library(ggplot2)
library(ISLR)
## Warning: 패키지 'ISLR'는 R 버전 4.2.2에서 작성되었습니다
data(Wage)
library(dplyr)
##
## 다음의 패키지를 부착합니다: 'dplyr'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
glimpse(Wage)
## Rows: 3,000
## Columns: 11
## $ year <int> 2006, 2004, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2008, 2006, 2004,…
## $ age <int> 18, 24, 45, 43, 50, 54, 44, 30, 41, 52, 45, 34, 35, 39, 54,…
## $ maritl <fct> 1. Never Married, 1. Never Married, 2. Married, 2. Married,…
## $ race <fct> 1. White, 1. White, 1. White, 3. Asian, 1. White, 1. White,…
## $ education <fct> 1. < HS Grad, 4. College Grad, 3. Some College, 4. College …
## $ region <fct> 2. Middle Atlantic, 2. Middle Atlantic, 2. Middle Atlantic,…
## $ jobclass <fct> 1. Industrial, 2. Information, 1. Industrial, 2. Informatio…
## $ health <fct> 1. <=Good, 2. >=Very Good, 1. <=Good, 2. >=Very Good, 1. <=…
## $ health_ins <fct> 2. No, 2. No, 1. Yes, 1. Yes, 1. Yes, 1. Yes, 1. Yes, 1. Ye…
## $ logwage <dbl> 4.318063, 4.255273, 4.875061, 5.041393, 4.318063, 4.845098,…
## $ wage <dbl> 75.04315, 70.47602, 130.98218, 154.68529, 75.04315, 127.115…
dim(Wage)
## [1] 3000 11
colnames(Wage)
## [1] "year" "age" "maritl" "race" "education"
## [6] "region" "jobclass" "health" "health_ins" "logwage"
## [11] "wage"
row.names(Wage)
## [1] "231655" "86582" "161300" "155159" "11443" "376662" "450601" "377954"
## [9] "228963" "81404" "302778" "305706" "8690" "153561" "449654" "447660"
## [17] "160191" "230312" "301585" "153682" "158226" "11141" "448410" "305116"
## [25] "233002" "8684" "229379" "86064" "378472" "157244" "82694" "7690"
## [33] "377879" "9747" "233301" "157123" "230823" "80406" "228851" "153810"
## [41] "81383" "303642" "87492" "8692" "86929" "380872" "449480" "305136"
## [49] "227963" "232863" "8621" "379668" "84595" "154634" "450864" "84377"
## [57] "234086" "154482" "85916" "161065" "12003" "228071" "13479" "81494"
## [65] "159076" "159207" "447501" "153767" "81071" "376442" "87299" "228621"
## [73] "232494" "228400" "451860" "157058" "159583" "233759" "159224" "374859"
## [81] "11710" "86298" "453021" "161431" "305888" "232199" "86568" "447500"
## [89] "452506" "450908" "82573" "159196" "156110" "14148" "232000" "453486"
## [97] "156065" "229079" "450905" "10660" "449456" "374660" "87463" "9273"
## [105] "377517" "231592" "303825" "156310" "303376" "230586" "450109" "379991"
## [113] "87291" "228517" "160971" "307464" "449246" "233043" "377184" "8033"
## [121] "233687" "447751" "230398" "378429" "447412" "13924" "87630" "84600"
## [129] "451987" "160246" "307755" "375007" "303430" "379330" "8339" "83190"
## [137] "452580" "302701" "83222" "159871" "82108" "229714" "159048" "302868"
## [145] "10499" "84127" "11661" "86282" "305327" "81655" "303953" "374752"
## [153] "159109" "159285" "159909" "378138" "9786" "86191" "154759" "12122"
## [161] "306309" "377137" "375944" "304068" "156557" "306779" "161021" "85966"
## [169] "453692" "233313" "9681" "379875" "305250" "84642" "451306" "228212"
## [177] "157989" "88028" "155697" "234523" "233149" "13626" "234640" "453255"
## [185] "154195" "232628" "85539" "377464" "230582" "9573" "84164" "11880"
## [193] "85545" "153581" "232176" "450900" "377900" "232371" "12056" "84397"
## [201] "233497" "228458" "230993" "153269" "305585" "302536" "307024" "233435"
## [209] "12288" "303912" "14404" "233441" "377452" "449474" "381113" "156406"
## [217] "378714" "376309" "451901" "450725" "375024" "159821" "229865" "83880"
## [225] "9965" "157250" "453371" "228243" "307645" "156420" "160039" "233379"
## [233] "231082" "301920" "80687" "450566" "86450" "234600" "307663" "303900"
## [241] "453852" "230477" "227901" "86826" "8653" "305209" "81173" "451854"
## [249] "228591" "302140" "153731" "228955" "9621" "305165" "378023" "82989"
## [257] "82023" "374706" "379611" "452592" "305871" "157388" "448936" "377039"
## [265] "82375" "449852" "301195" "228628" "85756" "160269" "301711" "304988"
## [273] "156809" "14133" "306552" "377157" "82901" "159765" "229546" "9730"
## [281] "158570" "83618" "379620" "449489" "447879" "10076" "84867" "14063"
## [289] "12822" "302239" "84949" "11129" "450963" "154245" "231844" "87485"
