class: basic, center, middle <hr style="border:5px dashed #F7F7E8"> ## .content-box-grey[An introduction to Environmental Archaeology and Ecofacts] <hr style="border:5px dashed #F7F7E8"> --- class: basic, top ## Ecofact? biofact?<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .large[Archaeological Material analogous to .theme-1[artifacts]] - .medium[Remains of organism - .theme-1[Bones, Shells, Plant remains]] - .medium[Not .theme-1[Man-Made], can only reflect .theme-1[the environment]?] .large[.dotted[Archaeological ecofacts]: associate with .theme-1[artifacts] or .theme-1[archaeological features].] - .large[within a .theme-1[cultural layer]] - .large[can be linked to .theme-1[human/cultural activities]] - .large[being "brought" into or intentionally kept in .theme-1[human space].] --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .large[A field of archaeological discipline reflecting the interests in .theme-1[anthropology].] - .large[Changing Perspectives:] - .medium[Environmental Determinism] - .medium[Environmental Possibilism] - .medium[Human Ecology] - .large[.theme-1[Environmental factor] varies in different time] - .large[Can .theme-1[agriculture] rise in all regions?] - .large[.theme-1[El Niño] and .theme-1[La Niña]] --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double[.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Environmental Determinism]] - .large[19<sup>th</sup> to early 20<sup>th</sup> century] - .large[Environment → fundamental factor for.theme-1[social/cultural development]] - .large[Restricted .theme-1[cultural material] and .theme-1[technology]] - .large[Climate limits degree of .theme-1[civilization]] - .large[.theme-1[Culture] as a .wavy[*passive*] output.] --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double[.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Environmental Possibilism]] - .large[Culture is not independent from environment] - .large[Environment regulates cultural development] - .large[Environment is not the *only* factor] - .large[Human can *choose* the environment] - .large[Environment is being chosen by culture] - .large[.theme-1[Boas] believes culture is an unique phenomenon, thus should approach from *cultural history* .theme-1[(human behaviors)], <u>not from environmental perspective</u>.] --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double[.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Human Ecology]] - .large[Cultural Ecology/Ecological Anthropology] - .large[.theme-1[Culture] and .theme-1[Environment] are both part of human life.] - .medium[Define each other, no passive side] - .medium[Clarify between .theme-1[Cultural Adaptation], .theme-1[Environment Adaptation]?] --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double[.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Human Ecology]] - .large[Resources are much closer to the environment than to the cultural development.] - .large[Need to evaluate .theme-1[local resources], in order to determine .theme-1[subsistence strategy] and .theme-1[population structure] before examine cultural behaviours such as .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[politics] and .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[economics].] --- class: basic, top ## Ecofacts<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .large[.medium[Only for environment reconstruction?]] - .large[Conventionally, non-artifact .theme-1[(not man-made)] were not considered as archaeological material.] - .large[cannot represent human behaviors] - .large[not associated with cultural activities] - .large[Studied and Examined by specialists] - .large[List of taxon] - .large[Environment reconstruction] --- class: basic, top ## Plant Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> <!-- --> --- class: inverse, middle, center .large.content-box-s-theme-2.shadow.theme-4[Are all plants and animals around us .content-box-s-theme-4.theme-1[*"natural"*]?] --- class: basic, top ## Types of Ecofacts<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-theme-3.theme-1[➀ Plant Remains] - .large[Charred remains] - .large[Phytolith and Pollen] <br> .double.content-box-theme-3.theme-1[➁ Animal Remains] - .large[Skeletal Remains - Bones] - .large[Molecular particles] --- class: basic, top ## Plant Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Macro remains ] - .large[.dotted[Visible] plant remains .theme-1.small[(over 2.5mm)] can be observed and identified with .dotted[binoculars]] - .large[Charred, dehydrated, waterlocked, imprints] - .large[Some plant remains .small.theme-1[(uncharred)] still contain .theme-1[aDNA] for further analysis.small.theme-1[(Palmer *et al*. 2011;Palmer *et al*. 2012]] - .large[Using .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[Flotation] to acquire the samples] --- class: basic, top ## Plant Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .pull-left-60[ .