In-class Assignment: PCA and missing data
Nathan Brouwer
2022-11-07
Introduction
We will work through this script in-class to discuss how to deal with missing data in PCA.
Missing data is VERY common in SNP data. SNP datasets are usually HUGE, so we will talk about the methods for dealing with NAs using a smaller dataset - penguins
In-class assignment
When you are done with this assignment you will render it to RPubs and submit it.
Learning objectives
- appreciate the curse of dimensionality with regard to missing data
- learn the basics of how to use scree plots
- understand why
na.omit()can’t always be used to deal with NAs - be able to identify different approaches to dealing with NAs
- know the difference between parametric and non-parametric sampling
- review interpretation of biplots
- review making scatterplots with ggpubr
- review regression, regression coefficients, and prediction with regression
Preliminaries
Packages and data
# packages
library(ggplot2)
library(ggpubr)
library(vegan)## Loading required package: permute## Loading required package: lattice## This is vegan 2.6-4# data
library(palmerpenguins)
data("penguins")The penguins package comes with 2 datasets
Which function tells us what we have in memory in our workspace?
# TASK:
# determine what is loaded into your workspace
ls()## [1] "penguins" "penguins_raw"Data preparation
The penguins_raw data has variables we’ve used before
and some new ones:
- Familiar: Bill (“culmen”; length and depth), flipper, and size data
- New: Data on N and C content of diet
# subset columns
penguins2 <- penguins_raw[,c("Species",
"Culmen Length (mm)",
"Culmen Depth (mm)",
"Flipper Length (mm)",
"Body Mass (g)",
"Delta 15 N (o/oo)",
"Delta 13 C (o/oo)")]
# rename
names(penguins2) <- c("Species",
"bill_length",
"bill_depth",
"flipper_length",
"mass",
"dietN",
"dietC"
)
# why am I doing this?
penguins2 <- data.frame(penguins2)Dealing with NAs
na.omit()
Complete eradication of NAs.
How many samples removed?
## TASK
# look original data - how many NAs?
(penguins2)## Species bill_length bill_depth
## 1 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.1 18.7
## 2 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.5 17.4
## 3 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.3 18.0
## 4 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) NA NA
## 5 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.7 19.3
## 6 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.3 20.6
## 7 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.9 17.8
## 8 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.2 19.6
## 9 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.1 18.1
## 10 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.0 20.2
## 11 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 17.1
## 12 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 17.3
## 13 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 17.6
## 14 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.6 21.2
## 15 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.6 21.1
## 16 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.6 17.8
## 17 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.7 19.0
## 18 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.5 20.7
## 19 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.4 18.4
## 20 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 46.0 21.5
## 21 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 18.3
## 22 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.7 18.7
## 23 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.9 19.2
## 24 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.2 18.1
## 25 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.8 17.2
## 26 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.3 18.9
## 27 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 18.6
## 28 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.5 17.9
## 29 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.9 18.6
## 30 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.5 18.9
## 31 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.5 16.7
## 32 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.2 18.1
## 33 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.5 17.8
## 34 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.9 18.9
## 35 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.4 17.0
## 36 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.2 21.1
## 37 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.8 20.0
## 38 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.2 18.5
## 39 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.6 19.3
## 40 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.8 19.1
## 41 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.5 18.0
## 42 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.8 18.4
## 43 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 18.5
## 44 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 44.1 19.7
## 45 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.0 16.9
## 46 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 18.8
## 47 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 19.0
## 48 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.5 18.9
## 49 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 17.9
## 50 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.3 21.2
## 51 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 17.7
## 52 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.1 18.9
## 53 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.0 17.9
## 54 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.0 19.5
## 55 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.5 18.1
## 56 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.4 18.6
## 57 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.0 17.5
## 58 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 18.8
## 59 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.5 16.6
## 60 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.6 19.1
## 61 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.7 16.9
## 62 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.3 21.1
## 63 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.6 17.0
## 64 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 18.2
## 65 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.4 17.1
## 66 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.6 18.0
## 67 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.5 16.2
## 68 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 19.1
## 69 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.9 16.6
## 70 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.8 19.4
## 71 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 33.5 19.0
## 72 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 18.4
## 73 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 17.2
## 74 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 45.8 18.9
## 75 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.5 17.5
## 76 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.8 18.5
## 77 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.9 16.8
## 78 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.2 19.4
## 79 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.2 16.1
## 80 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.1 19.1
## 81 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.6 17.2
## 82 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.9 17.6
## 83 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.7 18.8
## 84 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.1 19.4
## 85 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.3 17.8
## 86 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.3 20.3
## 87 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.3 19.5
## 88 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.9 18.6
## 89 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.3 19.2
## 90 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.9 18.8
## 91 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.7 18.0
## 92 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 18.1
## 93 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.0 17.1
## 94 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 18.1
## 95 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.2 17.3
## 96 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.8 18.9
## 97 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 18.6
## 98 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.3 18.5
## 99 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 33.1 16.1
## 100 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 43.2 18.5
## 101 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.0 17.9
## 102 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.0 20.0
## 103 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.7 16.0
## 104 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 20.0
## 105 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.9 18.6
## 106 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 18.9
## 107 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.6 17.2
## 108 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.2 20.0
## 109 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 17.0
## 110 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 43.2 19.0
## 111 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 16.5
## 112 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 45.6 20.3
## 113 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 17.7
## 114 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.2 19.5
## 115 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 20.7
## 116 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.7 18.3
## 117 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.6 17.0
## 118 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.3 20.5
## 119 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.7 17.0
## 120 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 18.6
## 121 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.2 17.2
## 122 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.7 19.8
## 123 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.2 17.0
## 124 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.4 18.5
## 125 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.2 15.9
## 126 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 19.0
## 127 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.8 17.6
## 128 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.5 18.3
## 129 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.0 17.1
## 130 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 44.1 18.0
## 131 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.5 17.9
## 132 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 43.1 19.2
## 133 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.8 18.5
## 134 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.5 18.5
## 135 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 17.6
## 136 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 17.5
## 137 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.6 17.5
## 138 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.2 20.1
## 139 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.0 16.5
## 140 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 17.9
## 141 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.2 17.1
## 142 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 17.2
## 143 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 32.1 15.5
## 144 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.7 17.0
## 145 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.3 16.8
## 146 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.0 18.7
## 147 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.2 18.6
## 148 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.6 18.4
## 149 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 17.8
## 150 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 18.1
## 151 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 17.1
## 152 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.5 18.5
## 153 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.1 13.2
## 154 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 16.3
## 155 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.7 14.1
## 156 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 15.2
## 157 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.6 14.5
## 158 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 13.5
## 159 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.4 14.6
## 160 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.7 15.3
## 161 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.3 13.4
## 162 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.8 15.4
## 163 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 40.9 13.7
## 164 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.0 16.1
## 165 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 13.7
## 166 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.4 14.6
## 167 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.8 14.6
## 168 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.3 15.7
## 169 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.0 13.5
## 170 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.2 15.2
## 171 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.5
## 172 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.7 15.1
## 173 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.2 14.3
## 174 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.1 14.5
## 175 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 14.5
## 176 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.3 15.8
## 177 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.9 13.1
## 178 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.1 15.1
## 179 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.5 14.3
## 180 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.8 15.0
## 181 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.2 14.3
## 182 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 15.3
## 183 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.3 15.3
## 184 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.8 14.2
## 185 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.1 14.5
## 186 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 59.6 17.0
## 187 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.1 14.8
## 188 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.4 16.3
## 189 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.6 13.7
## 190 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.4 17.3
## 191 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.0 13.6
## 192 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.7 15.7
## 193 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.7 13.7
## 194 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.6 16.0
## 195 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.3 13.7
## 196 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.6 15.0
## 197 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.5 15.9
## 198 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.6 13.9
## 199 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 13.9
## 200 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.5 15.9
## 201 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.9 13.3
## 202 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 15.8
## 203 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.6 14.2
## 204 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.5 14.1
## 205 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.1 14.4
## 206 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.1 15.0
## 207 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 14.4
## 208 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.0 15.4
## 209 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.8 13.9
## 210 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 15.0
## 211 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.2 14.5
## 212 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.4 15.3
## 213 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.3 13.8
## 214 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.9
## 215 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.7 13.9
## 216 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 54.3 15.7
## 217 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.8 14.2
## 218 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.8 16.8
## 219 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.4
## 220 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.5 16.2
## 221 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.5 14.2
## 222 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.7 15.0
## 223 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.7 15.0
## 224 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.4 15.6
## 225 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.2 15.6
## 226 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 14.8
## 227 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.4 15.0
## 228 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.6 16.0
## 229 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.5 14.2
## 230 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.1 16.3
## 231 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 13.8
## 232 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 16.4
## 233 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.1 14.5
## 234 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 52.5 15.6
## 235 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.4 14.6
## 236 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 15.9
## 237 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.9 13.8
## 238 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.8 17.3
## 239 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.4 14.4
## 240 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.3 14.2
## 241 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.5 14.0
## 242 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 52.1 17.0
## 243 