	24	4916	<0.001
n.obs	4941
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

HDDs - experiments

Risk
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	7.6646	0.1540	49.7832	<0.001	***
risk	0.0455	0.0201	2.2693	0.0234	*
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0471
adj.r.squared	0.0440
f.statistic	14.7454	5	1490	<0.001
n.obs	1496

Time
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	7.7128	0.1390	55.5017	<0.001	***
time	0.0258	0.0143	1.8068	0.0710	.
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0404
adj.r.squared	0.0376
f.statistic	14.5165	5	1723	<0.001
n.obs	1729

PGG
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	7.7565	0.1691	45.8826	<0.001	***
PGG.1	0.0025	0.0024	1.0471	0.2954
PGG.2	-0.0003	0.0023	-0.1492	0.8815
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0531
adj.r.squared	0.0476
f.statistic	9.6591	5	861	<0.001
n.obs	867

Trust
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	8.0413	0.1530	52.5719	<0.001	***
Trust.1	0.0008	0.0046	0.1737	0.8621
Trust.2	-0.0002	0.0033	-0.0644	0.9487
Trust.3	-0.0008	0.0022	-0.3655	0.7148
Trust.4	-0.0014	0.0016	-0.8728	0.3829
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0350
adj.r.squared	0.0291
f.statistic	5.8957	8	1299	<0.001
n.obs	1308

model with meet food needs as dependent variable

Univariate analysis of the relationship between meet food needs and explanatory variables

Categorical explanatory variables
variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
city	629.5081	<0.001	***
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	318.8513	<0.001	***
Q3.income_food	134.0416	<0.001	***
Q18.3.educ3	108.6710	<0.001	***
Q21.income_avg	116.7251	<0.001	***
Q19.3.children0_2	12.3401	<0.001	***
Q19.2.children3_13	4.1612	0.0414	*
Q18.2.gender	1.0568	0.3039
*Kruskal-Wallis test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

Numerical explanatory variables
variable	rho*	p.value	signif+
Q4.lacking	0.2878	<0.001	***
HDDS12	0.1625	<0.001	***
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.1623	<0.001	***
Q11.healty_diet	0.1600	<0.001	***
Q2.9.imp_product	0.1168	<0.001	***
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.1023	<0.001	***
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0956	<0.001	***
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.0855	<0.001	***
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.0662	<0.001	***
Q2.8.imp_local	0.0592	<0.001	***
Q5.local_food	0.0534	<0.001	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.0444	0.0018	**
Q6.local_food_interest	0.0398	0.0052	**
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.0367	0.0099	**
Q18.1.age	-0.0339	0.0173	*
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0263	0.0642	.
Q19.HH_size	0.0151	0.2887
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.0061	0.6705
*Spearman correlation
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

linear model with all explanatory variables

coefficients
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	1.2353	0.1518	8.1404	<0.001	***
Q18.2.genderFemale	-0.0056	0.0277	-0.2019	0.8400		-0.0026
Q18.1.age	0.0001	0.0011	0.1099	0.9125		0.0015
Q19.HH_size	0.0001	0.0066	0.0220	0.9825		0.0003
Q19.3.children0_2Yes	-0.0816	0.0329	-2.4779	0.0133	*	-0.0325
Q19.2.children3_13Yes	-0.0631	0.0317	-1.9878	0.0469	*	-0.0282
Q18.3.educ3Primary	0.0892	0.0535	1.6665	0.0957	.	0.0368
Q18.3.educ3Secondary or more	0.2098	0.0534	3.9319	<0.001	***	0.0931
Q21.income_avgsomewhat lower than average	0.1824	0.0388	4.6979	<0.001	***	0.0807
Q21.income_avgabout average	0.3709	0.0484	7.6634	<0.001	***	0.1231
Q21.income_avgsomewhat higher than average	0.5650	0.0521	10.8509	<0.001	***	0.1793
Q21.income_avghigher than average	0.7400	0.0585	12.6550	<0.001	***	0.2303
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.0588	0.0165	3.5737	<0.001	***	0.0502
Q20.hh_head_employ_3self.employed	0.2217	0.0360	6.1587	<0.001	***	0.0996
Q20.hh_head_employ_3Clerk.Regular.Manager	0.2136	0.0372	5.7343	<0.001	***	0.0935
Q3.income_foodLess than half (from 25% to 50%)	0.0620	0.0528	1.1737	0.2406		0.0238
Q3.income_foodAbout half (50%)	-0.0683	0.0501	-1.3639	0.1727		-0.0303
Q3.income_foodMore than half (from 50% to 75%)	-0.0919	0.0526	-1.7456	0.0809	.	-0.0361
Q3.income_foodAlmost all (from 75% to 100%).	-0.3088	0.0644	-4.7980	<0.001	***	-0.0787
HDDS12	0.0337	0.0068	4.9889	<0.001	***	0.0656
Q4.lacking	0.2019	0.0200	10.0997	<0.001	***	0.1434
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0182	0.0123	1.4793	0.1391		0.0198
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.0178	0.0135	1.3243	0.1855		0.0198
Q2.3.imp_provider	-0.0019	0.0119	-0.1597	0.8731		-0.0022
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.0174	0.0138	-1.2593	0.2080		-0.0164
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0139	0.0114	1.2212	0.2221		0.0178
Q2.6.imp_divers	-0.0065	0.0140	-0.4650	0.6420		-0.0070
Q2.7.imp_tradition	-0.0390	0.0103	-3.7959	<0.001	***	-0.0550
Q2.8.imp_local	0.0037	0.0107	0.3409	0.7332		0.0048
Q2.9.imp_product	0.0149	0.0125	1.1909	0.2337		0.0156
Q11.healty_diet	0.1043	0.0136	7.6808	<0.001	***	0.1034
Q5.local_food	-0.0165	0.0120	-1.3718	0.1702		-0.0198
Q6.local_food_interest	0.0191	0.0140	1.3597	0.1740		0.0189
Q13.nutri_food_interest	-0.0157	0.0146	-1.0760	0.2820		-0.0152
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.2874
adj.r.squared	0.2810
f.statistic	44.8860	44	4896	<0.001
n.obs	4941
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

Coefficients
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	1.2381	0.1074	11.5324	<0.001	***
Q18.3.educ3Primary	0.0832	0.0532	1.5638	0.1179		0.0344
Q18.3.educ3Secondary or more	0.2083	0.0517	4.0252	<0.001	***	0.0924
Q21.income_avgsomewhat lower than average	0.1793	0.0387	4.6316	<0.001	***	0.0793
Q21.income_avgabout average	0.3678	0.0483	7.6215	<0.001	***	0.1221
Q21.income_avgsomewhat higher than average	0.5622	0.0520	10.8179	<0.001	***	0.1784
Q21.income_avghigher than average	0.7460	0.0583	12.8063	<0.001	***	0.2322
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.0581	0.0151	3.8531	<0.001	***	0.0497
Q20.hh_head_employ_3self.employed	0.2216	0.0359	6.1733	<0.001	***	0.0995
Q20.hh_head_employ_3Clerk.Regular.Manager	0.2152	0.0371	5.7976	<0.001	***	0.0942
Q3.income_foodLess than half (from 25% to 50%)	0.0622	0.0527	1.1797	0.2382		0.0239
Q3.income_foodAbout half (50%)	-0.0719	0.0499	-1.4413	0.1496		-0.0318
Q3.income_foodMore than half (from 50% to 75%)	-0.0999	0.0524	-1.9072	0.0566	.	-0.0392
Q3.income_foodAlmost all (from 75% to 100%).	-0.3220	0.0640	-5.0341	<0.001	***	-0.0821
HDDS12	0.0327	0.0067	4.8898	<0.001	***	0.0637
Q4.lacking	0.2089	0.0194	10.7461	<0.001	***	0.1483
Q2.7.imp_tradition	-0.0326	0.0095	-3.4454	<0.001	***	-0.0460
Q11.healty_diet	0.1052	0.0133	7.9093	<0.001	***	0.1043
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.2836
adj.r.squared	0.2795
f.statistic	69.4368	28	4912	<0.001
n.obs	4941
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

meet food needs - experiments

Risk
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	2.3328	0.0724	32.2419	<0.001	***
risk	-0.0010	0.0094	-0.1062	0.9155
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1280
adj.r.squared	0.1251
f.statistic	43.7437	5	1490	<0.001
n.obs	1496

Time
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	2.1951	0.0665	32.9933	<0.001	***
time	0.0130	0.0068	1.9062	0.0568	.
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1347
adj.r.squared	0.1322
f.statistic	53.6370	5	1723	<0.001
n.obs	1729

PGG
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	2.0437	0.0858	23.8121	<0.001	***
PGG.1	0.0028	0.0012	2.2981	0.0218	*
PGG.2	0.0008	0.0012	0.7054	0.4808
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1417
adj.r.squared	0.1367
f.statistic	28.4369	5	861	<0.001
n.obs	867