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Macro remains ] .large[.content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[Flotation]] - .medium[.dotted[Revolutionary break-through]] - .medium[Use .theme-1[relative density] to allow charred remains to float] - .medium[variations of this method are developed.] ] .pull-right-40[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=163SIwy-46RMssGigjoCPADNzxUDzfhSJ" width="100%" /> ] --- class: basic, top ## Plant Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Charred Remains：Seeds ] - .large[Identify plants from morphology] - .large[be familiar with different morphology] - .large[knowing the functions of different plants] .center[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=16K9KCGT11urwKo6WpQ92DG7H2OznYYWB" width="90%" height="10%" /> ] --- class: basic, top ## Plant Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> <iframe width="1903" height="450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0yMauoW8nzo" title="Flotation Sample Processing & Analysis" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> --- class: basic, top ## Plant Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Study of Charcoals .small[(Anthracology) ]] - .large[Identify through morphology .small[(vascular pattern)].] - .large[Reconstruct surrounding vegetation] <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=16GwI8NGJvgbFf7yfLvM1Bz59v6kcs05A" width="46%" />   <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=16DeDFvze_pdtwWVCbxJ42228ih1yzF34" width="46%" /> .medium[two carbonized remains under .theme-1[SEM]]<br> .medium[left：.theme-1[*oleanderaceae*]，right：.theme-1[*asteraceae\compositae*]]<br> .medium[left to right: .theme-1[transverse, tangential, radial]] --- class: basic, top ## Plant Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Micro remains – Pollen & Phytolith ] - .large[pollen grains, spores - tiny substances] - .large[phytolith: .theme-1[also called plant opal]] - .medium[when plants grow, they absorb water from soil which contain silica particles. These .theme-1[silica particles] accumulate in different parts of the vascular system and form .theme-1[phytolith]] - .large[The morphological differences, such as .theme-1[size, shape, features] can be to distinguish species.] --- class: basic, top ## Plant Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Pollen Analysis ] - .large[.theme-4.content-box-s-theme-1[Basic Method for Environment Reconstruction]]<br><br> <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1z0URFUHdx7y1hwgwfEkchsvEBGp2dTnU" width="42%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Pollen Structure - .theme-1[exine], .theme-1[intine], .theme-1[vegetative cell], .theme-1[generative cell].] - .large[Morphological differences in overall shape, cell wall and aperture.]<br><br> --- class: basic, top ## Plant Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Phytolith Analysis ] - .large[Used for reconstructing .theme-1[local vegetation] and .theme-1[plant utilization] in specific region.] - .large[Examine .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[crop domestication], site functions.] - .large[Require specific method to extract .small.theme-1[(sink-float method)] and .dotted[hard to observe and quantify].] - .large[.theme-1.small[(Relative density of most phytolith is 2.29, soil grains: 2.65, need liquid with relative density at 2.3)]] --- class: basic, top ## Plant Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Phytolith Analysis ] - .large.wavy[Not suitable for all plant types] - .large[e.g. .theme-1[tuber plants] do not accumulate silica] - .large[Most researches are plant-specific] - .large[require comparative database] - .large[some identifications can be subjective] --- class: basic, top ## Phytoliths<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .center[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1BhOOC4n0aPyT9xhiXhmVWSv6pWbMuOc4" width="300px" height="230px" />       <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1AQuzmuNQfMIvNYqpR9IpdPaGcVHLD17s" width="260px" height="230px" /> ] .center[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1A5K8UMcTHOs5Nxm_a778qy8aP0BoUm_a" width="260px" height="230px" />       <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=16PqJ7rKuCQtKzrVl7SdDYKZ9dQTMr97Y" width="260px" height="230px" /> ] --- class: basic, top ## Animal Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .large[In the form of .dotted[ecofacts], .theme-1[animal remains] mainly refer to the .