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.5 15.0
## 244 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 52.2 17.1
## 245 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 14.5
## 246 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.5 16.1
## 247 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.5 14.7
## 248 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.8 15.7
## 249 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.4 15.8
## 250 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.9 14.6
## 251 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.4 14.4
## 252 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.1 16.5
## 253 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.5 15.0
## 254 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 55.9 17.0
## 255 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.2 15.5
## 256 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.1 15.0
## 257 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.3 13.8
## 258 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.8 16.1
## 259 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 41.7 14.7
## 260 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 53.4 15.8
## 261 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.3 14.0
## 262 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.1 15.1
## 263 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.5 15.2
## 264 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.8 15.9
## 265 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.5 15.2
## 266 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.5 16.3
## 267 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.1
## 268 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 55.1 16.0
## 269 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.5 15.7
## 270 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.8 16.2
## 271 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.2 13.7
## 272 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) NA NA
## 273 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.8 14.3
## 274 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.4 15.7
## 275 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 14.8
## 276 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.9 16.1
## 277 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.5 17.9
## 278 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.0 19.5
## 279 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.3 19.2
## 280 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.4 18.7
## 281 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.7 19.8
## 282 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.2 17.8
## 283 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.1 18.2
## 284 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.3 18.2
## 285 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.0 18.9
## 286 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.3 19.9
## 287 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.6 17.8
## 288 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.7 20.3
## 289 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 47.0 17.3
## 290 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.0 18.1
## 291 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.9 17.1
## 292 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.5 19.6
## 293 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.3 20.0
## 294 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 58.0 17.8
## 295 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.4 18.6
## 296 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.2 18.2
## 297 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 42.4 17.3
## 298 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 48.5 17.5
## 299 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 43.2 16.6
## 300 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.6 19.4
## 301 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.7 17.9
## 302 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.0 19.0
## 303 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.5 18.4
## 304 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.5 19.0
## 305 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.4 17.8
## 306 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.8 20.0
## 307 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 40.9 16.6
## 308 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 54.2 20.8
## 309 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 42.5 16.7
## 310 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.0 18.8
## 311 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.7 18.6
## 312 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 47.5 16.8
## 313 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 47.6 18.3
## 314 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.0 20.7
## 315 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.9 16.6
## 316 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 53.5 19.9
## 317 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.0 19.5
## 318 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.2 17.5
## 319 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.9 19.1
## 320 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.5 17.0
## 321 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.9 17.9
## 322 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.8 18.5
## 323 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.1 17.9
## 324 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.0 19.6
## 325 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.5 18.7
## 326 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.8 17.3
## 327 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 48.1 16.4
## 328 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.4 19.0
## 329 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.7 17.3
## 330 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.7 19.7
## 331 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 42.5 17.3
## 332 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.2 18.8
## 333 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.2 16.6
## 334 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.3 19.9
## 335 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.2 18.8
## 336 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.6 19.4
## 337 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.9 19.5
## 338 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.8 16.5
## 339 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.7 17.0
## 340 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 55.8 19.8
## 341 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 43.5 18.1
## 342 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.6 18.2
## 343 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.8 19.0
## 344 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.2 18.7
## flipper_length mass dietN dietC
## 1 181 3750 NA NA
## 2 186 3800 8.94956 -24.69454
## 3 195 3250 8.36821 -25.33302
## 4 NA NA NA NA
## 5 193 3450 8.76651 -25.32426
## 6 190 3650 8.66496 -25.29805
## 7 181 3625 9.18718 -25.21799
## 8 195 4675 9.46060 -24.89958
## 9 193 3475 NA NA
## 10 190 4250 9.13362 -25.09368
## 11 186 3300 8.63243 -25.21315
## 12 180 3700 NA NA
## 13 182 3200 NA NA
## 14 191 3800 NA NA
## 15 198 4400 8.55583 -25.22588
## 16 185 3700 NA NA
## 17 195 3450 9.18528 -25.06691
## 18 197 4500 8.67538 -25.13993
## 19 184 3325 8.47827 -25.23319
## 20 194 4200 9.11616 -24.77227
## 21 174 3400 8.73762 -25.09383
## 22 180 3600 8.66271 -25.06390
## 23 189 3800 9.22286 -25.03474
## 24 185 3950 8.43423 -25.22664
## 25 180 3800 9.63954 -25.29856
## 26 187 3800 9.21292 -24.36130
## 27 183 3550 8.93997 -25.36288
## 28 187 3200 8.08138 -25.49448
## 29 172 3150 8.38404 -25.19837
## 30 180 3950 8.90027 -25.11609
## 31 178 3250 9.69756 -25.11223
## 32 178 3900 9.72764 -25.01020
## 33 188 3300 9.66523 -25.06020
## 34 184 3900 8.79665 -25.14591
## 35 195 3325 9.17847 -25.23061
## 36 196 4150 9.15308 -25.03469
## 37 190 3950 9.18985 -25.12255
## 38 180 3550 8.04787 -25.49523
## 39 181 3300 9.41131 -25.04169
## 40 184 4650 NA NA
## 41 182 3150 9.68933 -24.42280
## 42 195 3900 NA NA
## 43 186 3100 9.50772 -25.03492
## 44 196 4400 9.23720 -24.52698
## 45 185 3000 9.36392 -25.01745
## 46 190 4600 9.49106 -24.10255
## 47 182 3425 NA NA
## 48 179 2975 NA NA
## 49 190 3450 9.51784 -25.07683
## 50 191 4150 8.87988 -25.18543
## 51 186 3500 8.46616 -26.12989
## 52 188 4300 8.51362 -26.55602
## 53 190 3450 8.19539 -26.17213
## 54 200 4050 8.48095 -26.31460
## 55 187 2900 8.41837 -26.54718
## 56 191 3700 8.35396 -26.27853
## 57 186 3550 8.57199 -26.07188
## 58 193 3800 8.56674 -25.98843
## 59 181 2850 9.07878 -25.88156
## 60 194 3750 9.10800 -25.89677
## 61 185 3150 8.96472 -26.40943
## 62 195 4400 8.74802 -26.37809
## 63 185 3600 8.58063 -26.21569
## 64 192 4050 8.62264 -26.60023
## 65 184 2850 8.62623 -26.11650
## 66 192 3950 8.85562 -26.09294
## 67 195 3350 8.56192 -25.95541
## 68 188 4100 8.71078 -25.81012
## 69 190 3050 8.47781 -26.07821
## 70 198 4450 8.86853 -26.06209
## 71 190 3600 7.88863 -26.63085
## 72 190 3900 9.29808 -25.23453
## 73 196 3550 8.33524 -26.55351
## 74 197 4150 8.18658 -26.45978
## 75 190 3700 8.70642 -26.15003
## 76 195 4250 8.29930 -26.38986
## 77 191 3700 8.47257 -26.02002
## 78 184 3900 8.35540 -26.44787
## 79 187 3550 7.82381 -26.51382
## 80 195 4000 9.05736 -25.81513
## 81 189 3200 7.69778 -26.53870
## 82 196 4700 8.63259 -26.23027
## 83 187 3800 7.88494 -26.24837
## 84 193 4200 8.90002 -26.46254
## 85 191 3350 8.32718 -26.38396
## 86 194 3550 9.14863 -26.09635
## 87 190 3800 8.57087 -26.22227
## 88 189 3500 8.59147 -26.08165
## 89 189 3950 9.07826 -26.12417
## 90 190 3600 8.36936 -26.11199
## 91 202 3550 8.46531 -26.05621
## 92 205 4300 8.77018 -25.83352
## 93 185 3400 8.01485 -26.69543
## 94 186 4450 8.49915 -26.42406
## 95 187 3300 8.90723 -26.30037
## 96 208 4300 8.48204 -26.57941
## 97 190 3700 8.10277 -26.50086
## 98 196 4350 8.39459 -26.01152
## 99 178 2900 9.04218 -26.15775
## 100 192 4100 8.97025 -26.03679
## 101 192 3725 8.84451 -26.28055
## 102 203 4725 9.01079 -26.38085
## 103 183 3075 9.21510 -26.22530
## 104 190 4250 9.51929 -25.69199
## 105 193 2925 9.02642 -25.86482
## 106 184 3550 8.85699 -25.80208
## 107 199 3750 8.77322 -26.48973
## 108 190 3900 9.59245 -25.70711
## 109 181 3175 9.79532 -25.27385
## 110 197 4775 9.31735 -25.45171
## 111 198 3825 8.43951 -26.57563
## 112 191 4600 8.65466 -26.32909
## 113 193 3200 9.02657 -26.06203
## 114 197 4275 8.80186 -26.41218
## 115 191 3900 8.80967 -26.78958
## 116 196 4075 8.91434 -26.42018
## 117 188 2900 9.18021 -25.77264
## 118 199 3775 9.49645 -26.36678
## 119 189 3350 8.96436 -23.90309
## 120 189 3325 9.32277 -26.09989
## 121 187 3150 9.04296 -26.19444
## 122 198 3500 9.11066 -26.42563
## 123 176 3450 9.30722 -25.61039
## 124 202 3875 9.59462 -25.42621
## 125 186 3050 8.81668 -25.95399
## 126 199 4000 9.22537 -25.60826
## 127 191 3275 8.88098 -25.89741
## 128 195 4300 8.52566 -26.02450
## 129 191 3050 9.19031 -25.73722
## 130 210 4000 9.10702 -26.01363
## 131 190 3325 8.98460 -25.57956
## 132 197 3500 8.86495 -26.13960
## 133 193 3500 8.98705 -25.57647
## 134 199 4475 8.56708 -26.49288
## 135 187 3425 8.71700 -25.77951
## 136 190 3900 8.94365 -26.06943
## 137 191 3175 8.75984 -25.97696
## 138 200 3975 8.95998 -26.32601
## 139 185 3400 8.61651 -26.07021
## 140 193 4250 9.25769 -25.88798
## 141 193 3400 9.28810 -25.54976
## 142 187 3475 9.23408 -26.01549
## 143 188 3050 8.79787 -26.61075
## 144 190 3725 9.05674 -25.79529
## 145 192 3000 9.06829 -25.85203
## 146 185 3650 9.22033 -26.03442
## 147 190 4250 9.11006 -25.79549
## 148 184 3475 8.68744 -25.83060
## 149 195 3450 8.94332 -25.79189
## 150 193 3750 8.97533 -26.03495
## 151 187 3700 8.93465 -26.07081
## 152 201 4000 8.89640 -26.06967
## 153 211 4500 7.99300 -25.51390
## 154 230 5700 8.14756 -25.39369
## 155 210 4450 8.14705 -25.46172
## 156 218 5700 8.25540 -25.40075
## 157 215 5400 8.23450 -25.54456
## 158 210 4550 7.99530 -25.32829
## 159 211 4800 8.24515 -25.46782
## 160 219 5200 8.22673 -25.42760
## 161 209 4400 8.13643 -25.32176
## 162 215 5150 8.16310 -25.38017
## 163 214 4650 8.19579 -25.39330
## 164 216 5550 8.10417 -25.50562
## 165 214 4650 7.77672 -25.41680
## 166 213 5850 7.82080 -25.48025
## 167 210 4200 7.79958 -25.62618
## 168 217 5850 8.07137 -25.52473
## 169 210 4150 7.63884 -25.52627
## 170 221 6300 8.27376 -25.00169
## 171 209 4800 7.84057 -25.37899
## 172 222 5350 7.96491 -25.39587
## 173 218 5700 7.89620 -25.37746
## 174 215 5000 7.63220 -25.46569
## 175 213 4400 7.90436 -25.39470
## 176 215 5050 7.90971 -25.38157
## 177 215 5000 7.68528 -25.39181
## 178 215 5100 7.83733 -25.42826
## 179 216 4100 7.96621 -25.69327
## 180 215 5650 7.92358 -25.48383
## 181 210 4600 7.68870 -25.50811
## 182 220 5550 8.30515 -25.19017
## 183 222 5250 NA NA
## 184 209 4700 7.63452 -25.46327
## 185 207 5050 7.97408 -25.53768
## 186 230 6050 7.76843 -25.68210
## 187 220 5150 7.89744 -26.63405
## 188 220 5400 8.03659 -26.86127
## 189 213 4950 7.96935 -26.70968
## 190 219 5250 8.13746 -26.79093
## 191 208 4350 8.01979 -26.68311
## 192 208 5350 8.14776 -26.84506
## 193 208 3950 8.14567 -26.59467
## 194 225 5700 8.38324 -26.84272
## 195 210 4300 8.37615 -26.72791
## 196 216 4750 8.26548 -26.76990
## 197 222 5550 8.46894 -26.60436
## 198 217 4900 8.27141 -26.77650
## 199 210 4200 8.47829 -26.61788
## 200 225 5400 8.65803 -26.57585
## 201 213 5100 8.45167 -26.89644
## 202 215 5300 8.55868 -26.67799
## 203 210 4850 8.38289 -26.86352
## 204 220 5300 8.39867 -26.79358
## 205 210 4400 8.51951 -27.01854
## 206 225 5000 8.50153 -26.61414
## 207 217 4900 8.48789 -26.83006
## 208 220 5050 8.63488 -26.75621
## 209 208 4300 8.58319 -26.84415
## 210 220 5000 8.63604 -26.74890
## 211 208 4450 8.48367 -26.86485
## 212 224 5550 8.74647 -26.79846
## 213 208 4200 8.65015 -26.79053
## 214 221 5300 8.60092 -26.84374
## 215 214 4400 8.62870 -26.60484
## 216 231 5650 8.49662 -26.84166
## 217 219 4700 8.60447 -26.61601
## 218 230 5700 8.47067 -26.69166
## 219 214 4650 8.24253 -26.81540
## 220 229 5800 8.49854 -26.74809
## 221 220 4700 8.64931 -26.68867
## 222 223 5550 8.63551 -26.74249
## 223 216 4750 8.53018 -26.72751
## 224 221 5000 8.35078 -26.70783
## 225 221 5100 8.24651 -26.66958
## 226 217 5200 8.58487 -26.59290
## 227 216 4700 8.47938 -26.95470
## 228 230 5800 8.59640 -26.71199
## 229 209 4600 8.39299 -26.78733
## 230 220 6000 8.40327 -26.76821
## 231 215 4750 8.24694 -26.65359
## 232 223 5950 8.19749 -26.65931
## 233 212 4625 8.35802 -26.27660
## 234 221 5450 8.28601 -26.27573
## 235 212 4725 8.19101 -26.24369
## 236 224 5350 8.20042 -26.39677
## 237 212 4750 8.11238 -26.20372
## 238 228 5600 8.27428 -26.30019
## 239 218 4600 8.23468 -26.18599
## 240 218 5300 8.15426 -26.34330
## 241 212 4875 8.12691 -26.23613
## 242 230 5550 8.27595 -26.11657
## 243 218 4950 8.29671 -26.08547
## 244 228 5400 8.36701 -25.89834
## 245 212 4750 8.15566 -26.22848
## 246 224 5650 8.83352 -25.69195
## 247 214 4850 8.20106 -26.16524
## 248 226 5200 8.27102 -26.11244
## 249 216 4925 8.03624 -26.06594
## 250 222 4875 7.88810 -26.04726
## 251 203 4625 8.16582 -26.13971
## 252 225 5250 8.20660 -26.36863
## 253 219 4850 8.10231 -26.18763
## 254 228 5600 8.31180 -26.35425
## 255 215 4975 8.30817 -26.21651
## 256 228 5500 8.65914 -25.79203
## 257 216 4725 8.25818 -26.23886
## 258 215 5500 8.32359 -26.05756
## 259 210 4700 8.12311 -26.44815
## 260 219 5500 8.41017 -26.33867
## 261 208 4575 8.42070 -26.38092
## 262 209 5500 8.45738 -26.22664
## 263 216 5000 8.24691 -26.18466
## 264 229 5950 8.29226 -26.21019
## 265 213 4650 8.21634 -26.11046
## 266 230 5500 8.78557 -25.76147
## 267 217 4375 8.30231 -25.96013
## 268 230 5850 8.08354 -26.18161
## 269 217 4875 8.04111 -26.18444
## 270 222 6000 8.33825 -25.88547
## 271 214 4925 7.99184 -26.20538
## 272 NA NA NA NA
## 273 215 4850 8.41151 -26.13832
## 274 222 5750 8.30166 -26.04117
## 275 212 5200 8.24246 -26.11969
## 276 213 5400 8.36390 -26.15531
## 277 192 3500 9.03935 -24.30229
## 278 196 3900 8.92069 -24.23592
## 279 193 3650 9.29078 -24.75570
## 280 188 3525 8.64701 -24.62717
## 281 197 3725 9.00642 -24.61867
## 282 198 3950 8.88942 -24.49433
## 283 178 3250 8.85664 -24.55644
## 284 197 3750 8.63701 -24.84059
## 285 195 4150 8.47173 -24.29229
## 286 198 3700 8.79581 -24.36088
## 287 193 3800 8.95063 -24.59897
## 288 194 3775 8.68747 -24.38751
## 289 185 3700 8.72037 -24.80526
## 290 201 4050 9.02330 -24.38933
## 291 190 3575 9.12277 -24.90024
## 292 201 4050 9.80590 -24.72940
## 293 197 3300 10.02019 -24.54704
## 294 181 3700 9.14382 -24.57994
## 295 190 3450 9.32105 -24.64162
## 296 195 4400 9.27158 -24.64335
## 297 181 3600 9.35138 -24.68790
## 298 191 3400 9.42666 -24.26375
## 299 187 2900 9.35416 -25.01185
## 300 193 3800 9.28153 -24.97134
## 301 195 3300 9.74144 -24.59467
## 302 197 4150 9.36799 -24.47142
## 303 200 3400 8.93990 -23.89017
## 304 200 3800 9.63074 -24.34684
## 305 191 3700 9.37369 -24.52896
## 306 205 4550 9.25177 -24.69638
## 307 187 3200 9.08458 -24.54903
## 308 201 4300 9.49283 -24.59996
## 309 187 3350 9.36668 -24.45195
## 310 203 4100 9.23196 -24.17282
## 311 195 3600 9.75486 -24.31198
## 312 199 3900 9.07825 -25.14550
## 313 195 3850 8.83502 -24.65859
## 314 210 4800 9.43146 -24.68440
## 315 192 2700 9.80589 -24.73735
## 316 205 4500 10.02544 -24.90816
## 317 210 3950 9.53262 -24.66867
## 318 187 3650 9.61734 -24.66188
## 319 196 3550 10.02372 -24.86594
## 320 196 3500 9.36493 -24.66259
## 321 196 3675 9.43684 -24.16566
## 322 201 4450 9.45827 -24.35575
## 323 190 3400 9.46819 -24.45721
## 324 212 4300 9.34089 -24.45189
## 325 187 3250 9.68950 -24.43062
## 326 198 3675 9.32169 -24.41562
## 327 199 3325 9.46929 -24.48403
## 328 201 3950 9.43782 -24.36202
## 329 193 3600 9.41500 -24.80500
## 330 203 4050 9.93727 -24.59066
## 331 187 3350 9.56534 -24.60882
## 332 197 3450 9.77528 -24.56481
## 333 191 3250 9.62357 -24.78984
## 334 203 4050 9.88809 -24.59513
## 335 202 3800 9.74492 -24.40400
## 336 194 3525 9.46985 -24.65786
## 337 206 3950 NA -23.78767
## 338 189 3650 9.65061 -24.48153
## 339 195 3650 9.26715 -24.31912
## 340 207 4000 9.70465 -24.53494
## 341 202 3400 9.37608 -24.40753
## 342 193 3775 9.46180 -24.70615
## 343 210 4100 9.98044 -24.68741
## 