## [297] "306574" "154477" "13319" "452710" "156407" "153297" "13996" "80386"
## [305] "12586" "234325" "305437" "231481" "83198" "231026" "303072" "305362"
## [313] "447780" "87269" "307318" "302976" "302515" "14041" "228348" "381272"
## [321] "87402" "451721" "8318" "447992" "377619" "153764" "158574" "374992"
## [329] "155488" "8969" "86280" "451302" "448525" "381232" "304500" "156397"
## [337] "9066" "82172" "375305" "13745" "87094" "87118" "11498" "87260"
## [345] "303688" "304050" "378178" "302298" "157594" "10835" "81344" "449687"
## [353] "7980" "449444" "10723" "154638" "85115" "232201" "452906" "301654"
## [361] "307056" "161096" "87060" "12303" "229331" "159410" "154322" "378567"
## [369] "450843" "85580" "303657" "231767" "82755" "84630" "154919" "83800"
## [377] "375159" "452406" "375122" "87199" "82912" "379794" "307692" "7744"
## [385] "85617" "82419" "158170" "10787" "86679" "379950" "380366" "377229"
## [393] "14381" "380704" "154336" "303935" "449322" "447585" "154099" "83458"
## [401] "228692" "10081" "86122" "452287" "82373" "448894" "81495" "155436"
## [409] "231274" "158044" "153953" "450724" "160958" "376843" "229069" "9667"
## [417] "450052" "448988" "82603" "7878" "14321" "8396" "447417" "87860"
## [425] "232031" "378256" "155519" "304018" "9841" "448723" "233955" "8039"
## [433] "448678" "306092" "153618" "157194" "306995" "304167" "12086" "12979"
## [441] "451080" "85699" "81085" "228178" "12945" "450263" "301266" "157405"
## [449] "161083" "8459" "451331" "305396" "451170" "306067" "303214" "452388"
## [457] "302942" "11666" "378911" "82114" "7969" "379907" "232187" "379987"
## [465] "448271" "378868" "11319" "155212" "160678" "86604" "227990" "8348"
## [473] "156680" "158692" "231182" "306711" "12734" "229031" "449980" "160714"
## [481] "302861" "230508" "12537" "450603" "86119" "448869" "451086" "154643"
## [489] "304493" "303813" "376113" "86394" "301315" "232504" "10753" "157040"
## [497] "305092" "12728" "447357" "159513" "161380" "14457" "158761" "154582"
## [505] "158274" "378307" "9863" "155729" "87848" "305240" "159441" "80586"
## [513] "83515" "231410" "81995" "232366" "229698" "449667" "81457" "83804"
## [521] "154652" "159717" "302069" "13267" "8550" "449709" "157793" "302529"
## [529] "157309" "451256" "159735" "85268" "453542" "158301" "307764" "231800"
## [537] "12439" "7412" "86091" "159115" "10935" "447841" "234010" "453198"
## [545] "376184" "160130" "306716" "304809" "11522" "306077" "301911" "155698"
## [553] "450165" "159956" "380945" "301907" "159358" "233565" "301859" "302193"
## [561] "161261" "451254" "305400" "233567" "380078" "80581" "87755" "13685"
## [569] "83327" "159834" "84809" "87700" "305809" "380902" "158812" "306821"
## [577] "231279" "12575" "232850" "379119" "81696" "378745" "304502" "80930"
## [585] "9157" "377201" "160496" "306557" "302928" "7880" "379439" "155174"
## [593] "80508" "81575" "231191" "232830" "85999" "450673" "447485" "453584"
## [601] "8016" "160160" "380311" "11315" "232256" "80679" "229791" "450800"
## [609] "230173" "228889" "7978" "374363" "380398" "452862" "228899" "232593"
## [617] "231255" "306356" "158824" "380061" "376529" "304383" "10445" "229647"
## [625] "377052" "380800" "450000" "233715" "304660" "233026" "80647" "87572"
## [633] "11809" "233001" "305553" "379752" "380738" "447577" "87038" "154076"
## [641] "374391" "449807" "307460" "449365" "378727" "156087" "12157" "301568"
## [649] "10832" "160170" "453712" "87395" "305387" "229944" "380031" "231476"
## [657] "154504" "231749" "377308" "8330" "154617" "87791" "230102" "157248"
## [665] "447647" "231197" "379516" "451555" "158257" "81725" "305274" "379947"
## [673] "84795" "83423" "301999" "305108" "375810" "153403" "154768" "302561"
## [681] "153724" "84494" "83214" "378589" "307823" "303202" "452445" "159137"
## [689] "451436" "232410" "307670" "159052" "155165" "13246" "158241" "379243"
## [697] "9196" "450568" "7781" "10997" "153426" "80273" "374547" "85217"
## [705] "377128" "158403" "228131" "452170" "154530" "81780" "378629" "305370"
## [713] "301646" "12249" "302635" "8793" "12032" "13257" "156095" "232674"
