https://rpubs.com/staszkiewicz/Cw_S1_EN
Let’s introduce the data prepared for the reliability tests of the balances (substatnitve testing).
sub<-readRDS("Substatnive.RData")Obejrzyjmy strukturę danych oraz ich klasę
#View(sub)
class(sub)## [1] "list"Let’s take a look at the structure of the data and its class.
summary(sub)## Length Class Mode
## Aging 19 tbl_df list
## BankAcc 5 data.frame list
## CC_AP 2 tbl_df list
## CC_BS 3 tbl_df list
## CC_PL 3 tbl_df list
## ChOA 5 tbl_df list
## Journal 5 data.frame list
## Kontr 9 tbl_df list
## TB 10 data.frame list
## ZPK 5 tbl_df list
## FAR_RST_Final 11 tbl_df listSo, we have the age structure (Aging), bank statement (BankAcc), accounting policy (CC_AP), balance sheet (CC_BS) and income statement (CC_PL) for Coca-Cola in Poland, their chart of accounts (ChOA), Journal (Journal), register of customers and suppliers (Kontr), turnover (TB), company chart of accounts (ZPK) and register of fixed assets (FAR_RTS_FINAL). With the data of financial statements we took from the KRS the rest of the fictitious data.
A list is a collection, objects unlike a data frame objects do not have to be the same length. Addressing in a list
sub[[1]] [1,2]
in the sub object we select the first object, and in the object we find the cell, in the first row and the second column.
sub[[1]] [1,2]## [1] 223Accounting recording consists of recording all economic transactions chronologically in the journal, followed by double-entry (assignment of operations to general ledger accounts). For example, the entry of payment from the bank account of the amount of PLN 100 is:
26.11.X7 Dr. Receivables 100
Cr. trade payables 100 Payment of 100 pln.
In our data structure it looks like this:
head(sub$Journal)## Data Konto_DR.1.35700. Konto_CR.1.35700. Wartosc.1.35700.
## 12701 2022-01-01 243 702 306412.5
## 12702 2022-01-01 243 20 707449.8
## 12703 2022-01-01 243 243 935331.1
## 12704 2022-01-01 243 851 717466.2
## 12705 2022-01-01 243 291 794754.3
## 12706 2022-01-01 243 250 953084.0
## Opis.1.35700.
## 12701 Umorzenie środków trwałych
## 12702 Krótkoterminowe aktywa finansowe
## 12703 Inne fundusze specjalne
## 12704 Rozliczenie naliczonego VAT
## 12705 Odchylenia od cen ewidencyjnych półfabrykatów
## 12706 Odpisy aktualizujące rozrachunkiIn practice, the descriptions are quite engimatic, the accounts described by the account number, which is defined in the Company Chart of Accounts, similar to the one in our data
#head(sub$ZPK)
#summary(sub$ZPK)
sub$ZPK [1:5,]## Zespół Nr Nazwa konta Rodzaj Typ
## 1 0 10 Środki trwałe Aktywne Bilansowe
## 2 0 20 Wartości niematerialne i prawne Aktywne Bilansowe
## 3 0 30 Długoterminowe aktywa finansowe Aktywne Bilansowe
## 4 0 40 Nieruchomości inwestycyjne i prawa Aktywne Bilansowe
## 5 0 70 Umorzenie środków trwałych --- KorygująceThe journal entry is transferred to the general ledger. The ledger is maintained on the basis of the company chart of accounts, and is a statement grouping by account the totals of all transactions. In the layout, account number, name, opening balance, turnover in, ma, closing balance. In our system it looks like this:
head(sub$TB)## Nr Zespół Nr.1 Nazwa.konta Rodzaj