344 198 3775 9.39305 -24.25255(penguins2)## Species bill_length bill_depth
## 1 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.1 18.7
## 2 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.5 17.4
## 3 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.3 18.0
## 4 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) NA NA
## 5 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.7 19.3
## 6 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.3 20.6
## 7 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.9 17.8
## 8 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.2 19.6
## 9 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.1 18.1
## 10 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.0 20.2
## 11 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 17.1
## 12 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 17.3
## 13 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 17.6
## 14 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.6 21.2
## 15 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.6 21.1
## 16 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.6 17.8
## 17 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.7 19.0
## 18 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.5 20.7
## 19 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.4 18.4
## 20 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 46.0 21.5
## 21 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 18.3
## 22 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.7 18.7
## 23 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.9 19.2
## 24 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.2 18.1
## 25 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.8 17.2
## 26 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.3 18.9
## 27 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 18.6
## 28 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.5 17.9
## 29 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.9 18.6
## 30 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.5 18.9
## 31 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.5 16.7
## 32 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.2 18.1
## 33 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.5 17.8
## 34 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.9 18.9
## 35 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.4 17.0
## 36 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.2 21.1
## 37 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.8 20.0
## 38 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.2 18.5
## 39 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.6 19.3
## 40 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.8 19.1
## 41 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.5 18.0
## 42 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.8 18.4
## 43 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 18.5
## 44 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 44.1 19.7
## 45 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.0 16.9
## 46 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 18.8
## 47 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 19.0
## 48 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.5 18.9
## 49 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 17.9
## 50 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.3 21.2
## 51 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 17.7
## 52 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.1 18.9
## 53 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.0 17.9
## 54 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.0 19.5
## 55 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.5 18.1
## 56 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.4 18.6
## 57 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.0 17.5
## 58 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 18.8
## 59 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.5 16.6
## 60 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.6 19.1
## 61 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.7 16.9
## 62 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.3 21.1
## 63 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.6 17.0
## 64 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 18.2
## 65 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.4 17.1
## 66 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.6 18.0
## 67 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.5 16.2
## 68 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 19.1
## 69 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.9 16.6
## 70 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.8 19.4
## 71 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 33.5 19.0
## 72 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 18.4
## 73 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 17.2
## 74 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 45.8 18.9
## 75 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.5 17.5
## 76 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.8 18.5
## 77 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.9 16.8
## 78 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.2 19.4
## 79 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.2 16.1
## 80 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.1 19.1
## 81 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.6 17.2
## 82 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.9 17.6
## 83 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.7 18.8
## 84 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.1 19.4
## 85 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.3 17.8
## 86 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.3 20.3
## 87 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.3 19.5
## 88 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.9 18.6
## 89 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.3 19.2
## 90 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.9 18.8
## 91 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.7 18.0
## 92 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 18.1
## 93 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.0 17.1
## 94 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 18.1
## 95 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.2 17.3
## 96 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.8 18.9
## 97 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 18.6
## 98 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.3 18.5
## 99 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 33.1 16.1
## 100 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 43.2 18.5
## 101 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.0 17.9
## 102 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.0 20.0
## 103 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.7 16.0
## 104 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 20.0
## 105 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.9 18.6
## 106 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 18.9
## 107 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.6 17.2
## 108 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.2 20.0
## 109 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 17.0
## 110 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 43.2 19.0
## 111 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 16.5
## 112 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 45.6 20.3
## 113 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 17.7
## 114 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.2 19.5
## 115 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 20.7
## 116 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.7 18.3
## 117 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.6 17.0
## 118 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.3 20.5
## 119 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.7 17.0
## 120 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 18.6
## 121 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.2 17.2
## 122 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.7 19.8
## 123 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.2 17.0
## 124 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.4 18.5
## 125 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.2 15.9
## 126 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 19.0
## 127 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.8 17.6
## 128 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.5 18.3
## 129 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.0 17.1
## 130 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 44.1 18.0
## 131 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.5 17.9
## 132 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 43.1 19.2
## 133 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.8 18.5
## 134 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.5 18.5
## 135 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 17.6
## 136 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 17.5
## 137 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.6 17.5
## 138 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.2 20.1
## 139 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.0 16.5
## 140 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 17.9
## 141 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.2 17.1
## 142 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 17.2
## 143 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 32.1 15.5
## 144 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.7 17.0
## 145 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.3 16.8
## 146 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.0 18.7
## 147 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.2 18.6
## 148 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.6 18.4
## 149 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 17.8
## 150 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 18.1
## 151 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 17.1
## 152 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.5 18.5
## 153 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.1 13.2
## 154 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 16.3
## 155 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.7 14.1
## 156 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 15.2
## 157 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.6 14.5
## 158 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 13.5
## 159 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.4 14.6
## 160 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.7 15.3
## 161 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.3 13.4
## 162 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.8 15.4
## 163 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 40.9 13.7
## 164 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.0 16.1
## 165 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 13.7
## 166 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.4 14.6
## 167 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.8 14.6
## 168 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.3 15.7
## 169 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.0 13.5
## 170 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.2 15.2
## 171 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.5
## 172 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.7 15.1
## 173 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.2 14.3
## 174 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.1 14.5
## 175 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 14.5
## 176 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.3 15.8
## 177 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.9 13.1
## 178 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.1 15.1
## 179 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.5 14.3
## 180 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.8 15.0
## 181 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.2 14.3
## 182 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 15.3
## 183 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.3 15.3
## 184 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.8 14.2
## 185 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.1 14.5
## 186 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 59.6 17.0
## 187 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.1 14.8
## 188 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.4 16.3
## 189 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.6 13.7
## 190 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.4 17.3
## 191 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.0 13.6
## 192 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.7 15.7
## 193 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.7 13.7
## 194 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.6 16.0
## 195 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.3 13.7
## 196 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.6 15.0
## 197 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.5 15.9
## 198 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.6 13.9
## 199 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 13.9
## 200 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.5 15.9
## 201 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.9 13.3
## 202 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 15.8
## 203 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.6 14.2
## 204 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.5 14.1
## 205 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.1 14.4
## 206 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.1 15.0
## 207 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 14.4
## 208 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.0 15.4
## 209 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.8 13.9
## 210 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 15.0
## 211 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.2 14.5
## 212 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.4 15.3
## 213 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.3 13.8
## 214 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.9
## 215 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.7 13.9
## 216 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 54.3 15.7
## 217 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.8 14.2
## 218 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.8 16.8
## 219 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.4
## 220 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.5 16.2
## 221 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.5 14.2
## 222 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.7 15.0
## 223 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.7 15.0
## 224 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.4 15.6
## 225 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.2 15.6
## 226 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 14.8
## 227 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.4 15.0
## 228 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.6 16.0
## 229 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.5 14.2
## 230 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.1 16.3
## 231 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 13.8
## 232 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 16.4
## 233 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.1 14.5
## 234 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 52.5 15.6
## 235 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.4 14.6
## 236 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 15.9
## 237 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.9 13.8
## 238 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.8 17.3
## 239 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.4 14.4
## 240 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.3 14.2
## 241 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.5 14.0
## 242 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 52.1 17.0
## 243 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.5 15.0
## 244 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 52.2 17.1
## 245 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 14.5
## 246 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.5 16.1
## 247 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.5 14.7
## 248 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.8 15.7
## 249 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.4 15.8
## 250 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.9 14.6
## 251 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.4 14.4
## 252 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.1 16.5
## 253 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.5 15.0
## 254 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 55.9 17.0
## 255 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.2 15.5
## 256 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.1 15.0
## 257 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.3 13.8
## 258 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.8 16.1
## 259 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 41.7 14.7
## 260 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 53.4 15.8
## 261 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.3 14.0
## 262 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.1 15.1
## 263 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.5 15.2
## 264 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.8 15.9
## 265 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.5 15.2
## 266 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.5 16.3
## 267 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.1
## 268 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 55.1 16.0
## 269 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.5 15.7
## 270 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.8 16.2
## 271 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.2 13.7
## 272 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) NA