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[skeletal (hard tissue)] remains of animals. (there are other forms of .theme-1[animal remains]).] .large[The identification of animal bones was once carried out by zoologists → .dotted[to reconstruct past environment].] - .large[Extinction: .theme-1[Mammoth, ground sloth, Iris Elk]] .large[Attention paid to specific extincted species.] --- class: basic, top ## Animal Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .large[.theme-1[Plant remains] are reflective of the .dotted[past environment] than .theme-1[animal remains].] - .large[Plants are more sensitive to climate and environment.] - .large[Changes in .theme-1[fauna] usually follows changes in .theme-1[flora].] <br> .large[The extinction of a species could be the result of .dotted.theme-1[climate change], .dotted.theme-1[human activities], or .wavy.theme-1[both ].]<br> --- class: basic, top ## Animal Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Types of Animals ] - .large[Terrestrial, Aquatic] - .large[Mammals, Avians, Fishes, Molluscs, Reptiles] - .large[.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Natural] or .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[Cultural]?] - .large[Human settlements can be part of an ecosystem .small.theme-1[(e.g. farm, village)]] - .large[Many animals depends on this man-made environment.] .center.medium[.content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[Crops - Rodents – Owls]] --- class: basic, top ## Animal Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Types of Animals ] - .large[Terrestrial, Aquatic] - .large[Mammals, Avians, Fishes, Molluscs, Reptiles] - .large[.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Natural] or .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[Cultural]?] - .large[Human settlements can be part of an ecosystem .small.theme-1[(e.g. farm, village)]] - .large[Many animals depends on this man-made environment.] .center.medium[.content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[ human refuse – scavenger – predators]] --- class: basic, top ## Animal Remains<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Identification of Animal Remains ] - .large[Comparative Anatomy] - .large[mordern samples, bone atlas] <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=16NjQyev_xkg11nK96SXRfl2XyJdBaRnQ" width="420px" style='float:right' /> - .large[Biometric and Geomorphic] - .large[Quantification] - .large[Age and Sex Structure] --- class: basic, top ## Studying Ecofacts<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ As indication of past environment  ] .large[Reconstruct .theme-1[past ecosystem]] - .large[not directly associated with human cultural activities.] - .large[measured by the presence or absence] - .large[hard to reflect human behaviors] .large[Need to take a .theme-1[macro perspective] to observe the cultural process.] --- class: basic, top ## Studying Ecofacts<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ As evidence of human activities ] .large[Direct evidence of past .theme-1[human behaviors]] - .large[more than present or absent] - .large[require thorough observations] - .large[Quantity, Element, Modification] - .large[Domestication, Selective Breeding, Hunting Strategy] - .large[Much more than just species identification] - .large[Different approaches from zoologists] --- class: basic, top ## Studying Ecofacts<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ As evidence of human activities ] - .large[Additional methods are developed.] - .large[different recording format and focus.] - .large[different research themes and perspective.] - .large[environmental data is no longer the core.] - .large[instead, the .theme-1[animal-human interaction] became the centre of research.] <br> <br> -- .center[.content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[.medium[<u>Culture</u> and <u>Environment</u> are both part of human life.]]] --- class: basic, top ## Studying Ecofacts<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .center[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=16CYsXG2TArXaNLDZeaCpf8CzpIgKjSkR" width="68%" height="60%" /> ] --- class: basic, top ## Cultural Aspects of Ecofacts<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> - .large[Subsistence Strategy: Hunting & Domestication ] - .large[Population Structure - Herd Management] - .large[Sex structure] - .large[Age Distribution] - .large[Element Distribution and Butchery Patterb] - .large.theme-1[Schlepp effects] - .large[Resource Utilizations] --- class: basic, top ## Cultural Aspects of Ecofacts<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Domestication] - .large[non-unidirectional, reversible, spectrum] - .large[including plants and animals.] - .large[human involvement in species reproduction] - .large[.theme-1[mutualistic relationship]] - .large[beneficial from the relationship] - .large[initiative to look for or accept a .theme-1[mutualistic relationship]] - .large[Domestication ≠ Symbiosis] - .large[Feralization - desocialized from human] --- class: basic, top ## Cultural Aspects of Ecofacts<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1.double[Human Migration] - .large[Intentional introduction of species] - .large.theme-1[Economic species] - .large[Sheep/Goats, Cattle, Horses] - .large[Chicken, Duch, Goose] - .large[Fruits] - .large[Crops