Trust
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	2.3930	0.0722	33.1637	<0.001	***
Trust.1	0.0000	0.0022	0.0144	0.9885
Trust.2	-0.0007	0.0016	-0.4242	0.6715
Trust.3	0.0006	0.0010	0.6155	0.5383
Trust.4	0.0001	0.0008	0.0949	0.9244
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1509
adj.r.squared	0.1457
f.statistic	28.8617	8	1299	<0.001
n.obs	1308

model with lacking as dependent variable

Univariate analysis of the relationship between lacking and explanatory variables

Categorical explanatory variables
variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
city	827.1018	<0.001	***
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	120.6005	<0.001	***
Q18.3.educ3	32.7912	<0.001	***
Q3.income_food	32.9063	<0.001	***
Q19.3.children0_2	5.3780	0.0204	*
Q19.2.children3_13	4.9410	0.0262	*
Q21.income_avg	8.3510	0.0795	.
Q18.2.gender	2.3957	0.1217
*Kruskal-Wallis test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

Numerical explanatory variables
variable	rho*	p.value	signif+
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.2878	<0.001	***
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.2512	<0.001	***
Q2.9.imp_product	0.2500	<0.001	***
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.2434	<0.001	***
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.2431	<0.001	***
Q11.healty_diet	0.2402	<0.001	***
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.2311	<0.001	***
Q2.8.imp_local	0.1840	<0.001	***
HDDS12	0.1753	<0.001	***
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.1672	<0.001	***
Q5.local_food	0.1123	<0.001	***
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.1081	<0.001	***
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0904	<0.001	***
Q6.local_food_interest	0.0779	<0.001	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.0573	<0.001	***
Q2.4.imp_price	0.0456	0.0013	**
Q19.HH_size	-0.0125	0.3785
Q18.1.age	0.0081	0.5675
*Spearman correlation
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

linear model with all explanatory variables

coefficients
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	1.1964	0.1068	11.2069	<0.001	***
Q18.2.genderFemale	0.0263	0.0196	1.3438	0.1791		0.0170
Q18.1.age	0.0012	0.0008	1.5481	0.1217		0.0212
Q19.HH_size	-0.0051	0.0047	-1.0938	0.2741		-0.0172
Q19.3.children0_2Yes	-0.0044	0.0233	-0.1902	0.8491		-0.0025
Q19.2.children3_13Yes	0.0423	0.0225	1.8832	0.0597	.	0.0267
Q18.3.educ3Primary	-0.0166	0.0379	-0.4388	0.6608		-0.0097
Q18.3.educ3Secondary or more	0.0493	0.0378	1.3038	0.1924		0.0308
Q21.income_avgsomewhat lower than average	0.0472	0.0275	1.7155	0.0863	.	0.0294
Q21.income_avgabout average	0.0753	0.0344	2.1860	0.0289	*	0.0352
Q21.income_avgsomewhat higher than average	0.1372	0.0372	3.6855	<0.001	***	0.0613
Q21.income_avghigher than average	0.0920	0.0420	2.1879	0.0287	*	0.0403
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.0108	0.0117	0.9245	0.3553		0.0130
Q20.hh_head_employ_3self.employed	0.0569	0.0256	2.2258	0.0261	*	0.0360
Q20.hh_head_employ_3Clerk.Regular.Manager	0.0011	0.0264	0.0423	0.9663		0.0007
Q3.income_foodLess than half (from 25% to 50%)	0.0991	0.0374	2.6528	0.0080	**	0.0537
Q3.income_foodAbout half (50%)	0.0650	0.0354	1.8357	0.0665	.	0.0406
Q3.income_foodMore than half (from 50% to 75%)	0.0106	0.0373	0.2847	0.7759		0.0059
Q3.income_foodAlmost all (from 75% to 100%).	-0.0118	0.0456	-0.2596	0.7952		-0.0043
HDDS12	0.0247	0.0048	5.1715	<0.001	***	0.0678
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.1011	0.0100	10.0997	<0.001	***	0.1424
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0106	0.0087	1.2185	0.2231		0.0163
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.0134	0.0095	1.4034	0.1606		0.0209
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.0235	0.0084	2.7830	0.0054	**	0.0389
Q2.4.imp_price	0.0422	0.0097	4.3376	<0.001	***	0.0561
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0125	0.0081	1.5517	0.1208		0.0225
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.0602	0.0099	6.1044	<0.001	***	0.0910
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.0159	0.0073	2.1926	0.0284	*	0.0317
Q2.8.imp_local	0.0141	0.0076	1.8513	0.0642	.	0.0262
Q2.9.imp_product	0.0696	0.0088	7.9082	<0.001	***	0.1026
Q11.healty_diet	0.0868	0.0096	9.0493	<0.001	***	0.1211
Q5.local_food	0.0086	0.0085	1.0145	0.3104		0.0146
Q6.local_food_interest	-0.0092	0.0099	-0.9291	0.3529		-0.0129
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.0139	0.0103	1.3411	0.1800		0.0189
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.2925
adj.r.squared	0.2861
f.statistic	45.9953	44	4896	<0.001
n.obs	4941
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

Coefficients
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	1.4261	0.0792	18.0111	<0.001	***
HDDS12	0.0299	0.0047	6.3656	<0.001	***	0.0819
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.1208	0.0095	12.7620	<0.001	***	0.1701
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.0296	0.0081	3.6493	<0.001	***	0.0490
Q2.4.imp_price	0.0460	0.0096	4.8108	<0.001	***	0.0612
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.0767	0.0088	8.7259	<0.001	***	0.1160
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.0220	0.0070	3.1613	0.0016	**	0.0437
Q2.9.imp_product	0.0734	0.0087	8.4046	<0.001	***	0.1082
Q11.healty_diet	0.0954	0.0094	10.1635	<0.001	***	0.1332
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.2813
adj.r.squared	0.2786
f.statistic	101.3954	19	4921	<0.001
n.obs	4941
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

lacking - experiments

Risk
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	3.5323	0.0545	64.8252	<0.001	***
risk	-0.0036	0.0071	-0.5033	0.6148
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0951
adj.r.squared	0.0920
f.statistic	30.7309	5	1462	<0.001
n.obs	1468

Time
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	3.4528	0.0499	69.1334	<0.001	***
time	0.0157	0.0051	3.0597	0.0023	**
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0943
adj.r.squared	0.0916
f.statistic	35.2163	5	1692	<0.001
n.obs	1698

PGG
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	3.4679	0.0619	56.0030	<0.001	***
PGG.1	0.0002	0.0009	0.2556	0.7983
PGG.2	0.0007	0.0008	0.8882	0.3747
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0788
adj.r.squared	0.0734
f.statistic	14.4932	5	847	<0.001
n.obs	853

Trust
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	3.4969	0.0534	65.4414	<0.001	***
Trust.1	-0.0009	0.0016	-0.5522	0.5809
Trust.2	-0.0001	0.0012	-0.1024	0.9185
Trust.3	0.0006	0.0008	0.7913	0.4289
Trust.4	0.0000	0.0006	-0.0602	0.9520
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1224
adj.r.squared	0.1169
f.statistic	22.2823	8	1278	<0.001
n.obs	1287

DQQ

Food Group Diversity Score (FGDS) and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women of Reproductive Age (MDD-W)

FGDS.code	FGDS.descr	variable	question	question.descr
1	Grains, white roots and tubers, and plantains	DQQ_01	Q10.1	01 staple foods made from grains
DQQ_02	Q10.2	02 whole grains
DQQ_03	Q10.3	03 white roots/tubers
2	Pulses (beans, peas and lentils)	DQQ_04	Q10.4	04 legumes
3	Nuts and seeds	DQQ_21	Q10.21	21 nuts & seeds
4	Dairy	DQQ_14	Q10.14	14 cheese
DQQ_15	Q10.15	15 yogurt
DQQ_25	Q10.25	25 fluid milk
5	Meat, poultry and fish	DQQ_16	Q10.16	16 processed meat
DQQ_17	Q10.17	17 unprocessed red meat (ruminant?
DQQ_18	Q10.18	18 unprocessed red meat (non-ruminant?
DQQ_19	Q10.19	19 poultry
DQQ_20	Q10.20	20 fish & seafood
6	Eggs	DQQ_13	Q10.13	13 eggs
7	Dark green leafy vegetables	DQQ_061	Q10.6.1	06.1 dark green leafy vegetables
DQQ_062	Q10.6.2	06.2 dark green leafy vegetables
8	Other vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables	DQQ_05	Q10.5	05 vitamin A-rich orange veg
DQQ_08	Q10.8	08 vitamin A-rich fruits
9	Other vegetables	DQQ_071	Q10.7.1	07.1 other vegetables
DQQ_072	Q10.7.2	07.2 other vegetables
10	Other fruits	DQQ_09	Q10.9	09 citrus
DQQ_101	Q10.10.1	10.1 other fruits
DQQ_102	Q10.10.2	10.2 other fruits