NA
## 273 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.8 14.3
## 274 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.4 15.7
## 275 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 14.8
## 276 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.9 16.1
## 277 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.5 17.9
## 278 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.0 19.5
## 279 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.3 19.2
## 280 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.4 18.7
## 281 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.7 19.8
## 282 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.2 17.8
## 283 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.1 18.2
## 284 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.3 18.2
## 285 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.0 18.9
## 286 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.3 19.9
## 287 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.6 17.8
## 288 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.7 20.3
## 289 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 47.0 17.3
## 290 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.0 18.1
## 291 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.9 17.1
## 292 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.5 19.6
## 293 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.3 20.0
## 294 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 58.0 17.8
## 295 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.4 18.6
## 296 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.2 18.2
## 297 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 42.4 17.3
## 298 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 48.5 17.5
## 299 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 43.2 16.6
## 300 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.6 19.4
## 301 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.7 17.9
## 302 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.0 19.0
## 303 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.5 18.4
## 304 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.5 19.0
## 305 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.4 17.8
## 306 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.8 20.0
## 307 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 40.9 16.6
## 308 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 54.2 20.8
## 309 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 42.5 16.7
## 310 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.0 18.8
## 311 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.7 18.6
## 312 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 47.5 16.8
## 313 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 47.6 18.3
## 314 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.0 20.7
## 315 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.9 16.6
## 316 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 53.5 19.9
## 317 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.0 19.5
## 318 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.2 17.5
## 319 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.9 19.1
## 320 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.5 17.0
## 321 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.9 17.9
## 322 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.8 18.5
## 323 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.1 17.9
## 324 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.0 19.6
## 325 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.5 18.7
## 326 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.8 17.3
## 327 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 48.1 16.4
## 328 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.4 19.0
## 329 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.7 17.3
## 330 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.7 19.7
## 331 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 42.5 17.3
## 332 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.2 18.8
## 333 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.2 16.6
## 334 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.3 19.9
## 335 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.2 18.8
## 336 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.6 19.4
## 337 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.9 19.5
## 338 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.8 16.5
## 339 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.7 17.0
## 340 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 55.8 19.8
## 341 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 43.5 18.1
## 342 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.6 18.2
## 343 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.8 19.0
## 344 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.2 18.7
## flipper_length mass dietN dietC
## 1 181 3750 NA NA
## 2 186 3800 8.94956 -24.69454
## 3 195 3250 8.36821 -25.33302
## 4 NA NA NA NA
## 5 193 3450 8.76651 -25.32426
## 6 190 3650 8.66496 -25.29805
## 7 181 3625 9.18718 -25.21799
## 8 195 4675 9.46060 -24.89958
## 9 193 3475 NA NA
## 10 190 4250 9.13362 -25.09368
## 11 186 3300 8.63243 -25.21315
## 12 180 3700 NA NA
## 13 182 3200 NA NA
## 14 191 3800 NA NA
## 15 198 4400 8.55583 -25.22588
## 16 185 3700 NA NA
## 17 195 3450 9.18528 -25.06691
## 18 197 4500 8.67538 -25.13993
## 19 184 3325 8.47827 -25.23319
## 20 194 4200 9.11616 -24.77227
## 21 174 3400 8.73762 -25.09383
## 22 180 3600 8.66271 -25.06390
## 23 189 3800 9.22286 -25.03474
## 24 185 3950 8.43423 -25.22664
## 25 180 3800 9.63954 -25.29856
## 26 187 3800 9.21292 -24.36130
## 27 183 3550 8.93997 -25.36288
## 28 187 3200 8.08138 -25.49448
## 29 172 3150 8.38404 -25.19837
## 30 180 3950 8.90027 -25.11609
## 31 178 3250 9.69756 -25.11223
## 32 178 3900 9.72764 -25.01020
## 33 188 3300 9.66523 -25.06020
## 34 184 3900 8.79665 -25.14591
## 35 195 3325 9.17847 -25.23061
## 36 196 4150 9.15308 -25.03469
## 37 190 3950 9.18985 -25.12255
## 38 180 3550 8.04787 -25.49523
## 39 181 3300 9.41131 -25.04169
## 40 184 4650 NA NA
## 41 182 3150 9.68933 -24.42280
## 42 195 3900 NA NA
## 43 186 3100 9.50772 -25.03492
## 44 196 4400 9.23720 -24.52698
## 45 185 3000 9.36392 -25.01745
## 46 190 4600 9.49106 -24.10255
## 47 182 3425 NA NA
## 48 179 2975 NA NA
## 49 190 3450 9.51784 -25.07683
## 50 191 4150 8.87988 -25.18543
## 51 186 3500 8.46616 -26.12989
## 52 188 4300 8.51362 -26.55602
## 53 190 3450 8.19539 -26.17213
## 54 200 4050 8.48095 -26.31460
## 55 187 2900 8.41837 -26.54718
## 56 191 3700 8.35396 -26.27853
## 57 186 3550 8.57199 -26.07188
## 58 193 3800 8.56674 -25.98843
## 59 181 2850 9.07878 -25.88156
## 60 194 3750 9.10800 -25.89677
## 61 185 3150 8.96472 -26.40943
## 62 195 4400 8.74802 -26.37809
## 63 185 3600 8.58063 -26.21569
## 64 192 4050 8.62264 -26.60023
## 65 184 2850 8.62623 -26.11650
## 66 192 3950 8.85562 -26.09294
## 67 195 3350 8.56192 -25.95541
## 68 188 4100 8.71078 -25.81012
## 69 190 3050 8.47781 -26.07821
## 70 198 4450 8.86853 -26.06209
## 71 190 3600 7.88863 -26.63085
## 72 190 3900 9.29808 -25.23453
## 73 196 3550 8.33524 -26.55351
## 74 197 4150 8.18658 -26.45978
## 75 190 3700 8.70642 -26.15003
## 76 195 4250 8.29930 -26.38986
## 77 191 3700 8.47257 -26.02002
## 78 184 3900 8.35540 -26.44787
## 79 187 3550 7.82381 -26.51382
## 80 195 4000 9.05736 -25.81513
## 81 189 3200 7.69778 -26.53870
## 82 196 4700 8.63259 -26.23027
## 83 187 3800 7.88494 -26.24837
## 84 193 4200 8.90002 -26.46254
## 85 191 3350 8.32718 -26.38396
## 86 194 3550 9.14863 -26.09635
## 87 190 3800 8.57087 -26.22227
## 88 189 3500 8.59147 -26.08165
## 89 189 3950 9.07826 -26.12417
## 90 190 3600 8.36936 -26.11199
## 91 202 3550 8.46531 -26.05621
## 92 205 4300 8.77018 -25.83352
## 93 185 3400 8.01485 -26.69543
## 94 186 4450 8.49915 -26.42406
## 95 187 3300 8.90723 -26.30037
## 96 208 4300 8.48204 -26.57941
## 97 190 3700 8.10277 -26.50086
## 98 196 4350 8.39459 -26.01152
## 99 178 2900 9.04218 -26.15775
## 100 192 4100 8.97025 -26.03679
## 101 192 3725 8.84451 -26.28055
## 102 203 4725 9.01079 -26.38085
## 103 183 3075 9.21510 -26.22530
## 104 190 4250 9.51929 -25.69199
## 105 193 2925 9.02642 -25.86482
## 106 184 3550 8.85699 -25.80208
## 107 199 3750 8.77322 -26.48973
## 108 190 3900 9.59245 -25.70711
## 109 181 3175 9.79532 -25.27385
## 110 197 4775 9.31735 -25.45171
## 111 198 3825 8.43951 -26.57563
## 112 191 4600 8.65466 -26.32909
## 113 193 3200 9.02657 -26.06203
## 114 197 4275 8.80186 -26.41218
## 115 191 3900 8.80967 -26.78958
## 116 196 4075 8.91434 -26.42018
## 117 188 2900 9.18021 -25.77264
## 118 199 3775 9.49645 -26.36678
## 119 189 3350 8.96436 -23.90309
## 120 189 3325 9.32277 -26.09989
## 121 187 3150 9.04296 -26.19444
## 122 198 3500 9.11066 -26.42563
## 123 176 3450 9.30722 -25.61039
## 124 202 3875 9.59462 -25.42621
## 125 186 3050 8.81668 -25.95399
## 126 199 4000 9.22537 -25.60826
## 127 191 3275 8.88098 -25.89741
## 128 195 4300 8.52566 -26.02450
## 129 191 3050 9.19031 -25.73722
## 130 210 4000 9.10702 -26.01363
## 131 190 3325 8.98460 -25.57956
## 132 197 3500 8.86495 -26.13960
## 133 193 3500 8.98705 -25.57647
## 134 199 4475 8.56708 -26.49288
## 135 187 3425 8.71700 -25.77951
## 136 190 3900 8.94365 -26.06943
## 137 191 3175 8.75984 -25.97696
## 138 200 3975 8.95998 -26.32601
## 139 185 3400 8.61651 -26.07021
## 140 193 4250 9.25769 -25.88798
## 141 193 3400 9.28810 -25.54976
## 142 187 3475 9.23408 -26.01549
## 143 188 3050 8.79787 -26.61075
## 144 190 3725 9.05674 -25.79529
## 145 192 3000 9.06829 -25.85203
## 146 185 3650 9.22033 -26.03442
## 147 190 4250 9.11006 -25.79549
## 148 184 3475 8.68744 -25.83060
## 149 195 3450 8.94332 -25.79189
## 150 193 3750 8.97533 -26.03495
## 151 187 3700 8.93465 -26.07081
## 152 201 4000 8.89640 -26.06967
## 153 211 4500 7.99300 -25.51390
## 154 230 5700 8.14756 -25.39369
## 155 210 4450 8.14705 -25.46172
## 156 218 5700 8.25540 -25.40075
## 157 215 5400 8.23450 -25.54456
## 158 210 4550 7.99530 -25.32829
## 159 211 4800 8.24515 -25.46782
## 160 219 5200 8.22673 -25.42760
## 161 209 4400 8.13643 -25.32176
## 162 215 5150 8.16310 -25.38017
## 163 214 4650 8.19579 -25.39330
## 164 216 5550 8.10417 -25.50562
## 165 214 4650 7.77672 -25.41680
## 166 213 5850 7.82080 -25.48025
## 167 210 4200 7.79958 -25.62618
## 168 217 5850 8.07137 -25.52473
## 169 210 4150 7.63884 -25.52627
## 170 221 6300 8.27376 -25.00169
## 171 209 4800 7.84057 -25.37899
## 172 222 5350 7.96491 -25.39587
## 173 218 5700 7.89620 -25.37746
## 174 215 5000 7.63220 -25.46569
## 175 213 4400 7.90436 -25.39470
## 176 215 5050 7.90971 -25.38157
## 177 215 5000 7.68528 -25.39181
## 178 215 5100 7.83733 -25.42826
## 179 216 4100 7.96621 -25.69327
## 180 215 5650 7.92358 -25.48383
## 181 210 4600 7.68870 -25.50811
## 182 220 5550 8.30515 -25.19017
## 183 222 5250 NA NA
## 184 209 4700 7.63452 -25.46327
## 185 207 5050 7.97408 -25.53768
## 186 230 6050 7.76843 -25.68210
## 187 220 5150 7.89744 -26.63405
## 188 220 5400 8.03659 -26.86127
## 189 213 4950 7.96935 -26.70968
## 190 219 5250 8.13746 -26.79093
## 191 208 4350 8.01979 -26.68311
## 192 208 5350 8.14776 -26.84506
## 193 208 3950 8.14567 -26.59467
## 194 225 5700 8.38324 -26.84272
## 195 210 4300 8.37615 -26.72791
## 196 216 4750 8.26548 -26.76990
## 197 222 5550 8.46894 -26.60436
## 198 217 4900 8.27141 -26.77650
## 199 210 4200 8.47829 -26.61788
## 200 225 5400 8.65803 -26.57585
## 201 213 5100 8.45167 -26.89644
## 202 215 5300 8.55868 -26.67799
## 203 210 4850 8.38289 -26.86352
## 204 220 5300 8.39867 -26.79358
## 205 210 4400 8.51951 -27.01854
## 206 225 5000 8.50153 -26.61414
## 207 217 4900 8.48789 -26.83006
## 208 220 5050 8.63488 -26.75621
## 209 208 4300 8.58319 -26.84415
## 210 220 5000 8.63604 -26.74890
## 211 208 4450 8.48367 -26.86485
## 212 224 5550 8.74647 -26.79846
## 213 208 4200 8.65015 -26.79053
## 214 221 5300 8.60092 -26.84374
## 215 214 4400 8.62870 -26.60484
## 216 231 5650 8.49662 -26.84166
## 217 219 4700 8.60447 -26.61601
## 218 230 5700 8.47067 -26.69166
## 219 214 4650 8.24253 -26.81540
## 220 229 5800 8.49854 -26.74809
## 221 220 4700 8.64931 -26.68867
## 222 223 5550 8.63551 -26.74249
## 223 216 4750 8.53018 -26.72751
## 224 221 5000 8.35078 -26.70783
## 225 221 5100 8.24651 -26.66958
## 226 217 5200 8.58487 -26.59290
## 227 216 4700 8.47938 -26.95470
## 228 230 5800 8.59640 -26.71199
## 229 209 4600 8.39299 -26.78733
## 230 220 6000 8.40327 -26.76821
## 231 215 4750 8.24694 -26.65359
## 232 223 5950 8.19749 -26.65931
## 233 212 4625 8.35802 -26.27660
## 234 221 5450 8.28601 -26.27573
## 235 212 4725 8.19101 -26.24369
## 236 224 5350 8.20042 -26.39677
## 237 212 4750 8.11238 -26.20372
## 238 228 5600 8.27428 -26.30019
## 239 218 4600 8.23468 -26.18599
## 240 218 5300 8.15426 -26.34330
## 241 212 4875 8.12691 -26.23613
## 242 230 5550 8.27595 -26.11657
## 243 218 4950 8.29671 -26.08547
## 244 228 5400 8.36701 -25.89834
## 245 212 4750 8.15566 -26.22848
## 246 224 5650 8.83352 -25.69195
## 247 214 4850 8.20106 -26.16524
## 248 226 5200 8.27102 -26.11244
## 249 216 4925 8.03624 -26.06594
## 250 222 4875 7.88810 -26.04726
## 251 203 4625 8.16582 -26.13971
## 252 225 5250 8.20660 -26.36863
## 253 219 4850 8.10231 -26.18763
## 254 228 5600 8.31180 -26.35425
## 255 215 4975 8.30817 -26.21651
## 256 228 5500 8.65914 -25.79203
## 257 216 4725 8.25818 -26.23886
## 258 215 5500 8.32359 -26.05756
## 259 210 4700 8.12311 -26.44815
## 260 219 5500 8.41017 -26.33867
## 261 208 4575 8.42070 -26.38092
## 262 209 5500 8.45738 -26.22664
## 263 216 5000 8.24691 -26.18466
## 264 229 5950 8.29226 -26.21019
## 265 213 4650 8.21634 -26.11046
## 266 230 5500 8.78557 -25.76147
## 267 217 4375 8.30231 -25.96013
## 268 230 5850 8.08354 -26.18161
## 269 217 4875 8.04111 -26.18444
## 270 222 6000 8.33825 -25.88547
## 271 214 4925 7.99184 -26.20538
## 272 NA NA NA NA
## 273 215 4850 8.41151 -26.13832
## 274 222 5750 8.30166 -26.04117
## 275 212 5200 8.24246 -26.11969
## 276 213 5400 8.36390 -26.15531
## 277 192 3500 9.03935 -24.30229
## 278 196 3900 8.92069 -24.23592
## 279 193 3650 9.29078 -24.75570
## 280 188 3525 8.64701 -24.62717
## 281 197 3725 9.00642 -24.61867
## 282 198 3950 8.88942 -24.49433
## 283 178 3250 8.85664 -24.55644
## 284 197 3750 8.63701 -24.84059
## 285 195 4150 8.47173 -24.29229
## 286 198 3700 8.79581 -24.36088
## 287 193 3800 8.95063 -24.59897
## 288 194 3775 8.68747 -24.38751
## 289 185 3700 8.72037 -24.80526
## 290 201 4050 9.02330 -24.38933
## 291 190 3575 9.12277 -24.90024
## 292 201 4050 9.80590 -24.72940
## 293 197 3300 10.02019 -24.54704
## 294 181 3700 9.14382 -24.57994
## 295 190 3450 9.32105 -24.64162
## 296 195 4400 9.27158 -24.64335
## 297 181 3600 9.35138 -24.68790
## 298 191 3400 9.42666 -24.26375
## 299 187 2900 9.35416 -25.01185
## 300 193 3800 9.28153 -24.97134
## 301 195 3300 9.74144 -24.59467
## 302 197 4150 9.36799 -24.47142
## 303 200 3400 8.93990 -23.89017
## 304 200 3800 9.63074 -24.34684
## 305 191 3700 9.37369 -24.52896
## 306 205 4550 9.25177 -24.69638
## 307 187 3200 9.08458 -24.54903
## 308 201 4300 9.49283 -24.59996
## 309 187 3350 9.36668 -24.45195
## 310 203 4100 9.23196 -24.17282
## 311 195 3600 9.75486 -24.31198
## 312 199 3900 9.07825 -25.14550
## 313 195 3850 8.83502 -24.65859
## 314 210 4800 9.43146 -24.68440
## 315 192 2700 9.80589 -24.73735
## 316 205 4500 10.02544 -24.90816
## 317 210 3950 9.53262 -24.66867
## 318 187 3650 9.61734 -24.66188
## 319 196 3550 10.02372 -24.86594
## 320 196 3500 9.36493 -24.66259
## 321 196 3675 9.43684 -24.16566
## 322 201 4450 9.45827 -24.35575
## 323 190 3400 9.46819 -24.45721
## 324 212 4300 9.34089 -24.45189
## 325 187 3250 9.68950 -24.43062
## 326 198 3675 9.32169 -24.41562
## 327 199 3325 9.46929 -24.48403
## 328 201 3950 9.43782 -24.36202
## 329 193 3600 9.41500 -24.80500
## 330 203 4050 9.93727 -24.59066
## 331 187 3350 9.56534 -24.60882
## 332 197 3450 9.77528 -24.56481
## 333 191 3250 9.62357 -24.78984
## 334 203 4050 9.88809 -24.59513
## 335 202 3800 9.74492 -24.40400
## 336 194 3525 9.46985 -24.65786
## 337 206 3950 NA -23.78767
## 338 189 3650 9.65061 -24.48153
## 339 195 3650 9.26715 -24.31912
## 340 207 4000 9.70465 -24.53494
## 341 202 3400 9.37608 -24.40753
## 342 193 3775 9.46180 -24.70615
## 343 210 4100 9.98044 -24.68741
## 344 198 3775 9.39305 -24.25255# TASK
# remove NAs
penguins_noNA <- na.omit(penguins2)
# confirm removal of NAs
(penguins_noNA)## Species bill_length bill_depth