## [721] "378952" "304280" "376160" "86736" "305599" "9903" "13558" "378086"
## [729] "80963" "376772" "453319" "231608" "87803" "154604" "304641" "452853"
## [737] "85681" "452452" "8297" "233667" "377125" "380656" "374314" "306069"
## [745] "306727" "379612" "153785" "157154" "306904" "9761" "86702" "158105"
## [753] "379806" "449268" "83615" "378890" "230899" "9311" "7750" "302750"
## [761] "231066" "157343" "9952" "233281" "86503" "14172" "14341" "231725"
## [769] "377627" "375298" "84172" "154047" "375008" "86259" "230737" "378052"
## [777] "155909" "375457" "155588" "306550" "82560" "379734" "376576" "158927"
## [785] "374739" "83417" "14351" "159265" "157150" "451548" "302614" "453033"
## [793] "84994" "227948" "380920" "231461" "160102" "449353" "448411" "306810"
## [801] "155681" "10055" "233682" "157882" "302173" "231216" "9850" "161403"
## [809] "377645" "84260" "155985" "306353" "228023" "156832" "304488" "305737"
## [817] "303148" "302080" "447857" "233741" "85657" "379124" "157694" "83479"
## [825] "450888" "14252" "14421" "301908" "452061" "304906" "302424" "159404"
## [833] "231750" "305745" "376178" "450343" "160548" "302678" "302085" "159635"
## [841] "81174" "82948" "82251" "379828" "450063" "9535" "154111" "305404"
## [849] "85550" "447980" "14481" "85819" "450651" "82222" "12508" "377741"
## [857] "302139" "153833" "85624" "230790" "449764" "449202" "13741" "302523"
## [865] "81623" "13718" "10378" "161366" "9215" "157493" "302363" "11991"
## [873] "449684" "11238" "159751" "452407" "233537" "229847" "9864" "447299"
## [881] "231895" "230128" "12999" "160782" "379257" "161228" "232829" "234092"
## [889] "84421" "157953" "86497" "7737" "13471" "448820" "85643" "453480"
## [897] "85241" "156206" "84713" "155666" "83567" "449541" "448368" "377037"
## [905] "231115" "305375" "303226" "85015" "228219" "379558" "160043" "82149"
## [913] "156798" "9029" "157633" "9820" "448635" "81776" "86230" "84040"
## [921] "11619" "87714" "14549" "83620" "378744" "10047" "11784" "12453"
## [929] "378962" "230457" "447527" "154701" "453719" "153784" "160819" "380247"
## [937] "81823" "155141" "156716" "7546" "374359" "301939" "306511" "452755"
## [945] "8667" "450499" "156050" "160046" "87749" "8363" "234293" "448089"
## [953] "453187" "447835" "307486" "82464" "155315" "380158" "375387" "85776"
## [961] "229893" "229973" "13960" "234361" "301929" "306789" "230376" "380304"
## [969] "306501" "376743" "230371" "304137" "374823" "451590" "227916" "7993"
## [977] "159388" "304858" "230749" "86325" "154901" "81954" "451332" "379839"
## [985] "449978" "233080" "307530" "161327" "158949" "448811" "11623" "10265"
## [993] "379315" "230661" "81295" "305243" "228627" "13060" "375312" "156535"
## [1001] "304223" "307620" "85969" "13360" "11113" "305667" "234017" "12837"
## [1009] "302321" "81373" "160726" "452148" "229256" "306650" "452276" "302510"
## [1017] "81228" "228440" "228053" "10471" "231759" "155837" "302024" "301193"
## [1025] "158905" "453630" "303454" "228501" "304450" "378489" "86991" "153315"
## [1033] "231642" "234448" "80744" "374333" "304748" "232443" "451096" "82862"
## [1041] "380709" "376073" "301216" "233939" "451070" "449595" "158200" "9638"
## [1049] "157436" "452319" "302474" "230090" "306734" "234336" "8827" "8301"
## [1057] "85748" "376569" "378593" "158180" "82969" "228806" "380329" "304795"
## [1065] "14455" "304663" "87070" "380220" "12400" "303868" "7845" "234319"
## [1073] "233042" "233381" "157856" "82387" "301852" "82525" "449130" "84343"
## [1081] "452636" "233211" "233851" "12233" "12501" "153789" "87826" "8875"
## [1089] "229950" "85730" "377504" "13650" "155246" "227999" "157775" "453565"
## [1097] "8927" "380898" "85375" "153469" "83341" "8279" "307337" "13148"
## [1105] "84841" "85515" "86629" "231027" "157246" "13588" "376203" "83057"
## [1113] "230814" "305515" "307267" "88046" "302698" "232536" "158406" "452654"
## [1121] "155330" "307313" "159448" "155833" "307280" "7401" "11845" "307683"
## [1129] "8589" "375802" "305144" "453214" "8360" "377324" "302793" "154537"
## [1137] "232060" "83048" "376922" "87672" "234303" "374328" "158629" "231349"