MDD-W: if FGDS ge 5 than Yes otherwise No

MDD-W by country
.	country	<5	≥5	Total
count	KE	60	629	689
	MO	26	130	156
	TN	42	332	374
	TZ	36	386	422
	UG	167	575	742
	Total	331	2052	2383

row.%	KE	8.7	91.3	100.0
	MO	16.7	83.3	100.0
	TN	11.2	88.8	100.0
	TZ	8.5	91.5	100.0
	UG	22.5	77.5	100.0
	Total	13.9	86.1	100.0

Univariate analysis of the relationship between MDD.W and explanatory variables

Categorical explanatory variables
variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
city	114.7380	<0.001	***
Q18.3.educ3	61.0953	<0.001	***
Q21.income_avg	24.6737	<0.001	***
Q3.income_food	19.3342	<0.001	***
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	9.9658	0.0069	**
Q19.2.children3_13	6.6008	0.0102	*
Q19.3.children0_2	4.5600	0.0327	*
*Chi-squared test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

Numerical explanatory variables
variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
HDDS12	300.1202	<0.001	***
Q11.healty_diet	79.0934	<0.001	***
Q16.meet_food_needs	46.2984	<0.001	***
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	42.8887	<0.001	***
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	41.3737	<0.001	***
Q5.local_food	31.3798	<0.001	***
Q2.6.imp_divers	28.7895	<0.001	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest	28.4388	<0.001	***
Q4.lacking	1493.8846	<0.001	***
Q2.1.imp_availability	22.1010	<0.001	***
Q19.HH_size	45.8622	<0.001	***
Q2.8.imp_local	19.8596	<0.001	***
Q19.4.hh_salary	27.0301	<0.001	***
Q6.local_food_interest	13.5968	0.0087	**
Q2.7.imp_tradition	10.7267	0.0298	*
Q2.9.imp_product	6.5646	0.1608
Q2.4.imp_price	5.8306	0.2122
Q2.3.imp_provider	4.3981	0.3548
Q18.1.age	32.7404	0.3815
*Kruskal-Wallis test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

logistic model with all explanatory variables

coefficients
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif	exp.b
(Intercept)	-0.9704	0.9757	-0.9945	0.3200		0.3789
Q18.1.age	0.0081	0.0099	0.8227	0.4107		1.0082
Q19.HH_size	-0.0130	0.0387	-0.3362	0.7367		0.9871
Q19.3.children0_2Yes	-0.0632	0.1670	-0.3784	0.7051		0.9387
Q19.2.children3_13Yes	0.1305	0.1759	0.7422	0.4580		1.1394
Q18.3.educ3Primary	0.5923	0.2439	2.4280	0.0152	*	1.8081
Q18.3.educ3Secondary or more	0.5030	0.2501	2.0113	0.0443	*	1.6536
Q21.income_avgsomewhat lower than average	0.0403	0.2070	0.1948	0.8456		1.0411
Q21.income_avgabout average	-0.3111	0.2687	-1.1576	0.2470		0.7326
Q21.income_avgsomewhat higher than average	-0.2419	0.3174	-0.7624	0.4459		0.7851
Q21.income_avghigher than average	0.2431	0.3780	0.6431	0.5202		1.2751
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.1821	0.1005	1.8113	0.0701	.	1.1998
Q20.hh_head_employ_3self.employed	-0.2620	0.1841	-1.4231	0.1547		0.7695
Q20.hh_head_employ_3Clerk.Regular.Manager	-0.1817	0.2011	-0.9035	0.3663		0.8338
Q3.income_foodLess than half (from 25% to 50%)	-0.1512	0.2659	-0.5688	0.5695		0.8597
Q3.income_foodAbout half (50%)	0.2341	0.2553	0.9170	0.3591		1.2638
Q3.income_foodMore than half (from 50% to 75%)	-0.3024	0.2629	-1.1499	0.2502		0.7391
Q3.income_foodAlmost all (from 75% to 100%).	-0.0109	0.3184	-0.0342	0.9727		0.9892
HDDS12	0.5269	0.0387	13.6033	<0.001	***	1.6937
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.0743	0.0762	0.9759	0.3291		1.0772
Q4.lacking	0.1207	0.1107	1.0902	0.2756		1.1283
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0204	0.0599	0.3402	0.7337		1.0206
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.0844	0.0698	1.2089	0.2267		1.0881
Q2.3.imp_provider	-0.1795	0.0649	-2.7641	0.0057	**	0.8357
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.0841	0.0704	-1.1951	0.2320		0.9193
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0756	0.0585	1.2921	0.1963		1.0785
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.0935	0.0721	1.2970	0.1946		1.0980
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.0579	0.0549	1.0540	0.2919		1.0596
Q2.8.imp_local	-0.0601	0.0542	-1.1089	0.2675		0.9416
Q2.9.imp_product	-0.0530	0.0651	-0.8147	0.4152		0.9484
Q11.healty_diet	0.2536	0.0720	3.5197	<0.001	***	1.2886
Q5.local_food	-0.0314	0.0604	-0.5195	0.6034		0.9691
Q6.local_food_interest	0.0692	0.0736	0.9403	0.3471		1.0716
Q13.nutri_food_interest	-0.1017	0.0735	-1.3837	0.1665		0.9033
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	1816.0	2252
Residual deviance	1348.2	2208
AIC	1438.2
Pseudo_R2	0.2576
n.obs	2253

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

coefficients
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif	exp.b
(Intercept)	-0.4044	0.6594	-0.6133	0.5397		0.6674
HDDS12	0.5178	0.0364	14.2297	<0.001	***	1.6783
Q11.healty_diet	0.2961	0.0650	4.5585	<0.001	***	1.3446
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	1816.0	2252
Residual deviance	1397.4	2239
AIC	1425.4
Pseudo_R2	0.2305
n.obs	2253

MDD.W - experiments

Risk
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	2.4929	0.2462	10.1270	<0.001	***
risk	-0.0570	0.0295	-1.9329	0.0532	.
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	1027.6	1502
Residual deviance	1006.4	1497
AIC	1018.4
Pseudo_R2	0.0207
n.obs	1503

Time
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	2.3172	0.2200	10.5344	<0.001	***
time	-0.0248	0.0222	-1.1169	0.2640
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	1199.3	1736
Residual deviance	1181.2	1731
AIC	1193.2
Pseudo_R2	0.0151
n.obs	1737

PGG
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	1.8980	0.2640	7.1896	<0.001	***
PGG.1	0.0018	0.0038	0.4754	0.6345
PGG.2	0.0006	0.0037	0.1638	0.8699
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	621.9	874
Residual deviance	617.7	869
AIC	629.7
Pseudo_R2	0.0068
n.obs	875

Trust
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	2.6608	0.2581	10.3107	<0.001	***
Trust.1	-0.0079	0.0071	-1.1117	0.2662
Trust.2	-0.0051	0.0051	-1.0013	0.3167
Trust.3	0.0027	0.0033	0.8135	0.4159
Trust.4	-0.0011	0.0026	-0.4451	0.6563
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	873.3	1308
Residual deviance	842.6	1300
AIC	860.6
Pseudo_R2	0.0351
n.obs	1309

All-5: Consumed all five recommended food groups

All.5.code	All.5.descr	variable	question	question.descr
1	Starchy staples	DQQ_01	Q10.1	01 staple foods made from grains
DQQ_02	Q10.2	02 whole grains
DQQ_03	Q10.3	03 white roots/tubers
2	Vegetables	DQQ_05	Q10.5	05 vitamin A-rich orange veg
DQQ_061	Q10.6.1	06.1 dark green leafy vegetables
DQQ_062	Q10.6.2	06.2 dark green leafy vegetables
DQQ_071	Q10.7.1	07.1 other vegetables
DQQ_072	Q10.7.2	07.2 other vegetables
3	Fruits	DQQ_08	Q10.8	08 vitamin A-rich fruits
DQQ_09	Q10.9	09 citrus
DQQ_101	Q10.10.1	10.1 other fruits
DQQ_102	Q10.10.2	10.2 other fruits
4	Pulses, nuts and seeds	DQQ_04	Q10.4	04 legumes
DQQ_21	Q10.21	21 nuts & seeds
5	Animal-source foods	DQQ_13	Q10.13	13 eggs
DQQ_14	Q10.14	14 cheese
DQQ_15	Q10.15	15 yogurt
DQQ_17	Q10.17	17 unprocessed red meat (ruminant?
DQQ_18	Q10.18	18 unprocessed red meat (non-ruminant?
DQQ_19	Q10.19	19 poultry
DQQ_20	Q10.20	20 fish & seafood
DQQ_25	Q10.25	25 fluid milk