## 2 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.5 17.4
## 3 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.3 18.0
## 5 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.7 19.3
## 6 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.3 20.6
## 7 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.9 17.8
## 8 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.2 19.6
## 10 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.0 20.2
## 11 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 17.1
## 15 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.6 21.1
## 17 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.7 19.0
## 18 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.5 20.7
## 19 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.4 18.4
## 20 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 46.0 21.5
## 21 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 18.3
## 22 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.7 18.7
## 23 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.9 19.2
## 24 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.2 18.1
## 25 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.8 17.2
## 26 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.3 18.9
## 27 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 18.6
## 28 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.5 17.9
## 29 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.9 18.6
## 30 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.5 18.9
## 31 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.5 16.7
## 32 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.2 18.1
## 33 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.5 17.8
## 34 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.9 18.9
## 35 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.4 17.0
## 36 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.2 21.1
## 37 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.8 20.0
## 38 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.2 18.5
## 39 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.6 19.3
## 41 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.5 18.0
## 43 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 18.5
## 44 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 44.1 19.7
## 45 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.0 16.9
## 46 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 18.8
## 49 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 17.9
## 50 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.3 21.2
## 51 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 17.7
## 52 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.1 18.9
## 53 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.0 17.9
## 54 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.0 19.5
## 55 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.5 18.1
## 56 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.4 18.6
## 57 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.0 17.5
## 58 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 18.8
## 59 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.5 16.6
## 60 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.6 19.1
## 61 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.7 16.9
## 62 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.3 21.1
## 63 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.6 17.0
## 64 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 18.2
## 65 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.4 17.1
## 66 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.6 18.0
## 67 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.5 16.2
## 68 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 19.1
## 69 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.9 16.6
## 70 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.8 19.4
## 71 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 33.5 19.0
## 72 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 18.4
## 73 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 17.2
## 74 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 45.8 18.9
## 75 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.5 17.5
## 76 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.8 18.5
## 77 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.9 16.8
## 78 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.2 19.4
## 79 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.2 16.1
## 80 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.1 19.1
## 81 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.6 17.2
## 82 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.9 17.6
## 83 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.7 18.8
## 84 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.1 19.4
## 85 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.3 17.8
## 86 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.3 20.3
## 87 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.3 19.5
## 88 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.9 18.6
## 89 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.3 19.2
## 90 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.9 18.8
## 91 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.7 18.0
## 92 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 18.1
## 93 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 34.0 17.1
## 94 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 18.1
## 95 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.2 17.3
## 96 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.8 18.9
## 97 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 18.6
## 98 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.3 18.5
## 99 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 33.1 16.1
## 100 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 43.2 18.5
## 101 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.0 17.9
## 102 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.0 20.0
## 103 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.7 16.0
## 104 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 20.0
## 105 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.9 18.6
## 106 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 18.9
## 107 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.6 17.2
## 108 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.2 20.0
## 109 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 17.0
## 110 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 43.2 19.0
## 111 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 16.5
## 112 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 45.6 20.3
## 113 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 17.7
## 114 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.2 19.5
## 115 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.6 20.7
## 116 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 42.7 18.3
## 117 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.6 17.0
## 118 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.3 20.5
## 119 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.7 17.0
## 120 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 18.6
## 121 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.2 17.2
## 122 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.7 19.8
## 123 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.2 17.0
## 124 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.4 18.5
## 125 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.2 15.9
## 126 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 19.0
## 127 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.8 17.6
## 128 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.5 18.3
## 129 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.0 17.1
## 130 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 44.1 18.0
## 131 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.5 17.9
## 132 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 43.1 19.2
## 133 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.8 18.5
## 134 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.5 18.5
## 135 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 38.1 17.6
## 136 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.1 17.5
## 137 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 35.6 17.5
## 138 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.2 20.1
## 139 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.0 16.5
## 140 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.7 17.9
## 141 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.2 17.1
## 142 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.6 17.2
## 143 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 32.1 15.5
## 144 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 40.7 17.0
## 145 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.3 16.8
## 146 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.0 18.7
## 147 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 39.2 18.6
## 148 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.6 18.4
## 149 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 17.8
## 150 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 37.8 18.1
## 151 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 36.0 17.1
## 152 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 41.5 18.5
## 153 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.1 13.2
## 154 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 16.3
## 155 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.7 14.1
## 156 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 15.2
## 157 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.6 14.5
## 158 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 13.5
## 159 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.4 14.6
## 160 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.7 15.3
## 161 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.3 13.4
## 162 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.8 15.4
## 163 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 40.9 13.7
## 164 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.0 16.1
## 165 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 13.7
## 166 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.4 14.6
## 167 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.8 14.6
## 168 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.3 15.7
## 169 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.0 13.5
## 170 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.2 15.2
## 171 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.5
## 172 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.7 15.1
## 173 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.2 14.3
## 174 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.1 14.5
## 175 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 14.5
## 176 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.3 15.8
## 177 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.9 13.1
## 178 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.1 15.1
## 179 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.5 14.3
## 180 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.8 15.0
## 181 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.2 14.3
## 182 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 15.3
## 184 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.8 14.2
## 185 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.1 14.5
## 186 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 59.6 17.0
## 187 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.1 14.8
## 188 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.4 16.3
## 189 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.6 13.7
## 190 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.4 17.3
## 191 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.0 13.6
## 192 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.7 15.7
## 193 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 42.7 13.7
## 194 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.6 16.0
## 195 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.3 13.7
## 196 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.6 15.0
## 197 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.5 15.9
## 198 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.6 13.9
## 199 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 13.9
## 200 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.5 15.9
## 201 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.9 13.3
## 202 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 15.8
## 203 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.6 14.2
## 204 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.5 14.1
## 205 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.1 14.4
## 206 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.1 15.0
## 207 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 14.4
## 208 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.0 15.4
## 209 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.8 13.9
## 210 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 15.0
## 211 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.2 14.5
## 212 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.4 15.3
## 213 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.3 13.8
## 214 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.9
## 215 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.7 13.9
## 216 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 54.3 15.7
## 217 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.8 14.2
## 218 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.8 16.8
## 219 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.4
## 220 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.5 16.2
## 221 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.5 14.2
## 222 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.7 15.0
## 223 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.7 15.0
## 224 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.4 15.6
## 225 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.2 15.6
## 226 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.5 14.8
## 227 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.4 15.0
## 228 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.6 16.0
## 229 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.5 14.2
## 230 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.1 16.3
## 231 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 13.8
## 232 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 16.4
## 233 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.1 14.5
## 234 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 52.5 15.6
## 235 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.4 14.6
## 236 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.0 15.9
## 237 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.9 13.8
## 238 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.8 17.3
## 239 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.4 14.4
## 240 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.3 14.2
## 241 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.5 14.0
## 242 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 52.1 17.0
## 243 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.5 15.0
## 244 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 52.2 17.1
## 245 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.5 14.5
## 246 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.5 16.1
## 247 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.5 14.7
## 248 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.8 15.7
## 249 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.4 15.8
## 250 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.9 14.6
## 251 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.4 14.4
## 252 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.1 16.5
## 253 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.5 15.0
## 254 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 55.9 17.0
## 255 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.2 15.5
## 256 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.1 15.0
## 257 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.3 13.8
## 258 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.8 16.1
## 259 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 41.7 14.7
## 260 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 53.4 15.8
## 261 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.3 14.0
## 262 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.1 15.1
## 263 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.5 15.2
## 264 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.8 15.9
## 265 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 43.5 15.2
## 266 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 51.5 16.3
## 267 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.2 14.1
## 268 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 55.1 16.0
## 269 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 44.5 15.7
## 270 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 48.8 16.2
## 271 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 47.2 13.7
## 273 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 46.8 14.3
## 274 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 50.4 15.7
## 275 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 45.2 14.8
## 276 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 49.9 16.1
## 277 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.5 17.9
## 278 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.0 19.5
## 279 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.3 19.2
## 280 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.4 18.7
## 281 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.7 19.8
## 282 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.2 17.8
## 283 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.1 18.2
## 284 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.3 18.2
## 285 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.0 18.9
## 286 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.3 19.9
## 287 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.6 17.8
## 288 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.7 20.3
## 289 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 47.0 17.3
## 290 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.0 18.1
## 291 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.9 17.1
## 292 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.5 19.6
## 293 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.3 20.0
## 294 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 58.0 17.8
## 295 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.4 18.6
## 296 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.2 18.2
## 297 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 42.4 17.3
## 298 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 48.5 17.5
## 299 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 43.2 16.6
## 300 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.6 19.4
## 301 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.7 17.9
## 302 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.0 19.0
## 303 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.5 18.4
## 304 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.5 19.0
## 305 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.4 17.8
## 306 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.8 20.0
## 307 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 40.9 16.6
## 308 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 54.2 20.8
## 309 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 42.5 16.7
## 310 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.0 18.8
## 311 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.7 18.6