## [1145] "377297" "230086" "81256" "306063" "378700" "86261" "450507" "159849"
## [1153] "301682" "448787" "82646" "81754" "14268" "85704" "233733" "229393"
## [1161] "83536" "375861" "14368" "85295" "231204" "13498" "302692" "307635"
## [1169] "83924" "80239" "379220" "453870" "85521" "9738" "157529" "307581"
## [1177] "380007" "453715" "381016" "8356" "156461" "380325" "156598" "450872"
## [1185] "305335" "449727" "452029" "232822" "158958" "233370" "161344" "233394"
## [1193] "233584" "448801" "302882" "306349" "452162" "231483" "82643" "305066"
## [1201] "11473" "86233" "12787" "233174" "303344" "307057" "301337" "81731"
## [1209] "157918" "160058" "159843" "157233" "231489" "452313" "233665" "157818"
## [1217] "376459" "13375" "154265" "156078" "303231" "159873" "228330" "451634"
## [1225] "159186" "160564" "447672" "452613" "12504" "302206" "234624" "159256"
## [1233] "14460" "233287" "452861" "88065" "7550" "302313" "82600" "380306"
## [1241] "13488" "153493" "227880" "378323" "81976" "155452" "450962" "11853"
## [1249] "156191" "87661" "82514" "378030" "157381" "86485" "10930" "307771"
## [1257] "85202" "233889" "7496" "453337" "376076" "160307" "161341" "11390"
## [1265] "301389" "304303" "87441" "12175" "12033" "82301" "83227" "153765"
## [1273] "158059" "375572" "448806" "82280" "153375" "380151" "230950" "14546"
## [1281] "450602" "81692" "158659" "306889" "379968" "10750" "155530" "86633"
## [1289] "378686" "10144" "87286" "87895" "375523" "451283" "14519" "380780"
## [1297] "86239" "10984" "231862" "449495" "448715" "448977" "234530" "86190"
## [1305] "230114" "447347" "155626" "376579" "451819" "155900" "8505" "234613"
## [1313] "11832" "11081" "301246" "375987" "156259" "85655" "448836" "153902"
## [1321] "305415" "9743" "230054" "12519" "227962" "83739" "157490" "82456"
## [1329] "159012" "88116" "376549" "87170" "11435" "85129" "448698" "154709"
## [1337] "379618" "161267" "380753" "153467" "231484" "379211" "156236" "450978"
## [1345] "84773" "449829" "305946" "12507" "154311" "154975" "307420" "228741"
## [1353] "376605" "304583" "159573" "375743" "449387" "83565" "7664" "157200"
## [1361] "230665" "12813" "302409" "83416" "83964" "13483" "232794" "447864"
## [1369] "452049" "87163" "157204" "80604" "161272" "87121" "231993" "377133"
## [1377] "449641" "156429" "12311" "379397" "84236" "451645" "8988" "307325"
## [1385] "11919" "11403" "88019" "306940" "155528" "301789" "378048" "8841"
## [1393] "85602" "304529" "157296" "155829" "379034" "153627" "229223" "380392"
## [1401] "158726" "377495" "230878" "453110" "85888" "376196" "228775" "153559"
## [1409] "304567" "83140" "450085" "378923" "87254" "9513" "156960" "80462"
## [1417] "304074" "306048" "448446" "448106" "86335" "230002" "447211" "305589"
## [1425] "8755" "13308" "448287" "10187" "80524" "377969" "153484" "11876"
## [1433] "229679" "229435" "80558" "11650" "82081" "82799" "155256" "80446"
## [1441] "159200" "8197" "153388" "88113" "155513" "158884" "230315" "86782"
## [1449] "306149" "380883" "7639" "381143" "9181" "158451" "229117" "233600"
## [1457] "231346" "379646" "228164" "85693" "452344" "160400" "160533" "307204"
## [1465] "450078" "84607" "10989" "155859" "234391" "81772" "377896" "153951"
## [1473] "231716" "229399" "302102" "81714" "155433" "87168" "85320" "7420"
## [1481] "451424" "229703" "14417" "9241" "377591" "302226" "376645" "157321"
## [1489] "154342" "301885" "84599" "374558" "301209" "378837" "374851" "153917"
## [1497] "86617" "374294" "375787" "83031" "155234" "156931" "84305" "233131"
## [1505] "451873" "452428" "232403" "158091" "159901" "374894" "376018" "85534"
## [1513] "378978" "305552" "12671" "157620" "156543" "234246" "157606" "230929"
## [1521] "87063" "157575" "8274" "229913" "301692" "304818" "448786" "229605"
## [1529] "231509" "80950" "87704" "158664" "81095" "302918" "161349" "306415"
## [1537] "10603" "86007" "306146" "234661" "84287" "377509" "377763" "306688"
## [1545] "302888" "377799" "381003" "380799" "83368" "11548" "304155" "9144"
## [1553] "11624" "153897" "157384" "453498" "229614" "380993" "159758" "10899"
## [1561] "374347" "374986" "81794" "303090" "375451" "154262" "379725" "88050"