All-5: Consumed all five recommended food groups by country
.	country	No	Yes	Total
count	KE	537	941	1478
	MO	478	253	731
	TN	378	535	913
	TZ	316	590	906
	UG	669	610	1279
	Total	2378	2929	5307

row.%	KE	36.3	63.7	100.0
	MO	65.4	34.6	100.0
	TN	41.4	58.6	100.0
	TZ	34.9	65.1	100.0
	UG	52.3	47.7	100.0
	Total	44.8	55.2	100.0

Univariate analysis of the relationship between All.5 and explanatory variables

Categorical explanatory variables
variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
city	282.7524	<0.001	***
Q18.3.educ3	80.4546	<0.001	***
Q21.income_avg	82.9605	<0.001	***
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	34.9240	<0.001	***
Q19.2.children3_13	29.3177	<0.001	***
Q3.income_food	20.4105	<0.001	***
Q19.3.children0_2	0.9535	0.3288
Q18.2.gender	0.0230	0.8794
*Chi-squared test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

Numerical explanatory variables
variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
HDDS12	501.2822	<0.001	***
Q11.healty_diet	99.0373	<0.001	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest	65.6137	<0.001	***
Q16.meet_food_needs	46.6270	<0.001	***
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	37.2961	<0.001	***
Q5.local_food	33.5091	<0.001	***
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	27.0460	<0.001	***
Q2.6.imp_divers	22.7918	<0.001	***
Q2.3.imp_provider	19.3533	<0.001	***
Q19.HH_size	50.8965	0.0016	**
Q2.8.imp_local	16.7560	0.0022	**
Q19.4.hh_salary	25.6428	0.0023	**
Q2.1.imp_availability	14.2852	0.0064	**
Q2.7.imp_tradition	11.0887	0.0256	*
Q6.local_food_interest	10.0636	0.0394	*
Q2.4.imp_price	8.7082	0.0688	.
Q4.lacking	2239.1365	0.0790	.
Q18.1.age	72.9288	0.2608
Q2.9.imp_product	4.1134	0.3909
*Kruskal-Wallis test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

logistic model with all explanatory variables

coefficients
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif	exp.b
(Intercept)	-2.8119	0.3797	-7.4053	<0.001	***	0.0601
Q18.1.age	0.0006	0.0027	0.2239	0.8229		1.0006
Q18.2.genderFemale	-0.1548	0.0673	-2.3003	0.0214	*	0.8566
Q19.HH_size	-0.0213	0.0159	-1.3367	0.1813		0.9789
Q19.3.children0_2Yes	0.1066	0.0801	1.3306	0.1833		1.1125
Q19.2.children3_13Yes	0.1721	0.0766	2.2480	0.0246	*	1.1878
Q18.3.educ3Primary	0.2847	0.1319	2.1584	0.0309	*	1.3293
Q18.3.educ3Secondary or more	0.2577	0.1315	1.9594	0.0501	.	1.2939
Q21.income_avgsomewhat lower than average	0.2387	0.0942	2.5337	0.0113	*	1.2696
Q21.income_avgabout average	0.2363	0.1172	2.0166	0.0437	*	1.2665
Q21.income_avgsomewhat higher than average	0.1109	0.1271	0.8721	0.3832		1.1173
Q21.income_avghigher than average	0.4352	0.1455	2.9917	0.0028	**	1.5452
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.0376	0.0398	0.9462	0.3441		1.0384
Q20.hh_head_employ_3self.employed	-0.0297	0.0872	-0.3403	0.7336		0.9708
Q20.hh_head_employ_3Clerk.Regular.Manager	0.0029	0.0909	0.0317	0.9747		1.0029
Q3.income_foodLess than half (from 25% to 50%)	-0.1905	0.1283	-1.4847	0.1376		0.8265
Q3.income_foodAbout half (50%)	-0.0329	0.1223	-0.2693	0.7877		0.9676
Q3.income_foodMore than half (from 50% to 75%)	-0.2241	0.1282	-1.7477	0.0805	.	0.7992
Q3.income_foodAlmost all (from 75% to 100%).	-0.1225	0.1582	-0.7744	0.4387		0.8847
HDDS12	0.3683	0.0185	19.8934	<0.001	***	1.4453
Q16.meet_food_needs	-0.0655	0.0347	-1.8868	0.0592	.	0.9366
Q4.lacking	0.1094	0.0491	2.2275	0.0259	*	1.1157
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0144	0.0298	0.4825	0.6294		1.0145
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.0056	0.0327	0.1711	0.8642		1.0056
Q2.3.imp_provider	-0.0071	0.0289	-0.2459	0.8057		0.9929
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.0339	0.0333	-1.0196	0.3079		0.9666
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0314	0.0275	1.1386	0.2549		1.0319
Q2.6.imp_divers	-0.0058	0.0340	-0.1710	0.8642		0.9942
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.0428	0.0250	1.7110	0.0871	.	1.0438
Q2.8.imp_local	0.0024	0.0260	0.0921	0.9266		1.0024
Q2.9.imp_product	-0.0235	0.0302	-0.7775	0.4369		0.9768
Q11.healty_diet	0.1520	0.0332	4.5732	<0.001	***	1.1641
Q5.local_food	0.0064	0.0289	0.2224	0.8240		1.0065
Q6.local_food_interest	-0.0770	0.0342	-2.2506	0.0244	*	0.9259
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.0641	0.0355	1.8076	0.0707	.	1.0662
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	6796.3	4940
Residual deviance	5796.6	4895
AIC	5888.6
Pseudo_R2	0.1471
n.obs	4941

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

coefficients
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif	exp.b
(Intercept)	-2.5780	0.1901	-13.5613	<0.001	***	0.0759
HDDS12	0.3793	0.0180	21.1282	<0.001	***	1.4613
Q11.healty_diet	0.1855	0.0309	6.0030	<0.001	***	1.2039
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	6796.3	4940
Residual deviance	5857.8	4927
AIC	5885.8
Pseudo_R2	0.1381
n.obs	4941

All.5 - experiments

Risk
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	0.3025	0.1460	2.0715	0.0383	*
risk	0.0245	0.0192	1.2754	0.2022
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	2055.6	1502
Residual deviance	1984.0	1497
AIC	1996.0
Pseudo_R2	0.0348
n.obs	1503

Time
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	0.4205	0.1351	3.1116	0.0019	**
time	0.0011	0.0139	0.0790	0.9370
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	2378.8	1736
Residual deviance	2312.7	1731
AIC	2324.7
Pseudo_R2	0.0278
n.obs	1737

PGG
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	0.5285	0.1744	3.0300	0.0024	**
PGG.1	-0.0004	0.0025	-0.1503	0.8805
PGG.2	0.0003	0.0024	0.1406	0.8882
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	1202.2	874
Residual deviance	1170.9	869
AIC	1182.9
Pseudo_R2	0.0261
n.obs	875

Trust
variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	0.6323	0.1503	4.2077	<0.001	***
Trust.1	-0.0008	0.0046	-0.1847	0.8534
Trust.2	0.0000	0.0033	-0.0134	0.9893
Trust.3	0.0023	0.0022	1.0826	0.2790
Trust.4	-0.0032	0.0016	-1.9336	0.0532	.
city FE	Yes
Null deviance	1765.5	1308
Residual deviance	1711.8	1300
AIC	1729.8
Pseudo_R2	0.0304
n.obs	1309

NCD-Protect score, NCD-Risk score, Global Dietary Recommendations (GDR) score

NCD-Protect score
NCD_P.code	NCD_P.descr	variable	question	question.descr
1	Whole grains	DQQ_02	Q10.2	02 whole grains
2	Pulses	DQQ_04	Q10.4	04 legumes
3	Nuts and seeds	DQQ_21	Q10.21	21 nuts & seeds
4	Vitamin A-rich orange vegetables	DQQ_05	Q10.5	05 vitamin A-rich orange veg
5	Dark green leafy vegetables	DQQ_061	Q10.6.1	06.1 dark green leafy vegetables
DQQ_062	Q10.6.2	06.2 dark green leafy vegetables
6	Other vegetables	DQQ_071	Q10.7.1	07.1 other vegetables
DQQ_072	Q10.7.2	07.2 other vegetables
7	Vitamin A-rich fruits	DQQ_08	Q10.8	08 vitamin A-rich fruits
8	Citrus	DQQ_09	Q10.9	09 citrus
9	Other fruits	DQQ_101	Q10.10.1	10.1 other fruits
DQQ_102	Q10.10.2	10.2 other fruits