## 312 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 47.5 16.8
## 313 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 47.6 18.3
## 314 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.0 20.7
## 315 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.9 16.6
## 316 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 53.5 19.9
## 317 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.0 19.5
## 318 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.2 17.5
## 319 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.9 19.1
## 320 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.5 17.0
## 321 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.9 17.9
## 322 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.8 18.5
## 323 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.1 17.9
## 324 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.0 19.6
## 325 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.5 18.7
## 326 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.8 17.3
## 327 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 48.1 16.4
## 328 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 51.4 19.0
## 329 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.7 17.3
## 330 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.7 19.7
## 331 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 42.5 17.3
## 332 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 52.2 18.8
## 333 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.2 16.6
## 334 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.3 19.9
## 335 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.2 18.8
## 336 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.6 19.4
## 338 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 46.8 16.5
## 339 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 45.7 17.0
## 340 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 55.8 19.8
## 341 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 43.5 18.1
## 342 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 49.6 18.2
## 343 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.8 19.0
## 344 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 50.2 18.7
## flipper_length mass dietN dietC
## 2 186 3800 8.94956 -24.69454
## 3 195 3250 8.36821 -25.33302
## 5 193 3450 8.76651 -25.32426
## 6 190 3650 8.66496 -25.29805
## 7 181 3625 9.18718 -25.21799
## 8 195 4675 9.46060 -24.89958
## 10 190 4250 9.13362 -25.09368
## 11 186 3300 8.63243 -25.21315
## 15 198 4400 8.55583 -25.22588
## 17 195 3450 9.18528 -25.06691
## 18 197 4500 8.67538 -25.13993
## 19 184 3325 8.47827 -25.23319
## 20 194 4200 9.11616 -24.77227
## 21 174 3400 8.73762 -25.09383
## 22 180 3600 8.66271 -25.06390
## 23 189 3800 9.22286 -25.03474
## 24 185 3950 8.43423 -25.22664
## 25 180 3800 9.63954 -25.29856
## 26 187 3800 9.21292 -24.36130
## 27 183 3550 8.93997 -25.36288
## 28 187 3200 8.08138 -25.49448
## 29 172 3150 8.38404 -25.19837
## 30 180 3950 8.90027 -25.11609
## 31 178 3250 9.69756 -25.11223
## 32 178 3900 9.72764 -25.01020
## 33 188 3300 9.66523 -25.06020
## 34 184 3900 8.79665 -25.14591
## 35 195 3325 9.17847 -25.23061
## 36 196 4150 9.15308 -25.03469
## 37 190 3950 9.18985 -25.12255
## 38 180 3550 8.04787 -25.49523
## 39 181 3300 9.41131 -25.04169
## 41 182 3150 9.68933 -24.42280
## 43 186 3100 9.50772 -25.03492
## 44 196 4400 9.23720 -24.52698
## 45 185 3000 9.36392 -25.01745
## 46 190 4600 9.49106 -24.10255
## 49 190 3450 9.51784 -25.07683
## 50 191 4150 8.87988 -25.18543
## 51 186 3500 8.46616 -26.12989
## 52 188 4300 8.51362 -26.55602
## 53 190 3450 8.19539 -26.17213
## 54 200 4050 8.48095 -26.31460
## 55 187 2900 8.41837 -26.54718
## 56 191 3700 8.35396 -26.27853
## 57 186 3550 8.57199 -26.07188
## 58 193 3800 8.56674 -25.98843
## 59 181 2850 9.07878 -25.88156
## 60 194 3750 9.10800 -25.89677
## 61 185 3150 8.96472 -26.40943
## 62 195 4400 8.74802 -26.37809
## 63 185 3600 8.58063 -26.21569
## 64 192 4050 8.62264 -26.60023
## 65 184 2850 8.62623 -26.11650
## 66 192 3950 8.85562 -26.09294
## 67 195 3350 8.56192 -25.95541
## 68 188 4100 8.71078 -25.81012
## 69 190 3050 8.47781 -26.07821
## 70 198 4450 8.86853 -26.06209
## 71 190 3600 7.88863 -26.63085
## 72 190 3900 9.29808 -25.23453
## 73 196 3550 8.33524 -26.55351
## 74 197 4150 8.18658 -26.45978
## 75 190 3700 8.70642 -26.15003
## 76 195 4250 8.29930 -26.38986
## 77 191 3700 8.47257 -26.02002
## 78 184 3900 8.35540 -26.44787
## 79 187 3550 7.82381 -26.51382
## 80 195 4000 9.05736 -25.81513
## 81 189 3200 7.69778 -26.53870
## 82 196 4700 8.63259 -26.23027
## 83 187 3800 7.88494 -26.24837
## 84 193 4200 8.90002 -26.46254
## 85 191 3350 8.32718 -26.38396
## 86 194 3550 9.14863 -26.09635
## 87 190 3800 8.57087 -26.22227
## 88 189 3500 8.59147 -26.08165
## 89 189 3950 9.07826 -26.12417
## 90 190 3600 8.36936 -26.11199
## 91 202 3550 8.46531 -26.05621
## 92 205 4300 8.77018 -25.83352
## 93 185 3400 8.01485 -26.69543
## 94 186 4450 8.49915 -26.42406
## 95 187 3300 8.90723 -26.30037
## 96 208 4300 8.48204 -26.57941
## 97 190 3700 8.10277 -26.50086
## 98 196 4350 8.39459 -26.01152
## 99 178 2900 9.04218 -26.15775
## 100 192 4100 8.97025 -26.03679
## 101 192 3725 8.84451 -26.28055
## 102 203 4725 9.01079 -26.38085
## 103 183 3075 9.21510 -26.22530
## 104 190 4250 9.51929 -25.69199
## 105 193 2925 9.02642 -25.86482
## 106 184 3550 8.85699 -25.80208
## 107 199 3750 8.77322 -26.48973
## 108 190 3900 9.59245 -25.70711
## 109 181 3175 9.79532 -25.27385
## 110 197 4775 9.31735 -25.45171
## 111 198 3825 8.43951 -26.57563
## 112 191 4600 8.65466 -26.32909
## 113 193 3200 9.02657 -26.06203
## 114 197 4275 8.80186 -26.41218
## 115 191 3900 8.80967 -26.78958
## 116 196 4075 8.91434 -26.42018
## 117 188 2900 9.18021 -25.77264
## 118 199 3775 9.49645 -26.36678
## 119 189 3350 8.96436 -23.90309
## 120 189 3325 9.32277 -26.09989
## 121 187 3150 9.04296 -26.19444
## 122 198 3500 9.11066 -26.42563
## 123 176 3450 9.30722 -25.61039
## 124 202 3875 9.59462 -25.42621
## 125 186 3050 8.81668 -25.95399
## 126 199 4000 9.22537 -25.60826
## 127 191 3275 8.88098 -25.89741
## 128 195 4300 8.52566 -26.02450
## 129 191 3050 9.19031 -25.73722
## 130 210 4000 9.10702 -26.01363
## 131 190 3325 8.98460 -25.57956
## 132 197 3500 8.86495 -26.13960
## 133 193 3500 8.98705 -25.57647
## 134 199 4475 8.56708 -26.49288
## 135 187 3425 8.71700 -25.77951
## 136 190 3900 8.94365 -26.06943
## 137 191 3175 8.75984 -25.97696
## 138 200 3975 8.95998 -26.32601
## 139 185 3400 8.61651 -26.07021
## 140 193 4250 9.25769 -25.88798
## 141 193 3400 9.28810 -25.54976
## 142 187 3475 9.23408 -26.01549
## 143 188 3050 8.79787 -26.61075
## 144 190 3725 9.05674 -25.79529
## 145 192 3000 9.06829 -25.85203
## 146 185 3650 9.22033 -26.03442
## 147 190 4250 9.11006 -25.79549
## 148 184 3475 8.68744 -25.83060
## 149 195 3450 8.94332 -25.79189
## 150 193 3750 8.97533 -26.03495
## 151 187 3700 8.93465 -26.07081
## 152 201 4000 8.89640 -26.06967
## 153 211 4500 7.99300 -25.51390
## 154 230 5700 8.14756 -25.39369
## 155 210 4450 8.14705 -25.46172
## 156 218 5700 8.25540 -25.40075
## 157 215 5400 8.23450 -25.54456
## 158 210 4550 7.99530 -25.32829
## 159 211 4800 8.24515 -25.46782
## 160 219 5200 8.22673 -25.42760
## 161 209 4400 8.13643 -25.32176
## 162 215 5150 8.16310 -25.38017
## 163 214 4650 8.19579 -25.39330
## 164 216 5550 8.10417 -25.50562
## 165 214 4650 7.77672 -25.41680
## 166 213 5850 7.82080 -25.48025
## 167 210 4200 7.79958 -25.62618
## 168 217 5850 8.07137 -25.52473
## 169 210 4150 7.63884 -25.52627
## 170 221 6300 8.27376 -25.00169
## 171 209 4800 7.84057 -25.37899
## 172 222 5350 7.96491 -25.39587
## 173 218 5700 7.89620 -25.37746
## 174 215 5000 7.63220 -25.46569
## 175 213 4400 7.90436 -25.39470
## 176 215 5050 7.90971 -25.38157
## 177 215 5000 7.68528 -25.39181
## 178 215 5100 7.83733 -25.42826
## 179 216 4100 7.96621 -25.69327
## 180 215 5650 7.92358 -25.48383
## 181 210 4600 7.68870 -25.50811
## 182 220 5550 8.30515 -25.19017
## 184 209 4700 7.63452 -25.46327
## 185 207 5050 7.97408 -25.53768
## 186 230 6050 7.76843 -25.68210
## 187 220 5150 7.89744 -26.63405
## 188 220 5400 8.03659 -26.86127
## 189 213 4950 7.96935 -26.70968
## 190 219 5250 8.13746 -26.79093
## 191 208 4350 8.01979 -26.68311
## 192 208 5350 8.14776 -26.84506
## 193 208 3950 8.14567 -26.59467
## 194 225 5700 8.38324 -26.84272
## 195 210 4300 8.37615 -26.72791
## 196 216 4750 8.26548 -26.76990
## 197 222 5550 8.46894 -26.60436
## 198 217 4900 8.27141 -26.77650
## 199 210 4200 8.47829 -26.61788
## 200 225 5400 8.65803 -26.57585
## 201 213 5100 8.45167 -26.89644
## 202 215 5300 8.55868 -26.67799
## 203 210 4850 8.38289 -26.86352
## 204 220 5300 8.39867 -26.79358
## 205 210 4400 8.51951 -27.01854
## 206 225 5000 8.50153 -26.61414
## 207 217 4900 8.48789 -26.83006
## 208 220 5050 8.63488 -26.75621
## 209 208 4300 8.58319 -26.84415
## 210 220 5000 8.63604 -26.74890
## 211 208 4450 8.48367 -26.86485
## 212 224 5550 8.74647 -26.79846
## 213 208 4200 8.65015 -26.79053
## 214 221 5300 8.60092 -26.84374
## 215 214 4400 8.62870 -26.60484
## 216 231 5650 8.49662 -26.84166
## 217 219 4700 8.60447 -26.61601
## 218 230 5700 8.47067 -26.69166
## 219 214 4650 8.24253 -26.81540
## 220 229 5800 8.49854 -26.74809
## 221 220 4700 8.64931 -26.68867
## 222 223 5550 8.63551 -26.74249
## 223 216 4750 8.53018 -26.72751
## 224 221 5000 8.35078 -26.70783
## 225 221 5100 8.24651 -26.66958
## 226 217 5200 8.58487 -26.59290
## 227 216 4700 8.47938 -26.95470
## 228 230 5800 8.59640 -26.71199
## 229 209 4600 8.39299 -26.78733
## 230 220 6000 8.40327 -26.76821
## 231 215 4750 8.24694 -26.65359
## 232 223 5950 8.19749 -26.65931
## 233 212 4625 8.35802 -26.27660
## 234 221 5450 8.28601 -26.27573
## 235 212 4725 8.19101 -26.24369
## 236 224 5350 8.20042 -26.39677
## 237 212 4750 8.11238 -26.20372
## 238 228 5600 8.27428 -26.30019
## 239 218 4600 8.23468 -26.18599
## 240 218 5300 8.15426 -26.34330
## 241 212 4875 8.12691 -26.23613
## 242 230 5550 8.27595 -26.11657
## 243 218 4950 8.29671 -26.08547
## 244 228 5400 8.36701 -25.89834
## 245 212 4750 8.15566 -26.22848
## 246 224 5650 8.83352 -25.69195
## 247 214 4850 8.20106 -26.16524
## 248 226 5200 8.27102 -26.11244
## 249 216 4925 8.03624 -26.06594
## 250 222 4875 7.88810 -26.04726
## 251 203 4625 8.16582 -26.13971
## 252 225 5250 8.20660 -26.36863
## 253 219 4850 8.10231 -26.18763
## 254 228 5600 8.31180 -26.35425
## 255 215 4975 8.30817 -26.21651
## 256 228 5500 8.65914 -25.79203
## 257 216 4725 8.25818 -26.23886
## 258 215 5500 8.32359 -26.05756
## 259 210 4700 8.12311 -26.44815
## 260 219 5500 8.41017 -26.33867
## 261 208 4575 8.42070 -26.38092
## 262 209 5500 8.45738 -26.22664
## 263 216 5000 8.24691 -26.18466
## 264 229 5950 8.29226 -26.21019
## 265 213 4650 8.21634 -26.11046
## 266 230 5500 8.78557 -25.76147
## 267 217 4375 8.30231 -25.96013
## 268 230 5850 8.08354 -26.18161
## 269 217 4875 8.04111 -26.18444
## 270 222 6000 8.33825 -25.88547
## 271 214 4925 7.99184 -26.20538
## 273 215 4850 8.41151 -26.13832
## 274 222 5750 8.30166 -26.04117
## 275 212 5200 8.24246 -26.11969
## 276 213 5400 8.36390 -26.15531
## 277 192 3500 9.03935 -24.30229
## 278 196 3900 8.92069 -24.23592
## 279 193 3650 9.29078 -24.75570
## 280 188 3525 8.64701 -24.62717
## 281 197 3725 9.00642 -24.61867
## 282 198 3950 8.88942 -24.49433
## 283 178 3250 8.85664 -24.55644
## 284 197 3750 8.63701 -24.84059
## 285 195 4150 8.47173 -24.29229
## 286 198 3700 8.79581 -24.36088
## 287 193 3800 8.95063 -24.59897
## 288 194 3775 8.68747 -24.38751
## 289 185 3700 8.72037 -24.80526
## 290 201 4050 9.02330 -24.38933
## 291 190 3575 9.12277 -24.90024
## 292 201 4050 9.80590 -24.72940
## 293 197 3300 10.02019 -24.54704
## 294 181 3700 9.14382 -24.57994
## 295 190 3450 9.32105 -24.64162
## 296 195 4400 9.27158 -24.64335
## 297 181 3600 9.35138 -24.68790
## 298 191 3400 9.42666 -24.26375
## 299 187 2900 9.35416 -25.01185
## 300 193 3800 9.28153 -24.97134
## 301 195 3300 9.74144 -24.59467
## 302 197 4150 9.36799 -24.47142
## 303 200 3400 8.93990 -23.89017
## 304 200 3800 9.63074 -24.34684
## 305 191 3700 9.37369 -24.52896
## 306 205 4550 9.25177 -24.69638
## 307 187 3200 9.08458 -24.54903
## 308 201 4300 9.49283 -24.59996
## 309 187 3350 9.36668 -24.45195
## 310 203 4100 9.23196 -24.17282
## 311 195 3600 9.75486 -24.31198
## 312 199 3900 9.07825 -25.14550
## 313 195 3850 8.83502 -24.65859
## 314 210 4800 9.43146 -24.68440
## 315 192 2700 9.80589 -24.73735
## 316 205 4500 10.02544 -24.90816
## 317 210 3950 9.53262 -24.66867
## 318 187 3650 9.61734 -24.66188
## 319 196 3550 10.02372 -24.86594
## 320 196 3500 9.36493 -24.66259
## 321 196 3675 9.43684 -24.16566
## 322 201 4450 9.45827 -24.35575
## 323 190 3400 9.46819 -24.45721
## 324 212 4300 9.34089 -24.45189
## 325 187 3250 9.68950 -24.43062
## 326 198 3675 9.32169 -24.41562
## 327 199 3325 9.46929 -24.48403
## 328 201 3950 9.43782 -24.36202
## 329 193 3600 9.41500 -24.80500
## 330 203 4050 9.93727 -24.59066
## 331 187 3350 9.56534 -24.60882
## 332 197 3450 9.77528 -24.56481
## 333 191 3250 9.62357 -24.78984
## 334 203 4050 9.88809 -24.59513
## 335 202 3800 9.74492 -24.40400
## 336 194 3525 9.46985 -24.65786
## 338 189 3650 9.65061 -24.48153
## 339 195 3650 9.26715 -24.31912
## 340 207 4000 9.70465 -24.53494
## 341 202 3400 9.37608 -24.40753
## 342 193 3775 9.46180 -24.70615
## 343 210 4100 9.98044 -24.68741
## 344 198 3775 9.39305 -24.25255# species labels
species <- penguins_noNA$SpeciesPCA on data w/ no NAs
Data almost always scaled
# what does -1 do?
penguins_noNA_scale <- scale(penguins_noNA[,-1])In true R fashion, there are 3 major ways to do PCA
- prcomp()
- princomp()
- vegan::rda()
Make PCA
penguin_pca <- vegan::rda(penguins_noNA_scale)Plot PCA
biplot(penguin_pca,
display = c("sites",
"species"),
type = c("text",
"points"))
ordihull(penguin_pca,
group = factor(species))
Scree plots help you know how many PCs need to be plotted
- Scree plots help you if a 3rd or higher PC is useful
- Scree plot use is more of an art than science
- This class: If PC3 is very close to PC2 on scree plot, it may be worthwhile to look at PC3
- If PC3 is much lower than PC2, then a scatterplot / biplot of just the PC1 and PC2 is sufficient to represent data (e.g. show any separate groups)
# TASK: use function screeplot()
screeplot(penguin_pca)
NAs and the curse of dimensionality
- “curse of dimensionality” - suite of issues that arise with many features
- “more data, more problems”
- As you collect more features of data, it more likely that something will be missing for some samples
- High dimensional data often has more features than samples (more columns than rows)
- e.g 1000 genomes project: 1000 people = 1000 rows; but 640,000 SNPs!
- Eventually, ever row of data (sample) will end up with at least 1 or more missing values when you have 1000s of features
- na.omit() does row-wise deletion - have an NA, remove row
- with high-dim data, you end up with no data!
Imputation
- fill in data for missing values
Mean imputation
Simple solution - swap mean for a feature whenever there is NA
- is.na() returns TRUE/FALSE if an NA is present
- Several ways to work with this
- Easiest to understand: which(is.na(df$column) == TRUE )
Find the NAs
# TASK
# run is.na() to see
# TRUE/FALSE , what is an NA
is.na(penguins2$dietC)## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
## [13] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [25] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [37] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE
## [49] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [61] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [73] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [85] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [97] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [109] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [121] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [133] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [145] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [157] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [169] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [181] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [193] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [205] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [217] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [229] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [241] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [253] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [265] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [277] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [289] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [301] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [313] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [325] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [337] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE# which() returns index value
# TASK: use which() to determine which value = 9.46180
which(penguins2$dietC == 9.46180)## integer(0)# save index
i.datapoint <- which(penguins2$dietC == 9.46180)
# look at value
# TASK: add the vector containing the index
penguins2$dietC[i.datapoint]## numeric(0)# Indices of missing values
# TASK: call which() to get the indices
which(is.na(penguins2$dietC) == TRUE)## [1] 1 4 9 12 13 14 16 40 42 47 48 183 272# save indices
i.NA <- which(is.na(penguins2$dietC) == TRUE)
# look at NAs
# TASK: add the vector containing the indices of the NAs
penguins2$dietC[i.datapoint]## numeric(0)Fill in NAs with mean
# calculate mean
mean_C <- mean(penguins2$dietC, na.rm = T)
mean_C## [1] -25.68629# Assign mean to NAs
penguins2$dietC[i.NA] <- mean_C
# Look at results
## TASK - add index to look at data
penguins2$dietC[i.datapoint] ## numeric(0)Random imputation - parametric imputation
- Some more complex method integrate random variation into imputation
- We’ll look at a very basic first step of these approaches
Look at data
# raw data
## TASK - make histogram with gghistogram
## add mean with add = "mean
gghistogram(data = penguins2,
x = "dietC",
add = "mean")## Warning: Using `bins = 30` by default. Pick better value with the argument
## `bins`.## Warning: geom_vline(): Ignoring `mapping` because `xintercept` was provided.## Warning: geom_vline(): Ignoring `data` because `xintercept` was provided.