## [1569] "451349" "84848" "306255" "82384" "378696" "85794" "450118" "9457"
## [1577] "230105" "153266" "157526" "234243" "231448" "449095" "303172" "81506"
## [1585] "80235" "87943" "83985" "375234" "156633" "14384" "8450" "160165"
## [1593] "451015" "232095" "154723" "304780" "377397" "303182" "11131" "7535"
## [1601] "375336" "451744" "232578" "374914" "307821" "305822" "7495" "449798"
## [1609] "159599" "448887" "453745" "375738" "229672" "161522" "378510" "160189"
## [1617] "230629" "233946" "86943" "230497" "377005" "80350" "81917" "301556"
## [1625] "8888" "307676" "7381" "233790" "303636" "81716" "158585" "307816"
## [1633] "154833" "450754" "157064" "377858" "380391" "452617" "452685" "154958"
## [1641] "161421" "229694" "7822" "12679" "447486" "13835" "379762" "81141"
## [1649] "7699" "85842" "12364" "84080" "451706" "14152" "85144" "302797"
## [1657] "81223" "88062" "452864" "12144" "160944" "8105" "154672" "453271"
## [1665] "155921" "154732" "233690" "86143" "156740" "12718" "449744" "448117"
## [1673] "154750" "83654" "81277" "379686" "227939" "80897" "231662" "154839"
## [1681] "305114" "450873" "447174" "377920" "161041" "14541" "376938" "447645"
## [1689] "80720" "447722" "155179" "8907" "160862" "155453" "378199" "12156"
## [1697] "447458" "232327" "301930" "158517" "12579" "13995" "82195" "306499"
## [1705] "302319" "447816" "449074" "229524" "232133" "85388" "13298" "307289"
## [1713] "7589" "9082" "305036" "302117" "160497" "450224" "449975" "80475"
## [1721] "378718" "13370" "380165" "86118" "159505" "450919" "80496" "302736"
## [1729] "81910" "159140" "8846" "7415" "80565" "452789" "13535" "156743"
## [1737] "87391" "450392" "155733" "12600" "80237" "306346" "81445" "231389"
## [1745] "378598" "306310" "380028" "86072" "11321" "307301" "447298" "161253"
## [1753] "377359" "453728" "14042" "304908" "160028" "13005" "158124" "86567"
## [1761] "82851" "305392" "153650" "304093" "233121" "230850" "157822" "451294"
## [1769] "14543" "159847" "83903" "378535" "453171" "301347" "453420" "155699"
## [1777] "380739" "9766" "234383" "232723" "81234" "229581" "87788" "452608"
## [1785] "8652" "451324" "160285" "84767" "229001" "230839" "11453" "87015"
## [1793] "157453" "87789" "10827" "450748" "83883" "230302" "160949" "302490"
## [1801] "452615" "156728" "158466" "8344" "7436" "374803" "12491" "232762"
## [1809] "230998" "84524" "13464" "159550" "234248" "234357" "451267" "155944"
## [1817] "228029" "159068" "228443" "376883" "233097" "228418" "80966" "229478"
## [1825] "374483" "381181" "12955" "161502" "380218" "156036" "229899" "305122"
## [1833] "450849" "376406" "303218" "156645" "14338" "14140" "380621" "447629"
## [1841] "86490" "302168" "158551" "233702" "378925" "160680" "158298" "450290"
## [1849] "305059" "301937" "160924" "12963" "10344" "8757" "82071" "155631"
## [1857] "9139" "10933" "449746" "379247" "13497" "14109" "234415" "234376"
## [1865] "155250" "85134" "381020" "159971" "9591" "83666" "301931" "307750"
## [1873] "453302" "307225" "230293" "154660" "156739" "8789" "375928" "447995"
## [1881] "447215" "448598" "229234" "447888" "82715" "82946" "80449" "86044"
## [1889] "157202" "450096" "448535" "450450" "451844" "451460" "11973" "452739"
## [1897] "230033" "377968" "447810" "9620" "83273" "381222" "301976" "381289"
## [1905] "307040" "450227" "302539" "86544" "86015" "84882" "301497" "378528"
## [1913] "7539" "14035" "379720" "87842" "12496" "453550" "12905" "307423"
## [1921] "302880" "229722" "13420" "305048" "81872" "11889" "301313" "448972"
## [1929] "304644" "380216" "154881" "85010" "303653" "374554" "7830" "14307"
## [1937] "83763" "161310" "450610" "8736" "379881" "161031" "156574" "380839"
## [1945] "380501" "449794" "81288" "231420" "10519" "381177" "229249" "453598"
## [1953] "82185" "453746" "448132" "86463" "84715" "155547" "83136" "8414"
## [1961] "304459" "378108" "155401" "228504" "376032" "305001" "10568" "158869"
## [1969] "82571" "233856" "85706" "87534" "158028" "376894" "450739" "453840"
## [1977] "85005" "12029" "233756" "228877" "233966" "376565" "375596" "7603"
## [1985] "376986" "448055" "81116" "228861" "87034" "305311" "378766" "13578"