NCD-Risk score
NCD_R.code	NCD_R.descr	variable	question	question.descr
1	Soft drinks (sodas)	DQQ_28	Q10.28	28 SSBs (sodas?
2	Baked / grain-based sweets	DQQ_11	Q10.11	11 grain sweets
3	Other sweets	DQQ_12	Q10.12	12 other sweets
4	Processed meat	DQQ_16	Q10.16	16 processed meat
5	Unprocessed red meat	DQQ_17	Q10.17	17 unprocessed red meat (ruminant?
DQQ_18	Q10.18	18 unprocessed red meat (non-ruminant?
6	Deep fried food	DQQ_24	Q10.24	24 deep fried foods
7	Fast food & Instant noodles	DQQ_23	Q10.23	23 instant noodles
DQQ_29	Q10.29	29 fast food
8	Packaged ultra-processed salty snacks	DQQ_22	Q10.22	22 ultra-processed packaged salty snacks

GDR score = NCD-Protect - NCD-Risk + 9

Univariate analysis of the relationship between GDR and explanatory variables

linear model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

GDR - experiments

Innovation

Q6 local food interest

Univariate analysis of the relationship between Q6.local_food_interest and explanatory variables

linear model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

Q6.local_food_interest - experiments

Q13 nutri food interest

Univariate analysis of the relationship between Q6.local_food_interest and explanatory variables

linear model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

Q13.nutri_food_interest - experiments

innovation (Q6 local food interest & Q13 nutri food interest)

The propensity to introduce the consumption of innovative products is calculated as the average of Q6.local_food_ _interest and Q13.nutri_food_interest

Reasons for including new food products (local or nutrient-rich) were grouped using a factor analysis, as well as obstacles.

Univariate analysis of the relationship between Propensity to introduce new food products and explanatory variables

linear model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

Correlation between Propensity to introduce new food products and experiments

country	N	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
KE	1,478	10.97	2.24	3	10	11	12	17
MO	731	10.62	2.00	2	9	11	12	16
TN	913	10.86	2.34	3	9	11	12	18
TZ	906	12.04	2.20	5	11	12	14	17
UG	1,279	11.57	2.27	3	10	12	13	17
Total	5,307	11.23	2.28	2	10	11	13	18

variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
city	354.0010	<0.001	***
income_avg	51.9658	<0.001	***
educ3	36.0958	<0.001	***
hh_head_employ_3	33.6262	<0.001	***
children0_2	13.0047	<0.001	***
gender	4.4558	0.0348	*
children3_13	3.6823	0.0550	.
income_food	4.2306	0.3757
*Kruskal-Wallis test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

variable	rho*	p.value	signif+
lacking	0.1259	<0.001	***
healty_diet	0.0806	<0.001	***
age	0.0779	<0.001	***
HDDS12	0.0776	<0.001	***
imp_tradition	0.0553	<0.001	***
hh_salary	0.0479	<0.001	***
imp_price	0.0382	0.0072	**
imp_divers	0.0360	0.0113	*
imp_availability	0.0218	0.1259
local_food	0.0172	0.2277
meet_food_needs	0.0161	0.2589
nutri_food_interest	0.0138	0.3313
imp_local	-0.0133	0.3498
imp_envfriend	0.0104	0.4652
imp_provider	-0.0085	0.5504
HH_size	0.0052	0.7138
local_food_interest	-0.0032	0.8237
imp_product	0.0007	0.9619
imp_nutrition	0.0002	0.9902
*Spearman correlation
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	7.5214	0.3538	21.2590	<0.001	***
age	0.0234	0.0026	9.0127	<0.001	***	0.1372
genderFemale	0.0411	0.0641	0.6411	0.5215		0.0090
HH_size	-0.0154	0.0153	-1.0054	0.3148		-0.0176
children0_2Yes	0.1448	0.0763	1.8982	0.0577	.	0.0275
children3_13Yes	0.1022	0.0735	1.3897	0.1647		0.0218
educ3Primary	0.2915	0.1239	2.3520	0.0187	*	0.0575
educ3Secondary or more	0.2324	0.1238	1.8779	0.0604	.	0.0492
income_avgsomewhat lower than average	0.2656	0.0901	2.9481	0.0032	**	0.0561
income_avgabout average	0.1023	0.1127	0.9075	0.3642		0.0162
income_avgsomewhat higher than average	0.0348	0.1220	0.2852	0.7755		0.0053
income_avghigher than average	0.1249	0.1376	0.9073	0.3643		0.0185
hh_salary	-0.0146	0.0382	-0.3833	0.7015		-0.0060
hh_head_employ_3self.employed	-0.0639	0.0837	-0.7638	0.4450		-0.0137
hh_head_employ_3Clerk.Regular.Manager	-0.0120	0.0865	-0.1389	0.8895		-0.0025
income_foodLess than half (from 25% to 50%)	-0.0268	0.1223	-0.2193	0.8264		-0.0049
income_foodAbout half (50%)	0.0020	0.1160	0.0168	0.9866		0.0004
income_foodMore than half (from 50% to 75%)	-0.0689	0.1219	-0.5653	0.5719		-0.0129
income_foodAlmost all (from 75% to 100%).	-0.0364	0.1494	-0.2438	0.8074		-0.0044
HDDS12	0.0980	0.0157	6.2496	<0.001	***	0.0911
meet_food_needs	-0.1634	0.0331	-4.9370	<0.001	***	-0.0780
lacking	0.2801	0.0468	5.9897	<0.001	***	0.0950
imp_availability	-0.0236	0.0286	-0.8260	0.4088		-0.0122
imp_nutrition	-0.0173	0.0312	-0.5533	0.5801		-0.0091
imp_provider	-0.0736	0.0276	-2.6671	0.0077	**	-0.0413
imp_price	0.0420	0.0319	1.3155	0.1884		0.0189
imp_envfriend	-0.0107	0.0265	-0.4039	0.6863		-0.0065
imp_divers	0.0244	0.0324	0.7526	0.4517		0.0125
imp_tradition	0.0952	0.0238	4.0002	<0.001	***	0.0641
imp_local	-0.0296	0.0249	-1.1891	0.2344		-0.0187
imp_product	-0.0440	0.0290	-1.5191	0.1288		-0.0220
healty_diet	0.1744	0.0316	5.5116	<0.001	***	0.0825
local_food	-0.0697	0.0278	-2.5050	0.0123	*	-0.0399
local_food_interest	-0.0565	0.0325	-1.7373	0.0824	.	-0.0267
nutri_food_interest	0.0708	0.0338	2.0928	0.0364	*	0.0328
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1295
adj.r.squared	0.1215
f.statistic	16.1808	45	4895	<0.001
n.obs	4941
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	7.9419	0.2513	31.6074	<0.001	***
age	0.0215	0.0024	8.9472	<0.001	***	0.1258
HDDS12	0.1039	0.0154	6.7708	<0.001	***	0.0966
meet_food_needs	-0.1746	0.0314	-5.5656	<0.001	***	-0.0833
lacking	0.2738	0.0456	6.0074	<0.001	***	0.0928
imp_provider	-0.0914	0.0256	-3.5752	<0.001	***	-0.0513
imp_tradition	0.0835	0.0224	3.7239	<0.001	***	0.0562
healty_diet	0.1902	0.0310	6.1361	<0.001	***	0.0900
local_food	-0.0851	0.0268	-3.1795	0.0015	**	-0.0487
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1227
adj.r.squared	0.1193
f.statistic	36.2317	19	4921	<0.001
n.obs	4941
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	10.8884	0.1572	69.2672	<0.001	***
risk	0.0002	0.0205	0.0099	0.9921
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0583
adj.r.squared	0.0551
f.statistic	18.5304	5	1497	<0.001
n.obs	1503

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	10.6098	0.1468	72.2586	<0.001	***
time	0.0501	0.0150	3.3306	<0.001	***
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0497
adj.r.squared	0.0469
f.statistic	18.0950	5	1731	<0.001
n.obs	1737

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	10.7185	0.1909	56.1494	<0.001	***
PGG.1	-0.0001	0.0027	-0.0253	0.9798
PGG.2	0.0022	0.0026	0.8416	0.4002
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.00685
adj.r.squared	0.00114
f.statistic	1.1992	5	869	0.3076
n.obs	875