# with density smoother
## TASK - make histogram with gghistogram
## add mean with add = "mean
## add density smoother to show shape
gghistogram(data = penguins2,
x = "dietC",
add = "mean",
add_density = TRUE)## Warning: Using `bins = 30` by default. Pick better value with the argument
## `bins`.## Warning: geom_vline(): Ignoring `mapping` because `xintercept` was provided.## Warning: geom_vline(): Ignoring `data` because `xintercept` was provided.
Simulate data from estimated distribution of data
the bell-curve of the normal distribution is described by 2 parameters
- mean
- sd
# parameters
## parameter 1 - mean
mean_C <- mean(penguins2$dietC, na.rm = T)
## parameter 2 - SD
sd_C <- sd(penguins2$dietC, na.rm = T)
#simulate 1 random value w/ parameters
# TASK: simulate 1 value with rnorm()
rnorm(n = 1, # number to simulate
mean = mean_C, # parameter 1
sd = sd_C) # parameter 2## [1] -25.79884# simulate 2 random values w/ parameters
# TASK: simulate 2 values with rnorm()
rnorm(n = 2, mean = mean_C, sd = sd_C)## [1] -25.30430 -25.41619# simulate 3 random values
# TASK: simulate 3 value2 with rnorm()
rnorm(n = 3, mean = mean_C, sd = sd_C)## [1] -25.92981 -24.88942 -25.56801# how many NAs in C
# Indices of missing values
## TASK: use which() to find where the NAs are
which(is.na(penguins2$dietC) == TRUE)## integer(0)# save indices of NAs
i.C.NA <- which(is.na(penguins2$dietC) == TRUE)
# save a copy (for later)
i.C.NAcopy <- i.C.NA
# which values are NOT NA?
## (we'll need this later)
i.C.notNA <- which(is.na(penguins2$dietC) == FALSE) # == FALSE
# check data
# TASK: look where the NAs are using the index
penguins2$dietC[i.datapoint]## numeric(0)# how many total NAs?
# TASK: add the index
length(i.datapoint)## [1] 0# save number of NAs
N.C.NA <- length(i.C.NA)
# simulate N random values
C.random.param <- rnorm(n = N.C.NA, # number to simulate
mean = mean_C,
sd = sd_C)
# assign random data to missing values
penguins2$dietC[i.C.NA] <- C.random.param
# Look at results
# TASK: use index to look at simulated values
penguins2$dietC[i.datapoint]## numeric(0)Random imputation - non-parametric imputation
- Look at data - they aren’t very normal.
- Normal data would have a bell-shaped “density” smoother
# raw data
# TASK: make histogram
gghistogram(data = penguins2,
x = "dietC",
add = "mean")## Warning: Using `bins = 30` by default. Pick better value with the argument
## `bins`.## Warning: geom_vline(): Ignoring `mapping` because `xintercept` was provided.## Warning: geom_vline(): Ignoring `data` because `xintercept` was provided.
# with density smoother
# TASK: make histogram with density smoother
ggpubr::gghistogram(data = penguins2,
x = "dietC",
add = "mean",
add_density = TRUE)## Warning: Using `bins = 30` by default. Pick better value with the argument
## `bins`.## Warning: geom_vline(): Ignoring `mapping` because `xintercept` was provided.## Warning: geom_vline(): Ignoring `data` because `xintercept` was provided.
What are the locations where there were NOT NAs?
# Note - we already filled in the NAs
which(is.na(penguins2$dietC) == TRUE)## integer(0)# original locations of NAs
i.C.NAcopy## integer(0)length(i.C.NAcopy)## [1] 0length(i.C.notNA)## [1] 344nrow(penguins2)## [1] 344length(i.C.NAcopy) + length(i.C.notNA)## [1] 344Select random values from the observed data
dietC_not_NA <- penguins2$dietC[i.C.notNA]
# are there any NAs?
(dietC_not_NA)## [1] -25.68629 -24.69454 -25.33302 -25.68629 -25.32426 -25.29805 -25.21799
## [8] -24.89958 -25.68629 -25.09368 -25.21315 -25.68629 -25.68629 -25.68629
## [15] -25.22588 -25.68629 -25.06691 -25.13993 -25.23319 -24.77227 -25.09383
## [22] -25.06390 -25.03474 -25.22664 -25.29856 -24.36130 -25.36288 -25.49448
## [29] -25.19837 -25.11609 -25.11223 -25.01020 -25.06020 -25.14591 -25.23061
## [36] -25.03469 -25.12255 -25.49523 -25.04169 -25.68629 -24.42280 -25.68629
## [43] -25.03492 -24.52698 -25.01745 -24.10255 -25.68629 -25.68629 -25.07683
## [50] -25.18543 -26.12989 -26.55602 -26.17213 -26.31460 -26.54718 -26.27853
## [57] -26.07188 -25.98843 -25.88156 -25.89677 -26.40943 -26.37809 -26.21569
## [64] -26.60023 -26.11650 -26.09294 -25.95541 -25.81012 -26.07821 -26.06209
## [71] -26.63085 -25.23453 -26.55351 -26.45978 -26.15003 -26.38986 -26.02002
## [78] -26.44787 -26.51382 -25.81513 -26.53870 -26.23027 -26.24837 -26.46254
## [85] -26.38396 -26.09635 -26.22227 -26.08165 -26.12417 -26.11199 -26.05621
## [92] -25.83352 -26.69543 -26.42406 -26.30037 -26.57941 -26.50086 -26.01152
## [99] -26.15775 -26.03679 -26.28055 -26.38085 -26.22530 -25.69199 -25.86482
## [106] -25.80208 -26.48973 -25.70711 -25.27385 -25.45171 -26.57563 -26.32909
## [113] -26.06203 -26.41218 -26.78958 -26.42018 -25.77264 -26.36678 -23.90309
## [120] -26.09989 -26.19444 -26.42563 -25.61039 -25.42621 -25.95399 -25.60826
## [127] -25.89741 -26.02450 -25.73722 -26.01363 -25.57956 -26.13960 -25.57647
## [134] -26.49288 -25.77951 -26.06943 -25.97696 -26.32601 -26.07021 -25.88798
## [141] -25.54976 -26.01549 -26.61075 -25.79529 -25.85203 -26.03442 -25.79549
## [148] -25.83060 -25.79189 -26.03495 -26.07081 -26.06967 -25.51390 -25.39369
## [155] -25.46172 -25.40075 -25.54456 -25.32829 -25.46782 -25.42760 -25.32176
## [162] -25.38017 -25.39330 -25.50562 -25.41680 -25.48025 -25.62618 -25.52473
## [169] -25.52627 -25.00169 -25.37899 -25.39587 -25.37746 -25.46569 -25.39470
## [176] -25.38157 -25.39181 -25.42826 -25.69327 -25.48383 -25.50811 -25.19017
## [183] -25.68629 -25.46327 -25.53768 -25.68210 -26.63405 -26.86127 -26.70968
## [190] -26.79093 -26.68311 -26.84506 -26.59467 -26.84272 -26.72791 -26.76990
## [197] -26.60436 -26.77650 -26.61788 -26.57585 -26.89644 -26.67799 -26.86352
## [204] -26.79358 -27.01854 -26.61414 -26.83006 -26.75621 -26.84415 -26.74890
## [211] -26.86485 -26.79846 -26.79053 -26.84374 -26.60484 -26.84166 -26.61601
## [218] -26.69166 -26.81540 -26.74809 -26.68867 -26.74249 -26.72751 -26.70783
## [225] -26.66958 -26.59290 -26.95470 -26.71199 -26.78733 -26.76821 -26.65359
## [232] -26.65931 -26.27660 -26.27573 -26.24369 -26.39677 -26.20372 -26.30019
## [239] -26.18599 -26.34330 -26.23613 -26.11657 -26.08547 -25.89834 -26.22848
## [246] -25.69195 -26.16524 -26.11244 -26.06594 -26.04726 -26.13971 -26.36863
## [253] -26.18763 -26.35425 -26.21651 -25.79203 -26.23886 -26.05756 -26.44815
## [260] -26.33867 -26.38092 -26.22664 -26.18466 -26.21019 -26.11046 -25.76147
## [267] -25.96013 -26.18161 -26.18444 -25.88547 -26.20538 -25.68629 -26.13832
## [274] -26.04117 -26.11969 -26.15531 -24.30229 -24.23592 -24.75570 -24.62717
## [281] -24.61867 -24.49433 -24.55644 -24.84059 -24.29229 -24.36088 -24.59897
## [288] -24.38751 -24.80526 -24.38933 -24.90024 -24.72940 -24.54704 -24.57994
## [295] -24.64162 -24.64335 -24.68790 -24.26375 -25.01185 -24.97134 -24.59467
## [302] -24.47142 -23.89017 -24.34684 -24.52896 -24.69638 -24.54903 -24.59996
## [309] -24.45195 -24.17282 -24.31198 -25.14550 -24.65859 -24.68440 -24.73735
## [316] -24.90816 -24.66867 -24.66188 -24.86594 -24.66259 -24.16566 -24.35575
## [323] -24.45721 -24.45189 -24.43062 -24.41562 -24.48403 -24.36202 -24.80500
## [330] -24.59066 -24.60882 -24.56481 -24.78984 -24.59513 -24.40400 -24.65786
## [337] -23.78767 -24.48153 -24.31912 -24.53494 -24.40753 -24.70615 -24.68741
## [344] -24.25255# how many values am I working with?
(i.C.NAcopy)## integer(0)N.NAs.to.replace <- length(i.C.NAcopy)
# TASK
# pick 1 random value from the observed data
# using sample()
sample(x = dietC_not_NA,
size = ,
replace = T)## [1] -24.43062 -26.06203 -25.60826 -25.03492 -25.13993 -26.57563 -24.54903
## [8] -26.57941 -26.86352 -25.29856 -25.32829 -26.09294 -24.69454 -25.57956
## [15] -24.25255 -24.36202 -26.06209 -26.08547 -24.38933 -26.15003 -25.22588
## [22] -24.77227 -26.79846 -26.59467 -25.42760 -24.25255 -26.06203 -25.50811
## [29] -25.88798 -26.09989 -25.52627 -26.09989 -24.64335 -25.18543 -24.29229
## [36] -26.78733 -26.59467 -26.59290 -23.90309 -24.59513 -26.24369 -26.44787
## [43] -26.11244 -26.15775 -25.81513 -25.19017 -25.29805 -26.03679 -26.84506
## [50] -25.23061 -24.16566 -24.61867 -25.14550 -26.76990 -25.40075 -26.60436
## [57] -26.79358 -24.35575 -26.02450 -25.03469 -25.69327 -26.18599 -25.68629
## [64] -26.07188 -26.09989 -26.42406 -25.46172 -25.32176 -26.27853 -26.20372
## [71] -24.35575 -24.90024 -24.78984 -26.33867 -25.69327 -24.55644 -24.36088
## [78] -25.68629 -26.23027 -25.68629 -26.11244 -26.04117 -25.06020 -24.48153
## [85] -24.31198 -26.15775 -26.61414 -24.69454 -25.68629 -25.21315 -25.86482
## [92] -25.22588 -25.68210 -24.40753 -27.01854 -26.42018 -26.33867 -25.68629
## [99] -25.23453 -24.68790 -25.77951 -26.08165 -25.46782 -24.68790 -26.55351
## [106] -24.90816 -26.32909 -24.31198 -26.39677 -25.46569 -26.86485 -26.01549
## [113] -25.96013 -24.66188 -24.48403 -26.60484 -24.31198 -24.86594 -25.77264
## [120] -25.27385 -25.79203 -26.11199 -26.06203 -24.23592 -26.46254 -24.89958
## [127] -26.13971 -26.32601 -26.55351 -24.97134 -26.07081 -26.37809 -25.11609
## [134] -26.44787 -26.72791 -25.80208 -24.26375 -26.84166 -24.66188 -25.46782
## [141] -24.59467 -26.68311 -24.54704 -25.32829 -26.78733 -25.88798 -24.54903
## [148] -24.70615 -25.06020 -25.68629 -24.60882 -26.68311 -25.68210 -26.21569
## [155] -25.23319 -25.88798 -25.23061 -26.89644 -24.97134 -24.86594 -24.68790
## [162] -26.33867 -25.06020 -26.57941 -24.48403 -24.26375 -26.72751 -24.57994
## [169] -26.16524 -24.30229 -24.64335 -25.49448 -25.46569 -24.59996 -25.12255
## [176] -26.71199 -26.55602 -25.89677 -25.83060 -26.07021 -24.69638 -24.48403
## [183] -26.38986 -25.21799 -26.27660 -25.45171 -25.70711 -24.53494 -25.09383
## [190] -25.69327 -25.07683 -26.78733 -26.07021 -26.78733 -26.07021 -25.89677
## [197] -26.07021 -25.60826 -25.57647 -26.41218 -26.24369 -24.68790 -26.61788
## [204] -26.70968 -24.36202 -26.13971 -25.81513 -26.18763 -26.07821 -23.78767
## [211] -25.37899 -25.46327 -26.15531 -24.84059 -26.70968 -24.59467 -25.77264
## [218] -25.68629 -24.31912 -24.38933 -26.23886 -25.13993 -26.31460 -26.60436
## [225] -26.38092 -25.68629 -25.88156 -24.64335 -26.27660 -26.74890 -26.23613
## [232] -26.22227 -26.69543 -26.42406 -26.18466 -26.06594 -25.13993 -26.18599
## [239] -24.38751 -25.80208 -26.07081 -26.12417 -26.19444 -24.30229 -25.68629
## [246] -26.17213 -24.73735 -26.11657 -24.55644 -25.48383 -25.19017 -25.46327
## [253] -26.61601 -26.51382 -26.38396 -25.46327 -26.60023 -24.26375 -26.67799
## [260] -24.31198 -26.30019 -25.29856 -26.18444 -24.53494 -26.03442 -26.12417
## [267] -25.36288 -26.66958 -26.38092 -25.01745 -26.84506 -26.63405 -25.46172
## [274] -24.36130 -26.61075 -24.64162 -25.77264 -26.72751 -26.07188 -24.45189
## [281] -24.38933 -25.68629 -26.12417 -26.44815 -24.49433 -24.69638 -24.38933
## [288] -25.60826 -26.60436 -26.66958 -25.68629 -24.52698 -26.11969 -25.07683
## [295] -26.76821 -26.65359 -26.95470 -25.95541 -24.34684 -26.84166 -26.18466
## [302] -26.15775 -25.89834 -26.39677 -26.60436 -26.84415 -25.29805 -24.69638
## [309] -26.76821 -26.09294 -26.07081 -25.42621 -26.51382 -26.09635 -25.01020
## [316] -26.74249 -25.39181 -25.29805 -26.33867 -25.79189 -25.46782 -26.66958
## [323] -24.97134 -26.11650 -24.54903 -25.23319 -24.90816 -26.39677 -25.09383
## [330] -25.32829 -25.22664 -26.12417 -25.27385 -25.68629 -25.50811 -24.59897
## [337] -26.08165 -25.32176 -26.42406 -24.31198 -24.77227 -24.53494 -25.52473
## [344] -26.66958# TASK
# pick as many random values from the
# observed data as there are missing values
sample(x = dietC_not_NA,