## 1 1 0 10 Środki trwałe Aktywne
## 2 2 0 20 Wartości niematerialne i prawne Aktywne
## 3 3 0 30 Długoterminowe aktywa finansowe Aktywne
## 4 4 0 40 Nieruchomości inwestycyjne i prawa Aktywne
## 5 5 0 70 Umorzenie środków trwałych ---
## 6 6 0 75 Umorzenie wartości niematerialnych i prawnych ---
## Typ BO Wn_OB Ma_OB BZ
## 1 Bilansowe 15930.52 12440.4727 5476.8570 22894.136
## 2 Bilansowe 22327.43 6064.3575 8672.1285 19719.663
## 3 Bilansowe 34371.20 7335.0527 15707.4640 25998.791
## 4 Bilansowe 54492.47 2519.5965 8686.3149 48325.749
## 5 Korygujące 12100.92 222.3188 4379.5614 7943.673
## 6 Korygujące 53903.38 12164.6231 789.8351 65278.169The general ledger (trial balance) has analytical subsidiary ledgers on which individual records or groups of records are accumulated. Typical registers are: - Register of receivables and payables
head(sub$Kontr)## LP Nr Nazwa_Name Typ Wn_Dr Ma_Cr OB._WN_DR
## 1 130 223 2INTELLECT.COM S.A. Dostawca 0.00 1175634.2 34627502
## 2 107 1176 ABS INVESTMENT S.A. Dostawca 0.00 1703819.1 26715387
## 3 3 107 ADVADIS SPÓŁKA AKCYJNA Odbiorca 31333.32 0.0 10502395
## 4 164 332 ADVANCED OCULAR SCIENCES S.A. Dostawca 0.00 1910253.6 15487111
## 5 103 121 AGROMA S.A. Dostawca 0.00 428048.6 12330598
## 6 176 765 AIRWAY MEDIX S.A. Dostawca 0.00 1228112.0 8607221
## OB._MA_CR Saldo_Balance
## 1 8556880 24894988
## 2 1264606 23746962
## 3 21856152 -11322424
## 4 33285457 -19708599
## 5 3485398 8417151
## 6 2737380 4641729head(sub$FAR_RST_Final)## LP. Data NAZWA MIASTO StopaAmor
## 1 1 2022-11-07 nieruchomość gruntowa Sierakowice 0.04
## 2 2 2021-07-07 nieruchomość Wolbórz 0.04
## 3 3 2020-03-07 nr KW OL1M/00040124/8 Lipowo 0.04
## 4 4 2018-11-07 lokal niemieszkalny, użytkowy Świnoujście 0.04
## 5 5 2017-07-07 Hotel i Restauracja Wąbrzeźno 0.04
## 6 6 2016-03-07 nieruchmości Smogorzów 0.04
## WartośćBrutto Umorzenie Amortyz Sprzed KST
## 1 1609762.5 1146269.1125 64390.500 0 0
## 2 3649000.0 170144.6435 145960.000 0 0
## 3 20925.0 505.2755 837.000 0 1
## 4 1747500.0 1588681.5767 69900.000 0 1
## 5 854235.0 273252.5142 34169.400 0 1
## 6 102047.3 67926.8949 4081.893 0 1
## NAME
## 1 ground real estate
## 2 real estate
## 3 No. KW OL1M/00040124/8
## 4 non-residential, usable premises
## 5 Hotel and restaurant
## 6 real estatehead(sub$BankAcc)## Data Konto_DR.1.35700. Konto_CR.1.35700. Wartosc.1.35700.
## 5704 2022-01-14 139 92 154661.7
## 5709 2022-01-14 139 820 694070.6
## 5714 2022-01-14 139 840 531086.6
## 5719 2022-01-14 139 802 728515.4
## 5724 2022-01-14 139 860 665167.8
## 5729 2022-01-14 139 641 962284.4
## Opis.1.35700.
## 5704 Koszty sprzedanych wyrobów gotowych
## 5709 Odchylenia od cen ewidencyjnych materiałów
## 5714 Odchylenia aktualizujące wartości wyrobów gotowych
## 5719 Koszty wydziałowe
## 5724 Rozliczenie zakupu towarów
## 5729 Środki trwałe obceThe basic feature of accounting equipment is its completeness, i.e. all events have been recorded, and that transactions can be valued (it is difficult to determine the value of “engry”).
Books are opened and closed on an annual basis (most often). Closing the books involves transferring the cost and income balances to the result and establishing it. Prior to this, we make sealing entries (major, provisions, adjustments, inventory differences, etc.).