## [1993] "302454" "160354" "452525" "83954" "302858" "11897" "305534" "448547"
## [2001] "154312" "13095" "155937" "233677" "82261" "450761" "11935" "449193"
## [2009] "13380" "13510" "303955" "82964" "155032" "81944" "228060" "228305"
## [2017] "8471" "375955" "378357" "228453" "375260" "84747" "9001" "13523"
## [2025] "377490" "85233" "8658" "302756" "228793" "85808" "229152" "449705"
## [2033] "85799" "155865" "85689" "450894" "378221" "230406" "376602" "156489"
## [2041] "7568" "453257" "376581" "379989" "234332" "11046" "303385" "450697"
## [2049] "156124" "161043" "449651" "233230" "231523" "154395" "304408" "380248"
## [2057] "83466" "13091" "84078" "14266" "82469" "450648" "230082" "302568"
## [2065] "452618" "449703" "228508" "453301" "8172" "380101" "306319" "10780"
## [2073] "8168" "234147" "379279" "13027" "159780" "153749" "87231" "381130"
## [2081] "83569" "82380" "87411" "80378" "306390" "233582" "230156" "80860"
## [2089] "157459" "228496" "453835" "376688" "84683" "380971" "448578" "376787"
## [2097] "231118" "7373" "156889" "80853" "379750" "377519" "11199" "306981"
## [2105] "232149" "13294" "229612" "12617" "451199" "7609" "231686" "234389"
## [2113] "229901" "153622" "86931" "9860" "82359" "83774" "379289" "451529"
## [2121] "157319" "10740" "83212" "234447" "448296" "229238" "156703" "303382"
## [2129] "83663" "13264" "228067" "379994" "374633" "380994" "452521" "301537"
## [2137] "452259" "380756" "156099" "379666" "13066" "233531" "159976" "155361"
## [2145] "301559" "159911" "378511" "303173" "155313" "231958" "375616" "307319"
## [2153] "12456" "448765" "301777" "11762" "379995" "302475" "303761" "7976"
## [2161] "157964" "9336" "379954" "230714" "83126" "82701" "452203" "154263"
## [2169] "230644" "304966" "156987" "88084" "160389" "81881" "83677" "80890"
## [2177] "306629" "12188" "301793" "447716" "10043" "156286" "376933" "160815"
## [2185] "84588" "156257" "306463" "304367" "156055" "84965" "86137" "7434"
## [2193] "13145" "376834" "80861" "307009" "9407" "448011" "301160" "87472"
## [2201] "86258" "86622" "234539" "233141" "160720" "380833" "447332" "13074"
## [2209] "377769" "159957" "14047" "229085" "156367" "86170" "231625" "376206"
## [2217] "374441" "229681" "84975" "80338" "158704" "86260" "377704" "450907"
## [2225] "8898" "86506" "81695" "452011" "233422" "232655" "161451" "450319"
## [2233] "305903" "12064" "448531" "450203" "302905" "377539" "306049" "234286"
## [2241] "82123" "13073" "12975" "9152" "85858" "449352" "156000" "374878"
## [2249] "374341" "453736" "83544" "374646" "14363" "380303" "11668" "156595"
## [2257] "303371" "12558" "154495" "232910" "448457" "156591" "374845" "154639"
## [2265] "376657" "453155" "302655" "234441" "10756" "157788" "159478" "82408"
## [2273] "231687" "451735" "14361" "447846" "87736" "159033" "452456" "229915"
## [2281] "85977" "158370" "306799" "86857" "154144" "155861" "302734" "87460"
## [2289] "301952" "452190" "302487" "375314" "80513" "8245" "450802" "380599"
## [2297] "8760" "228870" "86333" "82672" "303408" "379215" "153433" "452035"
## [2305] "12738" "10025" "302428" "230517" "451939" "83710" "11155" "10801"
## [2313] "377849" "155762" "380873" "11350" "449916" "11955" "452076" "158386"
## [2321] "8307" "452919" "304571" "84662" "157527" "155753" "85476" "86888"
## [2329] "11885" "379300" "84104" "451062" "379529" "155117" "234168" "228808"
## [2337] "85191" "159708" "155806" "378375" "155162" "230689" "158165" "448727"
## [2345] "154715" "449784" "82382" "159218" "81077" "303201" "375099" "452764"
## [2353] "84935" "302956" "231714" "377432" "450157" "155744" "12978" "228951"
## [2361] "156037" "302728" "233642" "228903" "449895" "451041" "376582" "160144"
## [2369] "379821" "161269" "87217" "160293" "86674" "87761" "303104" "229277"
## [2377] "452824" "232086" "233767" "12838" "159042" "375741" "85607" "86744"
## [2385] "11797" "452631" "374872" "448646" "379131" "231134" "9431" "379883"
## [2393] "376403" "376258" "14511" "449447" "231149" "13208" "376577" "9330"
## [2401] "380510" "234379" "449359" "449768" "304596" "83073" "80331" "307248"
## [2409] "87597" "161439" "234656" "153663" "11542" "81869" "156792" "376283"