and Tubers] - .large[Unintentional introduction of species] - .large.theme-1[parasitic / symbiotic] - .large[rodents and plants] --- class: inverse, middle, center ## .content-box-s-theme-2.shadow.theme-4[Reconstruction of Past Diet] --- class: basic, top ## Reconstructing Diet in the Past<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Material: Flora/Fauna Assemblage] - .large[Trace of Cooking] - .large[Carbonized plant remains, mummified food] - .large[Chops, cuts and chewing marks on bones] - .large[Subsistence economy] - .large[domestication, agriculture] - .large[Human bone remains] - .large[.theme-1[microwear] on teeth] --- class: basic, top ## Reconstructing Diet in the Past<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .center[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1By5F4OSUkT6A_8uV2XWr2KOtad1HOvTd" width="46%" height="250px" /><img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=166RMb1SJ0arIDI1hZ-qJhPZdbujVtCbg" width="46%" height="250px" /> <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1B3vLLG37Ig8wnSv-euHuzHE9TT96fpl2" width="80%" /> ] --- class: basic, top ## Reconstructing Diet in the Past<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Approach: Molecular Technology] - .large[Macromolecule and Stable Isotopic Analysis.] - .large[Trace element in .theme-1[artefacts/ecofacts].] - .large[.theme-1[Destructive] and require additional .dotted[equiptment].] - .large[Techonology is there, but .theme-1[theoratical framework] still developing.] - .large[How do we interpret the data?] - .large[How do we set up the research questions?] --- class: basic, top ## Reconstructing Diet in the Past<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Stable Isotopic Analysis ] - .large[Stable Isotopes commonly used in archeoogy:] - .large[Carbon.small[(<sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C)], Nitrogen.small[(<sup>15</sup>N/<sup>14</sup>N)], Oxygen.small[(<sup>18</sup>O/<sup>16</sup>O)], .theme-1[Strontium.small[(<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr)]]] - .large[Other then .theme-1[strontium], other isotopes will be affected by .content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[biotic factor] .small[(.dotted[fractionation])] and different from the source .theme-1[(environment)].] - .large[Stable isotopic analysis examines these .dotted[differences] to reconstruct a diet/life history of an individual .theme-1[(Diet and migration)].] --- class: basic, top ## Stable Isotopic Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Carbon ] .large[.theme-1[C3 Plants] and .theme-1[C4 Plants] have different stable carbon isotopic ratios .theme-1[(δ<sup>13</sup>C)]] - .large[δ<sup>13</sup>C value of .dotted[C3 Plants]: .theme-1[-33] ~ .theme-1[-24] ‰] - .large[δ<sup>13</sup>C value of .dotted[C4 Plants]: .theme-1[-16] to .theme-1[-10] ‰] .large[.dotted[Herbivores] are typically around .theme-1[-20‰], a more positive value indicates more .theme-1[C4 plants] intakes.] --- class: basic, top ## Stable Isotopic Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Carbon ] <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1APnl-lE2rSXdeL5Uc3ePu2j0pXO-UDYd" width="100%" height="400px" /> --- class: basic, top ## Stable Isotopic Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Carbon ] - .large[The distribution of .theme-1[C3 plants] and .theme-1[C4 plants] also associates with .dotted[climates and environment].] - .large[.wavy[Hot and Arid] region/climate → more .theme-1[C4 plants].] - .large[Recent studies have include stable carbon isotopic value as a proxy for past environment and climates.] --- class: basic, top ## Stable Isotopic Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Nitrogen ] - .large[99.64% of .theme-1[Nitrogen] in the atomsphere is .theme-1[<sup>14</sup>N], and only 0.36% is .theme-1[<sup>15</sup>N] .small[(the rest isotopic forms are below .theme-1[0.01%])].] - .large[ratio between .theme-1[<sup>14</sup>N] and .theme-1[<sup>15</sup>N] is used: .theme-1[δ<sup>15</sup>N]] - .large[Nitrogen is essential for organism to produce protein .theme-1[(amino acid)].] --- class: basic, top ## Stable Isotopic Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Nitrogen ] - .large[.theme-1[Fractionation] causes the difference in .theme-1[δ<sup>15</sup>N] value.] - .large[the .dotted[lighter] .theme-1[<sup>14</sup>N] will be *easier* to be used in .dotted[digestion and the formation of proteins] than the .dotted[heavier] .theme-1[<sup>15</sup>N]] - .large[.theme-1[<sup>15</sup>N] will accumulate in an individual and increase through the .