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	10.9208	0.1601	68.2201	<0.001	***
Trust.1	-0.0064	0.0049	-1.3086	0.1909
Trust.2	0.0014	0.0035	0.4030	0.6870
Trust.3	0.0017	0.0023	0.7651	0.4444
Trust.4	-0.0007	0.0017	-0.4108	0.6813
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0575
adj.r.squared	0.0517
f.statistic	9.9075	8	1300	<0.001
n.obs	1309

country	N	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
KE	1,296	4.16	0.93	1	4	4	5	5
MO	729	3.87	1.03	1	3	4	5	5
TN	634	3.76	1.22	1	3	4	5	5
TZ	900	4.27	0.95	1	4	5	5	5
UG	1,279	3.90	1.16	1	3	4	5	5
Total	4,838	4.01	1.07	1	3	4	5	5

type	Variable	stat*
numeric	Q6.local_food_interest	4.01 (1.07)
	Q13.nutri_food_interest	4.18 (1.05)
	Q7.1.local_envfriend	3.62 (1.36)
	Q7.2.local_afford	4.13 (1.10)
	Q7.3.local_find	4.05 (1.14)
	Q7.4.local_tradition	3.17 (1.48)
	Q7.5.local_helpfarmer	3.72 (1.30)
	Q7.6.local_friends	3.10 (1.48)
	Q8.1.obst_loc_familar	3.41 (1.42)
	Q8.2.obst_loc_change	2.69 (1.44)
	Q8.3.obst_loc_comparab	3.81 (1.30)
	Q8.4.obst_loc_healthy	3.69 (1.34)
	Q8.5.obst_loc_friend	2.50 (1.43)
	Q8.6.obst_loc_trust	2.96 (1.45)
	Q18.1.age	37.97 (13.27)
	Q19.HH_size	4.81 (2.61)
	Q19.4.hh_salary	1.58 (0.93)
	Q16.meet_food_needs	3.05 (1.09)
	Q4.lacking	3.80 (0.77)
	HDDS12	8.13 (2.11)
	GDR	11.25 (2.27)
	Q2.1.imp_availability	4.09 (1.18)
	Q2.2.imp_nutrition	3.98 (1.20)
	Q2.3.imp_provider	3.80 (1.28)
	Q2.4.imp_price	4.34 (1.02)
	Q2.5.imp_envfriend	3.49 (1.38)
	Q2.6.imp_divers	3.93 (1.17)
	Q2.7.imp_tradition	2.98 (1.53)
	Q2.8.imp_local	3.33 (1.44)
	Q2.9.imp_product	4.13 (1.13)
	Q11.healty_diet	3.67 (1.08)
	Q5.local_food	3.64 (1.30)
categorical	city
	. . .KE_Kisumu	463 (9.6)
	. . .KE_Kitui	439 (9.1)
	. . .KE_Nyeri	394 (8.1)
	. . .MO_Beni Mellal	364 (7.5)
	. . .MO_Meknes	365 (7.5)
	. . .TN_Sousse	308 (6.4)
	. . .TN_Tunis	326 (6.7)
	. . .TZ_Daressalaam	432 (8.9)
	. . .TZ_Morogoro	468 (9.7)
	. . .UG_Kalerwe	409 (8.5)
	. . .UG_Kampala	434 (9.0)
	. . .UG_Kapeeka	436 (9.0)
	Q18.2.gender
	. . .Male	2159 (44.6)
	. . .Female	2679 (55.4)
	Q19.3.children0_2
	. . .No	3628 (75.0)
	. . .Yes	1210 (25.0)
	Q19.2.children3_13
	. . .No	1842 (38.1)
	. . .Yes	2996 (61.9)
	Q18.3.educ3
	. . .No qualification literate	427 (8.8)
	. . .Primary	1352 (27.9)
	. . .Secondary or more	3059 (63.2)
	Q21.income_avg
	. . .lower than average	1063 (22.0)
	. . .somewhat lower than average	1759 (36.4)
	. . .about average	738 (15.3)
	. . .somewhat higher than average	654 (13.5)
	. . .higher than average	624 (12.9)
	Q20.hh_head_employ_3
	. . .Unemployed.Casual	1288 (26.6)
	. . .self.employed	1884 (38.9)
	. . .Clerk.Regular.Manager	1666 (34.4)
	Q3.income_food
	. . .A very limited part (less than 25%)	437 (9.0)
	. . .Less than half (from 25% to 50%)	1092 (22.6)
	. . .About half (50%)	1753 (36.2)
	. . .More than half (from 50% to 75%)	1159 (24.0)
	. . .Almost all (from 75% to 100%).	397 (8.2)
	All.5
	. . .No	2169 (44.8)
	. . .Yes	2669 (55.2)
*numeric: mean (st.dev.), categorical: n (%);

variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
city	223.7796	<0.001	***
Q19.2.children3_13	21.1877	<0.001	***
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	12.2816	0.0022	**
All.5	4.9620	0.0259	*
Q3.income_food	10.7864	0.0291	*
Q18.3.educ3	5.5015	0.0639	.
Q21.income_avg	8.4694	0.0758	.
Q19.3.children0_2	2.2904	0.1302
Q18.2.gender	0.3177	0.5730
*Kruskal-Wallis test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

variable	rho*	p.value	signif+
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.4153	<0.001	***
Q7.1.local_envfriend	0.2982	<0.001	***
Q5.local_food	0.2859	<0.001	***
Q7.3.local_find	0.2775	<0.001	***
Q7.2.local_afford	0.2567	<0.001	***
Q7.5.local_helpfarmer	0.2494	<0.001	***
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.2352	<0.001	***
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.2128	<0.001	***
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.1896	<0.001	***
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.1724	<0.001	***
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.1573	<0.001	***
Q2.8.imp_local	0.1490	<0.001	***
Q7.4.local_tradition	0.1415	<0.001	***
Q2.9.imp_product	0.1193	<0.001	***
Q11.healty_diet	0.1156	<0.001	***
Q8.3.obst_loc_comparab	0.1043	<0.001	***
Q8.4.obst_loc_healthy	0.1004	<0.001	***
Q7.6.local_friends	0.0999	<0.001	***
Q2.4.imp_price	0.0946	<0.001	***
Q4.lacking	0.0799	<0.001	***
Q19.HH_size	0.0703	<0.001	***
Q8.1.obst_loc_familar	0.0551	<0.001	***
Q8.2.obst_loc_change	-0.0457	0.0015	**
Q8.6.obst_loc_trust	0.0449	0.0018	**
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.0395	0.0061	**
Q8.5.obst_loc_friend	-0.0391	0.0065	**
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.0373	0.0094	**
Q18.1.age	-0.0275	0.0558	.
HDDS12	0.0229	0.1105
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.0161	0.2619
GDR	-0.0008	0.9538
*Spearman correlation
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	0.8140	0.1621	5.0227	<0.001	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.2671	0.0140	19.1317	<0.001	***	0.2621
Q7.1.local_envfriend	0.1043	0.0128	8.1528	<0.001	***	0.1327
Q7.2.local_afford	0.1088	0.0143	7.6355	<0.001	***	0.1117
Q7.3.local_find	0.1092	0.0140	7.7957	<0.001	***	0.1163
Q7.4.local_tradition	0.0185	0.0114	1.6242	0.1044		0.0256
Q7.5.local_helpfarmer	0.0428	0.0121	3.5435	<0.001	***	0.0518
Q7.6.local_friends	-0.0018	0.0107	-0.1673	0.8671		-0.0025
Q8.1.obst_loc_familar	-0.0168	0.0104	-1.6051	0.1085		-0.0222
Q8.2.obst_loc_change	-0.0400	0.0106	-3.7913	<0.001	***	-0.0537
Q8.3.obst_loc_comparab	0.0155	0.0111	1.4026	0.1608		0.0189
Q8.4.obst_loc_healthy	-0.0230	0.0111	-2.0728	0.0382	*	-0.0288
Q8.5.obst_loc_friend	-0.0347	0.0106	-3.2745	0.0011	**	-0.0464
Q8.6.obst_loc_trust	0.0113	0.0101	1.1197	0.2629		0.0153
Q18.2.genderFemale	0.0006	0.0272	0.0214	0.9829		0.0003
Q18.1.age	-0.0014	0.0011	-1.2256	0.2204		-0.0169
Q19.HH_size	0.0074	0.0065	1.1519	0.2494		0.0181
Q19.3.children0_2Yes	0.0170	0.0323	0.5259	0.5990		0.0069
Q19.2.children3_13Yes	0.0218	0.0312	0.6981	0.4852		0.0099
Q18.3.educ3Primary	-0.0187	0.0523	-0.3569	0.7212		-0.0078
Q18.3.educ3Secondary or more	-0.0402	0.0522	-0.7697	0.4415		-0.0181
Q21.income_avgsomewhat lower than average	0.0224	0.0380	0.5901	0.5552		0.0101
Q21.income_avgabout average	-0.0485	0.0478	-1.0163	0.3095		-0.0163
Q21.income_avgsomewhat higher than average	0.0613	0.0519	1.1829	0.2369		0.0196
Q21.income_avghigher than average	0.0161	0.0585	0.2757	0.7828		0.0051
Q19.4.hh_salary	0.0066	0.0162	0.4070	0.6840		0.0057
Q20.hh_head_employ_3self.employed	-0.0099	0.0356	-0.2780	0.7811		-0.0045
Q20.hh_head_employ_3Clerk.Regular.Manager	0.0378	0.0368	1.0292	0.3035		0.0168
Q3.income_foodLess than half (from 25% to 50%)	0.0022	0.0517	0.0432	0.9655		0.0009
Q3.income_foodAbout half (50%)	0.0074	0.0490	0.1510	0.8800		0.0033
Q3.income_foodMore than half (from 50% to 75%)	0.0533	0.0515	1.0353	0.3006		0.0212
Q3.income_foodAlmost all (from 75% to 100%).	0.0392	0.0635	0.6172	0.5371		0.0100
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.0036	0.0141	0.2552	0.7986		0.0036
Q4.lacking	-0.0246	0.0201	-1.2215	0.2219		-0.0176
HDDS12	-0.0077	0.0070	-1.0969	0.2727		-0.0151
All.5Yes	-0.0495	0.0302	-1.6359	0.1019		-0.0230
GDR	-0.0037	0.0064	-0.5703	0.5685		-0.0078
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0384	0.0122	3.1516	0.0016	**	0.0423
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	-0.0024	0.0132	-0.1797	0.8574		-0.0027
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.0589	0.0117	5.0163	<0.001	***	0.0701
Q2.4.imp_price	-0.0025	0.0137	-0.1844	0.8537		-0.0024
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	-0.0353	0.0121	-2.9065	0.0037	**	-0.0456
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.0371	0.0137	2.6995	0.0070	**	0.0404
Q2.7.imp_tradition	-0.0268	0.0111	-2.4159	0.0157	*	-0.0384
Q2.8.imp_local	0.0196	0.0106	1.8422	0.0655	.	0.0263
Q2.9.imp_product	-0.0017	0.0125	-0.1353	0.8924		-0.0018
Q11.healty_diet	0.0238	0.0136	1.7495	0.0803	.	0.0239
Q5.local_food	0.1205	0.0117	10.2851	<0.001	***	0.1465
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.3142
adj.r.squared	0.3059
f.statistic	37.7548	58	4779	<0.001
n.obs	4838
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	0.7215	0.1021	7.0640	<0.001	***
Q13.nutri_food_interest	0.2666	0.0137	19.4362	<0.001	***	0.2616
Q7.1.local_envfriend	0.0938	0.0115	8.1609	<0.001	***	0.1194
Q7.2.local_afford	0.1144	0.0138	8.2707	<0.001	***	0.1175
Q7.3.local_find	0.1098	0.0136	8.0723	<0.001	***	0.1170
Q7.5.local_helpfarmer	0.0444	0.0116	3.8179	<0.001	***	0.0538
Q8.2.obst_loc_change	-0.0424	0.0099	-4.2655	<0.001	***	-0.0568
Q8.5.obst_loc_friend	-0.0372	0.0098	-3.7969	<0.001	***	-0.0497
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0388	0.0119	3.2642	0.0011	**	0.0427
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.0607	0.0111	5.4507	<0.001	***	0.0723
Q5.local_food	0.1261	0.0115	10.9935	<0.001	***	0.1532
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.3055
adj.r.squared	0.3025
f.statistic	100.8787	21	4816	<0.001
n.obs	4838
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	4.2956	0.0682	63.0277	<0.001	***
risk	0.0002	0.0089	0.0228	0.9818
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0782
adj.r.squared	0.0751
f.statistic	25.2843	5	1490	<0.001
n.obs	1496