## [2417] "452245" "231515" "306859" "82001" "375236" "86010" "230943" "228764"
## [2425] "156896" "453724" "379194" "452457" "232552" "450777" "158588" "377411"
## [2433] "302723" "153400" "86089" "160883" "379090" "302129" "86755" "377441"
## [2441] "87396" "307386" "84169" "449775" "228357" "449987" "303856" "304921"
## [2449] "374988" "229150" "84663" "379349" "157534" "305469" "231089" "82956"
## [2457] "379819" "449534" "448935" "375717" "304731" "10772" "14158" "85775"
## [2465] "161082" "377328" "155957" "154985" "87716" "374629" "232517" "84219"
## [2473] "380749" "453653" "81828" "377546" "451614" "160598" "7816" "157421"
## [2481] "9691" "304770" "81122" "233881" "377413" "303918" "229437" "447724"
## [2489] "85017" "9109" "84346" "301863" "452767" "380912" "450623" "7899"
## [2497] "13782" "452871" "13456" "306022" "232102" "375105" "81175" "375985"
## [2505] "233063" "85647" "11736" "153843" "10673" "84898" "375389" "374477"
## [2513] "160912" "13605" "305951" "84566" "160765" "449036" "13295" "7863"
## [2521] "87877" "86166" "160895" "450033" "156104" "160718" "81086" "87767"
## [2529] "13125" "231653" "85304" "375038" "9595" "87553" "81392" "451374"
## [2537] "158047" "81515" "153519" "380550" "304366" "304377" "9064" "378073"
## [2545] "158940" "380022" "227841" "12002" "304602" "450489" "158881" "154684"
## [2553] "9521" "451147" "448799" "86446" "378317" "7499" "154659" "159096"
## [2561] "379777" "161093" "8398" "86001" "9947" "13597" "8402" "229336"
## [2569] "9471" "307463" "303301" "307758" "8704" "450579" "377548" "379802"
## [2577] "155828" "160072" "158458" "380862" "229278" "158416" "374326" "84906"
## [2585] "10154" "304890" "448330" "302440" "8594" "160473" "452589" "154916"
## [2593] "453566" "453173" "231286" "83337" "8625" "304249" "452699" "13542"
## [2601] "233331" "12638" "376869" "11100" "379372" "376009" "304338" "304116"
## [2609] "452574" "230268" "159545" "229535" "161425" "376778" "232700" "306371"
## [2617] "304010" "154423" "377710" "8072" "306740" "374463" "155676" "378483"
## [2625] "11655" "159926" "161488" "380370" "154590" "86392" "12146" "301904"
## [2633] "375850" "449254" "378197" "12275" "447285" "229216" "379593" "10380"
## [2641] "378289" "453516" "8978" "87747" "13594" "448361" "82431" "227968"
## [2649] "154580" "155201" "228062" "301131" "81508" "160105" "10455" "230783"
## [2657] "380368" "8521" "302231" "154400" "376389" "231469" "155163" "229213"
## [2665] "161447" "11017" "81252" "227917" "82223" "450449" "155027" "301716"
## [2673] "160957" "307162" "153288" "10549" "448079" "85787" "232991" "232011"
## [2681] "234060" "83770" "228316" "451479" "233965" "8562" "231536" "451622"
## [2689] "451993" "159704" "228435" "11386" "10964" "227859" "449407" "233646"
## [2697] "450142" "375066" "377927" "154494" "80376" "81068" "233828" "85640"
## [2705] "10274" "153933" "10377" "87797" "84394" "232457" "377675" "304688"
## [2713] "233833" "374782" "154678" "303392" "453674" "302464" "230110" "86348"
## [2721] "449111" "156748" "8312" "378918" "154871" "302382" "305523" "377010"
## [2729] "157367" "154310" "8265" "154479" "14202" "161025" "85939" "158022"
## [2737] "229664" "448419" "301493" "9698" "451173" "377766" "379628" "158239"
## [2745] "450366" "10192" "303306" "230907" "87177" "85563" "378239" "232251"
## [2753] "448807" "451298" "234574" "303467" "160372" "80668" "230140" "87724"
## [2761] "159738" "13820" "159737" "158555" "8911" "230355" "155813" "304171"
## [2769] "154382" "447429" "307480" "301212" "450515" "160071" "231742" "379911"
## [2777] "231151" "7548" "157269" "378112" "158610" "87409" "451122" "227949"
## [2785] "451359" "13067" "374802" "86228" "379346" "376228" "228763" "85100"
## [2793] "87786" "87346" "10641" "451408" "159969" "376315" "233368" "155264"
## [2801] "7747" "302426" "157328" "9454" "160476" "84722" "160518" "12284"
## [2809] "375528" "83300" "9974" "11998" "11771" "85840" "83877" "305966"
## [2817] "7951" "451372" "83243" "10311" "159643" "378452" "153846" "13108"
## [2825] "11905" "375715" "82621" "12425" "82295" "379133" "305527" "13255"
## [2833] "86181" "157316" "450927" "229450" "85047" "447600" "450428" "85993"