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-3[Food Chain].] --- class: basic, top ## Stable Isotopic Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Nitrogen ] .medium[.theme-1[δ<sup>15</sup>N value] can reflect the .theme-1[*trophic level*] in a food chain] <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1ASNwVc4mDMn5lBgLh8Wv3edrUWdn8IAI" width="100%" height="350px" /> --- class: basic, top ## Stable Isotopic Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Nitrogen ] .large[A .theme-1[3-5‰] increment in .theme-1[δ<sup>15</sup>N] value for every .theme-1[trophic level] increase in a food chain.] - .large[.theme-1[δ<sup>15</sup>N] value of .dotted[herbivores] is around .theme-1[2-5‰].] .large[.content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[Terrestrial Food Chain] is less complicated .theme-1[(less trophic levels)] than .content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Aquatic Food Chain]] - .large[Notable difference between .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[terrestial diet] and .content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[marine diet].] --- class: basic, top ## Stable Isotopic Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[ Nitrogen ] <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1AIh9mm2g-8JxkD0pLinSVluvMRxgBJZ6" width="100%" height="400px" /> --- class: basic, top ## Organic Residue Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .large[Tools used to process food .small[(cooking or cutting)] might contain .dotted[organic residue from food].] <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1BsZuP6B6d0PoST1eZpN3nn7wws1uFGoK" width="30%" height="30%" style='float:right' /> .large[Part of these tiny particles .theme-1[(macromolecules)] will be trapped inside of .dotted[cracks and gaps] and got preserved]<br> - .large[Sherd of cooking pots] - .large[Surface of lithic blade] .large[Reconstruct diet from the .theme-1[food processing] practice] --- class: basic, top ## Organic Residue Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Lipid Analysis] .large[Hydrophobic organic molecules → hate water] - .large[including .theme-1[oils], .theme-1[fats], .theme-1[waxes], and .theme-1[sterols]] - .large[All human diet contains certain type of lipids.] .large[Characteristic: .dotted[maintain stabilized under high temperture]]. - .large[.theme-1[protein] and .theme-1[carbohydrate structure] will break under high temperature, but lipids are unaffected.] --- class: basic, top ## Organic Residue Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Lipid Analysis] .large[.theme-1[Lipids] are .content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[macromolecules] can get into the cracks and gap of artifacts.] - .large[Since it's hydrophobic, it will keep away from water, and also from oxygen and light.] - .large[Better chances to survive the .theme-1[taphonomic process] and preserved in archaeological materials.] --- class: basic, top ## Organic Residue Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Lipid Analysis] .large[Factors affect .theme-1[Lipid] preservation:] - .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4.large[Function of Containers]<br> .large[  → Cooking, Storage, Serve] <br><br> - .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4.large[Texture of Containers]<br> .large[  → ].large[Smooth, porosity]<br><br> - .large[.content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[Morphology of the containers]]<br><br> --- class: basic, top ## Organic Residue Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Lipid Analysis] .large[Extract the .theme-1[lipids] from sherd using non-polar solvent (e.g. .theme-1[Methanol and chloroform]). Using .content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry] to acquire the component of .theme-1[fatty acids].] - .medium[Source of lipids can be identified through different ratios of .theme-1[saturate and unsaturated fatty acids]] - .medium[modern plants: .theme-1[%S values < 18%]] - .medium[modern fish: .theme-1[%S values between 22-39%]] - .medium[modern terrestrial mammals: .theme-1[%S values over 47%]] --- class: basic, top ## Organic Residue Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .pull-left[ .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Lipid Analysis] .large[Concept of .theme-1[Biomarkers] <br> <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1AOstgWT9kCDjy1WNPkcHIKeZYxBdXrB5" width="98%" height="300px" /> ]] .pull-right[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1AJ1RzXg-Kb7Q1tEE6g_GtqAV-X6AFV9X" width="100%" height="450px" /> ] --- class: basic, top ## Organic Residue Analysis<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .pull-left[ .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Lipid Analysis]] <iframe width="1903" height="400" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nxNMm78tvrI" title="Organic residue analysis in archaeology: a brief introduction" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> --- class: inverse, middle <br><br><br><br><br> .center[ .double.content-box-theme-2.shadow.theme-4[The Reality of Ecofact Analysis] ] .shadow[ ```r ### not shown in class slides # this is the part I will bring some ecofacts samples to show # the class, including modern collection and archaeological # samples. Depending on the size of class, it is possible to # have more hands-on session for smaller groups. ``` ] --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .large.