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	4.2659	0.0627	68.0635	<0.001	***
time	0.0032	0.0064	0.4936	0.6216
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0805
adj.r.squared	0.0779
f.statistic	30.1838	5	1723	<0.001
n.obs	1729

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	4.3050	0.0865	49.7504	<0.001	***
PGG.1	-0.0005	0.0012	-0.4053	0.6853
PGG.2	0.0000	0.0012	0.0002	0.9998
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0328
adj.r.squared	0.0272
f.statistic	5.8370	5	861	<0.001
n.obs	867

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	4.3083	0.0645	66.8185	<0.001	***
Trust.1	-0.0024	0.0020	-1.2417	0.2146
Trust.2	-0.0016	0.0014	-1.1670	0.2434
Trust.3	0.0022	0.0009	2.3888	0.0170	*
Trust.4	0.0000	0.0007	0.0307	0.9755
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1107
adj.r.squared	0.1053
f.statistic	20.2206	8	1299	<0.001
n.obs	1308

country	N	Mean	St.Dev.	Min	Q1	Median	Q3	Max
KE	1,300	4.44	0.87	1	4	5	5	5
MO	729	3.94	1.06	1	3	4	5	5
TN	622	3.91	1.12	1	3	4	5	5
TZ	899	4.33	0.89	1	4	5	5	5
UG	1,279	4.06	1.19	1	3	4	5	5
Total	4,829	4.18	1.05	1	4	5	5	5

Food security models

fabrizio

2022-11-21

Food security

Variables in analysis

dependent variables

HDDs

Lacking

Meet food needs

Computed explanatory variables

model with HDDs as dependent variable

Univariate analysis of the relationship between HDDs and explanatory variables

linear model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

HDDs - experiments

model with meet food needs as dependent variable

Univariate analysis of the relationship between meet food needs and explanatory variables

linear model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

meet food needs - experiments

model with lacking as dependent variable

Univariate analysis of the relationship between lacking and explanatory variables

linear model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

lacking - experiments

DQQ

Food Group Diversity Score (FGDS) and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women of Reproductive Age (MDD-W)

Univariate analysis of the relationship between MDD.W and explanatory variables

logistic model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

MDD.W - experiments

All-5: Consumed all five recommended food groups

Univariate analysis of the relationship between All.5 and explanatory variables

logistic model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

All.5 - experiments

NCD-Protect score, NCD-Risk score, Global Dietary Recommendations (GDR) score

Univariate analysis of the relationship between GDR and explanatory variables

linear model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

GDR - experiments

Innovation

Q6 local food interest

Univariate analysis of the relationship between Q6.local_food_interest and explanatory variables

linear model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

Q6.local_food_interest - experiments

Q13 nutri food interest

Univariate analysis of the relationship between Q6.local_food_interest and explanatory variables

linear model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

Q13.nutri_food_interest - experiments

innovation (Q6 local food interest & Q13 nutri food interest)

Univariate analysis of the relationship between Propensity to introduce new food products and explanatory variables

linear model with all explanatory variables

stepwise model selection (BIC criterion)

Correlation between Propensity to introduce new food products and experiments

variable	stat*	p.value	signif+
city	567.7526	<0.001	***
Q19.2.children3_13	53.3950	<0.001	***
All.5	44.0267	<0.001	***
Q3.income_food	24.5279	<0.001	***
Q21.income_avg	23.3450	<0.001	***
Q18.2.gender	6.4065	0.0114	*
Q18.3.educ3	3.7466	0.1536
Q20.hh_head_employ_3	2.5765	0.2758
Q19.3.children0_2	1.1196	0.2900
*Kruskal-Wallis test
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