On the basis of the books. Revolving, a financial statement is prepared which consists of:
head(sub$CC_AP)## Position
## 1 Name of the company:
## 2 Registered office:
## 3 County:
## 4 Municipality:
## 5 City:
## 6 Address:
## Context
## 1 Coca-Cola HBC Polska Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością
## 2 Province (voivodeship): mazowieckie
## 3 M.st. Warszawa
## 4 M.st. Warszawa
## 5 Warszawa
## 6 Address:head(sub$CC_BS)## Position Amount at the end of current financial year
## 1 Total assets 1649313
## 2 A. Fixed assets 870261
## 3 I. Intangible assets 26264
## 4 2. Goodwill 5005
## 5 3. Other intangible assets 21259
## 6 II. Tangible fixed assets 784620
## Amount at the end of previous financial year
## 1 1331735
## 2 782109
## 3 5486
## 4 0
## 5 5486
## 6 722134head(sub$CC_PL)## Item
## 1 A. Net revenue from sales of products, goods and materials, including :
## 2 – from related entities
## 3 I. Net revenue from sale of goods
## 4 II. Net revenue from sales of goods and materials
## 5 B. Cost of products, goods and materials sold, including:
## 6 – related entities
## Amount at the end of current financial year
## 1 2921762
## 2 225408
## 3 2378668
## 4 543094
## 5 2184159
## 6 217564
## Amount at the end of previous financial year
## 1 2384651
## 2 224976
## 3 1972504
## 4 412147
## 5 1540486
## 6 211907and - statements of changes in capital (for large units) - cash flows (for large units) - supplementary information.
The auditor’s opinion and the management letter to shareholders are not elements of the financial statements. However, due to their importance, they are presented together.
The element inheriting the internal control mechanism from the general ledger is the balance sheet. Hence, it is subject to audit first, because the P&L, cash flow, funds flow, notes, etc. are derivative (unbundled items) of the balance sheet. When all items in the balance sheet are fixed, the value of the result cannot change.
The balance sheet is created by transferring accounts from the pivot and grouping them according to the scheme (UoR - annex to the law) or materiality (IFRS). The primary check is that all accounts have been correctly transferred to the balance sheet, this is called a reconciliation of the turnover statement to the balance sheet. In the balance sheet we show asset items in net values while in the pivot in an open array. For example
Intangible assets (balance sheet) 100
Account XYZ Intangible assets Gross 200
Account ZZX Intangible assets Depreciation (100)
Balance sheet item 100
The grouping of accounts into balance sheet items is commonly called a “bridge” and is generally written in the company’s chart of accounts, or in the documentation of the software used for accounting (commonly FK, financial accounting). Note there is no single generally accepted aggregation mechanism. Hence, the reconciliation of the spinner to the SF is a rather tedious manual work and, as a rule, is a basic revision test. As a rule, the pivot is reconciled in the form of so-called lead schedule sheets for individual balance sheet groups (Tangible assets, fixed assets, inventories, receivables, capital, etc.). A typical mistake is that some accounts are not transferred to the balance sheet. The mere fact that assets equal liabilities does not mean that all general ledger accounts have been correctly transferred
Reconcile the T&E from the balance sheet to the pivot for data from the sub.
Amount at the end of current financial year -71822.51 Amount at the end of previous financial year -37061.95
# 1. Wybierzmy pozycję bilansową
# Bil<-sub$CC_BS [3,]
# 2. Wybieramy pozycję z bilansu
# Obr<-sub$TB [c(2,6),c(4,7,10)]
# NetBZ<- Obr[1,3]-Obr[2,3]
# NetBO<- Obr[1,2]-Obr[2,2]
# NetObr<- c(NetBZ,NetBO)
# rm(NetBZ,NetBO)
#
# # generujemy różnicę w korekcie do transferu do
# zestawienia niezaksięgowanych różnic (Summary of Audit Differences => SAD), tutaj akurat zapisaliżmy w szyku rozwartym, z reguły uzgodnienie robimy tylko na koniec roku sprawozdawczego.
#
#
# SAD_01<- NetObr-Bil[,c(2,3)]