size = ,
replace = T)## [1] -24.31912 -24.69454 -25.14591 -26.79093 -25.98843 -26.81540 -25.57956
## [8] -25.89834 -25.29805 -26.74890 -26.54718 -26.57563 -26.76821 -26.74249
## [15] -26.13832 -24.54903 -25.52473 -26.21569 -25.39330 -25.53768 -24.78984
## [22] -25.11609 -24.38933 -26.77650 -24.45721 -25.49523 -24.68741 -25.54456
## [29] -26.40943 -26.57941 -26.02002 -24.38933 -26.61414 -24.75570 -24.90024
## [36] -25.68629 -24.54704 -26.35425 -24.86594 -24.52896 -26.78958 -24.90816
## [43] -25.79549 -26.61075 -25.14591 -26.17213 -25.22664 -26.70968 -26.03495
## [50] -25.42621 -24.90816 -25.00169 -25.79549 -26.04117 -24.64335 -26.44787
## [57] -24.72940 -26.55602 -25.01745 -25.19017 -24.23592 -26.11657 -26.15775
## [64] -26.48973 -25.22664 -25.85203 -25.45171 -24.38933 -26.18466 -26.15775
## [71] -25.52473 -24.66867 -26.79093 -24.36088 -24.55644 -24.36088 -26.23613
## [78] -26.39677 -25.46172 -26.78733 -24.41562 -25.73722 -25.68629 -25.46569
## [85] -26.61601 -24.75570 -25.83352 -25.19017 -25.61039 -24.16566 -24.90024
## [92] -26.32909 -24.36202 -26.09635 -25.42760 -25.52627 -25.12255 -25.81012
## [99] -26.60484 -26.13960 -25.88798 -26.53870 -26.89644 -25.39470 -24.90816
## [106] -25.83352 -25.11609 -26.68311 -25.18543 -26.76990 -26.20372 -24.78984
## [113] -26.50086 -26.83006 -26.35425 -26.63405 -24.40753 -26.38092 -26.13832
## [120] -25.45171 -24.43062 -25.32829 -25.50811 -25.46569 -26.39677 -25.76147
## [127] -24.31912 -25.01020 -24.64162 -26.79846 -26.74249 -24.34684 -24.59996
## [134] -26.59467 -26.55602 -25.46782 -24.26375 -25.68629 -26.79093 -25.32426
## [141] -24.66867 -26.59290 -25.01185 -26.74809 -26.11244 -24.31198 -24.48153
## [148] -25.09383 -26.61414 -24.29229 -26.24837 -25.23319 -25.88156 -26.57585
## [155] -25.81513 -26.04117 -26.79358 -24.48403 -25.27385 -26.16524 -26.38085
## [162] -26.11046 -25.01745 -25.89677 -26.11650 -25.50811 -26.31460 -26.13971
## [169] -26.74809 -24.17282 -26.09635 -26.51382 -24.66867 -26.11199 -25.00169
## [176] -26.11650 -25.68629 -24.70615 -26.60023 -26.22664 -25.70711 -24.75570
## [183] -26.22664 -26.60023 -25.79549 -24.64162 -26.22848 -26.86127 -26.11657
## [190] -24.35575 -26.60484 -24.66188 -25.42621 -24.42280 -26.20372 -24.59513
## [197] -26.72751 -26.78733 -25.98843 -25.68629 -26.59290 -26.15003 -26.13832
## [204] -26.63405 -25.18543 -24.31198 -26.20372 -26.06203 -25.12255 -26.84272
## [211] -24.64162 -26.06943 -26.69166 -25.19017 -26.19444 -26.07821 -24.30229
## [218] -26.42018 -24.29229 -25.69327 -26.79053 -24.54903 -26.11244 -26.89644
## [225] -26.84166 -26.06967 -26.42018 -25.39369 -24.43062 -26.08547 -24.40753
## [232] -26.30037 -25.29856 -26.57585 -26.04117 -26.11969 -26.86127 -26.18444
## [239] -25.04169 -24.59513 -25.29856 -24.84059 -26.18763 -24.35575 -26.50086
## [246] -25.06390 -27.01854 -26.17213 -25.46569 -25.42621 -26.22530 -26.51382
## [253] -26.86352 -23.78767 -24.68790 -25.12255 -25.98843 -25.88547 -26.03442
## [260] -25.95399 -26.27660 -26.21569 -24.54903 -26.06967 -25.00169 -25.77264
## [267] -25.14591 -26.61601 -24.68741 -26.38396 -25.42826 -25.09368 -25.12255
## [274] -26.22227 -25.22588 -26.18599 -24.84059 -26.69166 -25.33302 -26.63085
## [281] -26.01363 -26.75621 -25.68629 -24.78984 -24.31198 -26.35425 -26.72751
## [288] -24.73735 -26.42406 -26.57585 -25.37899 -27.01854 -26.24837 -26.84166
## [295] -24.68790 -25.38157 -25.48025 -24.73735 -25.42826 -26.06203 -24.90816
## [302] -25.42826 -26.79846 -23.90309 -26.11199 -25.81012 -25.68629 -26.61075
## [309] -26.20538 -26.19444 -26.41218 -25.68629 -24.48153 -24.45721 -24.59513
## [316] -26.44815 -26.06594 -25.54976 -26.74809 -25.37746 -24.34684 -24.69454
## [323] -25.37746 -25.19837 -25.80208 -26.13960 -24.36130 -26.84374 -26.07081
## [330] -25.79529 -26.30037 -25.01185 -26.69543 -26.79358 -26.61414 -26.65931
## [337] -26.11969 -26.22664 -25.01185 -25.80208 -25.54456 -26.07081 -25.14591
## [344] -24.30229# Make vector of random values
C.random.nonparm <- sample(x = dietC_not_NA,
size = N.NAs.to.replace,
replace = T)
# assign random data to missing values
penguins2$dietC[i.C.NAcopy] <- C.random.nonparm
# check if there are any NAs
(penguins2$dietC)## [1] -25.68629 -24.69454 -25.33302 -25.68629 -25.32426 -25.29805 -25.21799
## [8] -24.89958 -25.68629 -25.09368 -25.21315 -25.68629 -25.68629 -25.68629
## [15] -25.22588 -25.68629 -25.06691 -25.13993 -25.23319 -24.77227 -25.09383
## [22] -25.06390 -25.03474 -25.22664 -25.29856 -24.36130 -25.36288 -25.49448
## [29] -25.19837 -25.11609 -25.11223 -25.01020 -25.06020 -25.14591 -25.23061
## [36] -25.03469 -25.12255 -25.49523 -25.04169 -25.68629 -24.42280 -25.68629
## [43] -25.03492 -24.52698 -25.01745 -24.10255 -25.68629 -25.68629 -25.07683
## [50] -25.18543 -26.12989 -26.55602 -26.17213 -26.31460 -26.54718 -26.27853
## [57] -26.07188 -25.98843 -25.88156 -25.89677 -26.40943 -26.37809 -26.21569
## [64] -26.60023 -26.11650 -26.09294 -25.95541 -25.81012 -26.07821 -26.06209
## [71] -26.63085 -25.23453 -26.55351 -26.45978 -26.15003 -26.38986 -26.02002
## [78] -26.44787 -26.51382 -25.81513 -26.53870 -26.23027 -26.24837 -26.46254
## [85] -26.38396 -26.09635 -26.22227 -26.08165 -26.12417 -26.11199 -26.05621
## [92] -25.83352 -26.69543 -26.42406 -26.30037 -26.57941 -26.50086 -26.01152
## [99] -26.15775 -26.03679 -26.28055 -26.38085 -26.22530 -25.69199 -25.86482
## [106] -25.80208 -26.48973 -25.70711 -25.27385 -25.45171 -26.57563 -26.32909
## [113] -26.06203 -26.41218 -26.78958 -26.42018 -25.77264 -26.36678 -23.90309
## [120] -26.09989 -26.19444 -26.42563 -25.61039 -25.42621 -25.95399 -25.60826
## [127] -25.89741 -26.02450 -25.73722 -26.01363 -25.57956 -26.13960 -25.57647
## [134] -26.49288 -25.77951 -26.06943 -25.97696 -26.32601 -26.07021 -25.88798
## [141] -25.54976 -26.01549 -26.61075 -25.79529 -25.85203 -26.03442 -25.79549
## [148] -25.83060 -25.79189 -26.03495 -26.07081 -26.06967 -25.51390 -25.39369
## [155] -25.46172 -25.40075 -25.54456 -25.32829 -25.46782 -25.42760 -25.32176
## [162] -25.38017 -25.39330 -25.50562 -25.41680 -25.48025 -25.62618 -25.52473
## [169] -25.52627 -25.00169 -25.37899 -25.39587 -25.37746 -25.46569 -25.39470
## [176] -25.38157 -25.39181 -25.42826 -25.69327 -25.48383 -25.50811 -25.19017
## [183] -25.68629 -25.46327 -25.53768 -25.68210 -26.63405 -26.86127 -26.70968
## [190] -26.79093 -26.68311 -26.84506 -26.59467 -26.84272 -26.72791 -26.76990
## [197] -26.60436 -26.77650 -26.61788 -26.57585 -26.89644 -26.67799 -26.86352
## [204] -26.79358 -27.01854 -26.61414 -26.83006 -26.75621 -26.84415 -26.74890
## [211] -26.86485 -26.79846 -26.79053 -26.84374 -26.60484 -26.84166 -26.61601
## [218] -26.69166 -26.81540 -26.74809 -26.68867 -26.74249 -26.72751 -26.70783
## [225] -26.66958 -26.59290 -26.95470 -26.71199 -26.78733 -26.76821 -26.65359
## [232] -26.65931 -26.27660 -26.27573 -26.24369 -26.39677 -26.20372 -26.30019
## [239] -26.18599 -26.34330 -26.23613 -26.11657 -26.08547 -25.89834 -26.22848
## [246] -25.69195 -26.16524 -26.11244 -26.06594 -26.04726 -26.13971 -26.36863
## [253] -26.18763 -26.35425 -26.21651 -25.79203 -26.23886 -26.05756 -26.44815
## [260] -26.33867 -26.38092 -26.22664 -26.18466 -26.21019 -26.11046 -25.76147
## [267] -25.96013 -26.18161 -26.18444 -25.88547 -26.20538 -25.68629 -26.13832
## [274] -26.04117 -26.11969 -26.15531 -24.30229 -24.23592 -24.75570 -24.62717
## [281] -24.61867 -24.49433 -24.55644 -24.84059 -24.29229 -24.36088 -24.59897
## [288] -24.38751 -24.80526 -24.38933 -24.90024 -24.72940 -24.54704 -24.57994
## [295] -24.64162 -24.64335 -24.68790 -24.26375 -25.01185 -24.97134 -24.59467
## [302] -24.47142 -23.89017 -24.34684 -24.52896 -24.69638 -24.54903 -24.59996
## [309] -24.45195 -24.17282 -24.31198 -25.14550 -24.65859 -24.68440 -24.73735
## [316] -24.90816 -24.66867 -24.66188 -24.86594 -24.66259 -24.16566 -24.35575
## [323] -24.45721 -24.45189 -24.43062 -24.41562 -24.48403 -24.36202 -24.80500
## [330] -24.59066 -24.60882 -24.56481 -24.78984 -24.59513 -24.40400 -24.65786
## [337] -23.78767 -24.48153 -24.31912 -24.53494 -24.40753 -24.70615 -24.68741
## [344] -24.25255Regression imputation
Some variables are correlated with each other. How can we use this information to do better missing data prediction?
Pairs plot with smoother
# TASK - make pairs plot
#add pairs() and fix any errors in the codeCorrelations
# TASK - calculate correlations
cor(penguins2$mass,
penguins2$flipper_length,
use = "complete.obs")## [1] 0.8712018cor(penguins2$mass,
penguins2$bill_length,
use = "complete.obs")## [1] 0.5951098Regression line
ggpubr::ggscatter
Note - ggpubr does a fair bit of rounding
#TASK - make scatterplot
# note "+" sign - this is ggplot2 syntax (good exam question)
ggscatter(data = penguins2,
y = "flipper_length",
x = "mass",
add = "reg.line",
xlab = "Known values = mass",
ylab = "Want to predict = flipper length",
cor.coef = F) +
stat_regline_equation(label.y.npc = "top")## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (stat_smooth).## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (stat_regline_equation).## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_point).
lm()
# TASK
# make lm model with lm()
lm_out <- lm(flipper_length ~ mass,
data = penguins2)
# TASK use coef() to
# get coefficients/ parameters for equation
coef(lm_out)## (Intercept) mass
## 136.72955927 0.01527592Equation:
intercept = 136.72955927 slope = 0.01527592
mass = intercept + slope X mass mass = + X mass
If mass of penguin with unknown flipper length = 5000 grams, what is predicted flipper
136.72955927 + 0.01527592 * 5000## [1] 213.1092Make scatterplot and visualize prediction with horiz and vert lines
Note ggplot2 “+” syntax
# TASK - make scatterplot
ggscatter(data = penguins2,
y = "flipper_length",
x = "mass",
add = "reg.line",
xlab = "Known values = mass",
ylab = "Want to predict = flipper length",
cor.coef = F) +
stat_regline_equation(label.y.npc = "top") +
geom_vline(xintercept = 5000) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 136.72 + 0.0153 * 5000)## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (stat_smooth).## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (stat_regline_equation).## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_point).