variable	rho*	p.value	signif+
Q6.local_food_interest	0.4185	<0.001	***
Q14.1.nutri_healthy	0.2687	<0.001	***
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.2148	<0.001	***
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.1890	<0.001	***
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.1822	<0.001	***
Q11.healty_diet	0.1769	<0.001	***
Q14.6.nustri_doctor	0.1705	<0.001	***
Q5.local_food	0.1699	<0.001	***
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.1506	<0.001	***
Q14.2.nutri_sstatus	0.1417	<0.001	***
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.1361	<0.001	***
Q14.3.nustri_afford	0.1128	<0.001	***
Q2.9.imp_product	0.1105	<0.001	***
Q2.4.imp_price	0.1021	<0.001	***
Q19.HH_size	0.0968	<0.001	***
Q2.8.imp_local	0.0932	<0.001	***
Q14.5.nutri_trust	0.0910	<0.001	***
Q15.3.obst_nutri_fpractice	-0.0792	<0.001	***
Q14.4.nutri_lifestyle	0.0727	<0.001	***
Q4.lacking	0.0551	<0.001	***
Q16.meet_food_needs	0.0440	0.0022	**
Q15.6.obst_nutri_friend	-0.0432	0.0027	**
HDDS12	0.0396	0.0059	**
Q19.4.hh_salary	-0.0382	0.0080	**
Q15.1.obst_nutri_safe	-0.0286	0.0472	*
Q15.2.obst_nutri_fam	-0.0162	0.2595
GDR	0.0159	0.2692
Q15.5.obst_nutri_time	-0.0146	0.3104
Q18.1.age	0.0073	0.6115
Q2.7.imp_tradition	0.0054	0.7064
Q15.4.obst_nutri_price	-0.0047	0.7422
*Spearman correlation
+* <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	1.4797	0.1581	9.3596	<0.001	***
Q6.local_food_interest	0.2744	0.0128	21.4195	<0.001	***	0.2792
Q14.1.nutri_healthy	0.1769	0.0133	13.2624	<0.001	***	0.2396
Q14.2.nutri_sstatus	0.0524	0.0100	5.2333	<0.001	***	0.0726
Q14.3.nustri_afford	0.0136	0.0129	1.0602	0.2891		0.0185
Q14.4.nutri_lifestyle	-0.0116	0.0104	-1.1095	0.2673		-0.0161
Q14.5.nutri_trust	-0.0157	0.0110	-1.4254	0.1541		-0.0210
Q14.6.nustri_doctor	0.0389	0.0119	3.2771	0.0011	**	0.0535
Q15.1.obst_nutri_safe	-0.0183	0.0096	-1.8992	0.0576	.	-0.0262
Q15.2.obst_nutri_fam	0.0074	0.0106	0.6998	0.4841		0.0101
Q15.3.obst_nutri_fpractice	-0.0562	0.0107	-5.2672	<0.001	***	-0.0757
Q15.4.obst_nutri_price	0.0124	0.0106	1.1609	0.2457		0.0157
Q15.5.obst_nutri_time	0.0209	0.0102	2.0430	0.0411	*	0.0291
Q15.6.obst_nutri_friend	-0.0020	0.0105	-0.1934	0.8466		-0.0027
Q18.2.genderFemale	0.0259	0.0263	0.9852	0.3246		0.0122
Q18.1.age	-0.0022	0.0011	-2.0155	0.0439	*	-0.0274
Q19.HH_size	0.0134	0.0062	2.1416	0.0323	*	0.0332
Q19.3.children0_2Yes	-0.0025	0.0311	-0.0789	0.9371		-0.0010
Q19.2.children3_13Yes	-0.0214	0.0301	-0.7105	0.4774		-0.0099
Q18.3.educ3Primary	-0.0402	0.0503	-0.7979	0.4250		-0.0171
Q18.3.educ3Secondary or more	-0.0681	0.0503	-1.3557	0.1753		-0.0313
Q21.income_avgsomewhat lower than average	-0.0161	0.0367	-0.4381	0.6614		-0.0074
Q21.income_avgabout average	0.0060	0.0461	0.1303	0.8964		0.0021
Q21.income_avgsomewhat higher than average	-0.0754	0.0499	-1.5110	0.1308		-0.0246
Q21.income_avghigher than average	-0.1712	0.0565	-3.0294	0.0025	**	-0.0548
Q19.4.hh_salary	-0.0229	0.0156	-1.4685	0.1420		-0.0203
Q20.hh_head_employ_3self.employed	-0.0032	0.0343	-0.0934	0.9256		-0.0015
Q20.hh_head_employ_3Clerk.Regular.Manager	-0.0250	0.0355	-0.7047	0.4810		-0.0113
Q3.income_foodLess than half (from 25% to 50%)	0.1313	0.0497	2.6391	0.0083	**	0.0523
Q3.income_foodAbout half (50%)	0.1389	0.0472	2.9452	0.0032	**	0.0637
Q3.income_foodMore than half (from 50% to 75%)	0.1310	0.0497	2.6360	0.0084	**	0.0529
Q3.income_foodAlmost all (from 75% to 100%).	0.2036	0.0611	3.3300	<0.001	***	0.0533
Q16.meet_food_needs	-0.0235	0.0136	-1.7223	0.0851	.	-0.0242
Q4.lacking	0.0359	0.0193	1.8597	0.0630	.	0.0263
HDDS12	0.0204	0.0068	3.0215	0.0025	**	0.0410
All.5Yes	0.0372	0.0292	1.2751	0.2023		0.0176
GDR	0.0094	0.0062	1.5201	0.1285		0.0203
Q2.1.imp_availability	0.0060	0.0117	0.5159	0.6059		0.0068
Q2.2.imp_nutrition	0.0124	0.0128	0.9737	0.3302		0.0142
Q2.3.imp_provider	0.0287	0.0113	2.5284	0.0115	*	0.0348
Q2.4.imp_price	0.0095	0.0133	0.7160	0.4740		0.0092
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0663	0.0108	6.1127	<0.001	***	0.0873
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.0300	0.0133	2.2668	0.0234	*	0.0333
Q2.7.imp_tradition	-0.0100	0.0101	-0.9894	0.3225		-0.0146
Q2.8.imp_local	-0.0080	0.0102	-0.7819	0.4343		-0.0109
Q2.9.imp_product	0.0057	0.0120	0.4693	0.6389		0.0061
Q11.healty_diet	0.0850	0.0130	6.5265	<0.001	***	0.0872
Q5.local_food	0.0238	0.0114	2.0920	0.0365	*	0.0295
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.3377
adj.r.squared	0.3297
f.statistic	41.9407	58	4770	<0.001
n.obs	4829
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif*	Std.Estimate
(Intercept)	1.9055	0.1019	18.6928	<0.001	***
Q6.local_food_interest	0.2901	0.0124	23.4732	<0.001	***	0.2952
Q14.1.nutri_healthy	0.1754	0.0122	14.3376	<0.001	***	0.2376
Q14.2.nutri_sstatus	0.0477	0.0094	5.0471	<0.001	***	0.0660
Q14.6.nustri_doctor	0.0383	0.0113	3.3914	<0.001	***	0.0527
Q15.3.obst_nutri_fpractice	-0.0489	0.0093	-5.2625	<0.001	***	-0.0660
Q16.meet_food_needs	-0.0379	0.0127	-2.9889	0.0028	**	-0.0391
HDDS12	0.0244	0.0063	3.8971	<0.001	***	0.0491
Q2.5.imp_envfriend	0.0710	0.0102	6.9431	<0.001	***	0.0936
Q2.6.imp_divers	0.0429	0.0117	3.6726	<0.001	***	0.0476
Q11.healty_diet	0.0884	0.0125	7.0652	<0.001	***	0.0908
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.3261
adj.r.squared	0.3232
f.statistic	110.7711	21	4807	<0.001
n.obs	4829
** <0.001; <0.01; * <0.05; . <0.1;

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	4.2471	0.0686	61.9068	<0.001	***
risk	-0.0010	0.0089	-0.1111	0.9116
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0936
adj.r.squared	0.0905
f.statistic	30.7645	5	1490	<0.001
n.obs	1496

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	4.2851	0.0628	68.2474	<0.001	***
time	0.0018	0.0064	0.2786	0.7806
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1072
adj.r.squared	0.1046
f.statistic	41.3748	5	1723	<0.001
n.obs	1729

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	4.3639	0.0821	53.1352	<0.001	***
PGG.1	0.0006	0.0012	0.5157	0.6062
PGG.2	-0.0013	0.0011	-1.1773	0.2394
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.0704
adj.r.squared	0.0650
f.statistic	13.0377	5	861	<0.001
n.obs	867

variable	Estimate	Std.Error	t.value	p.value	signif
(Intercept)	4.2493	0.0668	63.6048	<0.001	***
Trust.1	-0.0019	0.0020	-0.9245	0.3554
Trust.2	-0.0005	0.0014	-0.3661	0.7144
Trust.3	0.0013	0.0009	1.3659	0.1722
Trust.4	0.0005	0.0007	0.7242	0.4691
city FE	Yes
r.squared	0.1299
adj.r.squared	0.1245
f.statistic	24.2144	8	1298	<0.001
n.obs	1307

reasons	Factor1	Factor2	Factor3	Factor4	Factor5
Q7.1.local_envfriend		0.625
Q7.2.local_afford				0.971
Q7.3.local_find		0.347		0.326
Q7.4.local_tradition		0.153			0.824
Q7.5.local_helpfarmer		0.779	-0.132
Q7.6.local_friends		0.298	0.123		0.113
Q14.1.nutri_healthy	0.865
Q14.2.nutri_sstatus	-0.127		0.639
Q14.3.nustri_afford	0.782	-0.153		0.167
Q14.4.nutri_lifestyle		-0.108	0.692		0.109
Q14.5.nutri_trust	0.269		0.450
Q14.6.nustri_doctor	0.631		0.132

obstacles	Factor1	Factor2	Factor3	Factor4	Factor5
Q8.1.obst_loc_familar		0.492			0.177
Q8.2.obst_loc_change	0.576	0.166
Q8.3.obst_loc_comparab		0.338		0.337
Q8.4.obst_loc_healthy		0.750
Q8.5.obst_loc_friend			1.029
Q8.6.obst_loc_trust	0.276	0.355
Q15.1.obst_nutri_safe	0.125	0.266			0.195
Q15.2.obst_nutri_fam					0.997
Q15.3.obst_nutri_fpractice	0.853	-0.109	-0.145
Q15.4.obst_nutri_price				0.991
Q15.5.obst_nutri_time	0.565
Q15.6.obst_nutri_friend	0.456	-0.165	0.265