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Human Ecology & Ecological Anthropology] .large[Human as a member of the whole .theme-1[Ecosystem], .dotted[same as other species].] - .large[Environment is a .theme-1[parameter] which changes constantly but critical to .theme-1[cultural development].] - .large[Change in Palaeo-Climate: Ice Age, Current] - .large[Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups] - .large[Change of Coastline] - .large[Changes in .theme-1[subsistence strategy]] --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .large.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Human Ecology & Ecological Anthropology] <br><br><br> <!-- --> --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] .large[Reconstructing .dotted[past water temperature] from shell remains .theme-1[(NKL-East site, 南關里遺址)]] - .large[investigate the .theme-1[seasonality] of shell-collecting] - .large[.theme-1[Stable oxygen isotope] from shell remains] - .large[Understanding .theme-1[prehistoric subsistences] from climatic changes.] --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] .large[Seasonality of Shell-Collecting from growth lines]<br> .pull-left[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1Bh0gCoUcB5qURTXRffPBpUv9LNfeVJm6" width="100%" /> ] .pull-right[ <!-- --> ] --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1Bfql8cBexc9hKatgWHkCqUk-iZGhYVe6" width="50%" height="300px" /><img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1BcPkULgsedOA2yw4vDqMul9n7bIHMbjl" width="50%" height="300px" /> --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1BVhNnLM_T8s1E1HicNloZusznIXCgJM4" width="50%" height="300px" /><img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1BJnpMjTmt8pltCPwKogE6JD-9_VRPrAK" width="50%" height="300px" /> --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1BEFpO_ZEm2QF-rTESQ2xXhmcsbdVf-EE" width="60%" height="400px" style='float:right' /> .large[Changes in water tempertature] - .large[subsistence adaptations] - .large[population growth] - .large[current speed] --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] .large[Site Distributions and Environment Changes -- .theme-1[The Kabalan Plain]] - .large[Pollen analysis using core sampling] - .large[Past marine .theme-1[*transgression*]] - .large[Examine the lack of sites from .theme-1[environmental perspective].] --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] .pull-left-60[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1Ch5k46MvKHVCBDxoKEoTn_ivcI5cAKzZ" width="110%" /> ] <br> <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1B19POpU6QWwtiBNhgu24LB2Ja2wCiT_w" width="42%" /> --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] .pull-left-60[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1Ch5k46MvKHVCBDxoKEoTn_ivcI5cAKzZ" width="110%" /> ] <br> <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1B0I7YNayyBpBgZnCVzWhH-lF0moUukQh" width="42%" /> --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] .pull-left-60[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1Ch5k46MvKHVCBDxoKEoTn_ivcI5cAKzZ" width="110%" /> ] <br> <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1DCgew6x0uOkRJdIYlndBs7mQopd-bZ5o" width="42%" /> --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] .pull-left-60[ <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1Ch5k46MvKHVCBDxoKEoTn_ivcI5cAKzZ" width="110%" /> ] <br> <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1D1V_jzST2QR-_h2dSfkjNSjeynGl4F3s" width="42%" /> --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1Bynda6KqeMa9QWCwDr9pHiiyNUD-78zB" width="100%" height="400px" /> --- class: basic, top ## Environmental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[Case Studies in Taiwan] .pull-left[ - .medium[Wuyuan Site.small.theme-1[(3800-3200 BP)]] - .medium[red mangrove .small.theme-1[（*Bruguiera*）]] - .medium[golden leather fern.small.theme-1[（*Acrostichum*）]] - .medium[Indicating marine .theme-1[*transgression*]] ] <img src="https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1CkonRIax2jferIFN3ITnqWLSS0Pj8JvE" width="53%" /> --- class: basic, top ## Enviromental Archaeology<hr style="border:2px solid #F7F7E8"> .double.content-box-s-theme-3.theme-1[The Study of Ecofacts] .large[Varieties in .theme-1[research topics and approaches].] - .large[.content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[Cultural Activities]]<br> .large[      Zooarchaeology, Palaeobotany] - .large[.content-box-s-theme-1.theme-4[Cultural Development]]<br> .large[      Environmental Archaeology]<br> .large[      Ecological Anthropology] - .large[Interpreting .theme-1[past human behaviors] from *non-man-made* archaeological materials.]