## [2841] "378229" "449815" "229998" "448218" "306163" "11664" "8194" "14196"
## [2849] "88022" "160061" "7840" "450384" "160299" "233831" "449264" "12477"
## [2857] "375640" "161055" "82687" "301552" "375238" "453137" "379538" "451582"
## [2865] "447462" "158645" "87154" "378986" "160715" "81037" "82804" "154694"
## [2873] "452218" "157720" "374624" "153643" "86198" "84791" "232289" "374507"
## [2881] "305083" "87712" "306948" "13141" "155887" "228654" "304515" "83807"
## [2889] "229996" "301419" "306410" "452996" "14126" "158400" "87273" "231271"
## [2897] "155621" "11861" "154008" "161216" "447422" "156545" "13641" "304636"
## [2905] "452513" "81809" "231777" "9019" "9487" "304371" "305970" "155402"
## [2913] "307501" "155886" "229104" "87711" "374720" "156049" "159113" "449072"
## [2921] "87306" "229074" "302202" "303505" "11180" "9111" "447235" "304337"
## [2929] "159650" "234513" "159500" "12446" "9781" "305890" "306575" "153588"
## [2937] "306484" "377256" "379428" "450934" "377314" "234185" "448466" "12792"
## [2945] "80262" "82810" "301634" "306030" "231565" "451279" "307401" "453377"
## [2953] "159201" "84893" "161391" "161397" "161416" "306010" "306687" "232349"
## [2961] "83445" "303155" "450065" "231998" "80918" "304411" "155790" "159561"
## [2969] "377472" "450455" "304184" "154351" "447182" "13962" "154728" "380298"
## [2977] "230171" "307415" "161305" "451605" "301838" "154752" "8804" "158531"
## [2985] "379706" "306214" "158084" "305029" "307412" "377739" "451296" "157053"
## [2993] "303357" "233408" "449482" "376816" "302281" "10033" "14375" "453557"
View(Wage)
head(Wage);tail(Wage)
## year age maritl race education region
## 231655 2006 18 1. Never Married 1. White 1. < HS Grad 2. Middle Atlantic
## 86582 2004 24 1. Never Married 1. White 4. College Grad 2. Middle Atlantic
## 161300 2003 45 2. Married 1. White 3. Some College 2. Middle Atlantic
## 155159 2003 43 2. Married 3. Asian 4. College Grad 2. Middle Atlantic
## 11443 2005 50 4. Divorced 1. White 2. HS Grad 2. Middle Atlantic
## 376662 2008 54 2. Married 1. White 4. College Grad 2. Middle Atlantic
## jobclass health health_ins logwage wage
## 231655 1. Industrial 1. <=Good 2. No 4.318063 75.04315
## 86582 2. Information 2. >=Very Good 2. No 4.255273 70.47602
## 161300 1. Industrial 1. <=Good 1. Yes 4.875061 130.98218
## 155159 2. Information 2. >=Very Good 1. Yes 5.041393 154.68529
## 11443 2. Information 1. <=Good 1. Yes 4.318063 75.04315
## 376662 2. Information 2. >=Very Good 1. Yes 4.845098 127.11574
## year age maritl race education region
## 449482 2009 31 2. Married 1. White 4. College Grad 2. Middle Atlantic
## 376816 2008 44 2. Married 1. White 3. Some College 2. Middle Atlantic
## 302281 2007 30 2. Married 1. White 2. HS Grad 2. Middle Atlantic
## 10033 2005 27 2. Married 2. Black 1. < HS Grad 2. Middle Atlantic
## 14375 2005 27 1. Never Married 1. White 3. Some College 2. Middle Atlantic
## 453557 2009 55 5. Separated 1. White 2. HS Grad 2. Middle Atlantic
## jobclass health health_ins logwage wage
## 449482 2. Information 2. >=Very Good 1. Yes 4.893207 133.38061
## 376816 1. Industrial 2. >=Very Good 1. Yes 5.041393 154.68529
## 302281 1. Industrial 2. >=Very Good 2. No 4.602060 99.68946
## 10033 1. Industrial 1. <=Good 2. No 4.193125 66.22941
## 14375 1. Industrial 2. >=Very Good 1. Yes 4.477121 87.98103
## 453557 1. Industrial 1. <=Good 1. Yes 4.505150 90.48191
Wage %>% count(education)
## education n
## 1 1. < HS Grad 268
## 2 2. HS Grad 971
## 3 3. Some College 650
## 4 4. College Grad 685
## 5 5. Advanced Degree 426
colSums(is.na(Wage))
## year age maritl race education region jobclass
## 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## health health_ins logwage wage
## 0 0 0 0
max(Wage$wage)
## [1] 318.3424
min(Wage$wage)
## [1] 20.08554
mean(Wage$wage)
## [1] 111.7036
median(Wage$wage)
## [1] 104.9215
range(Wage$wage)
## [1] 20.08554 318.34243
quantile(Wage$wage)
## 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
## 20.08554 85.38394 104.92151 128.68049 318.34243
var(Wage$wage)
## [1] 1741.276
sd(Wage$wage)
## [1] 41.7286
summary(Wage)
## year age maritl race
## Min. :2003 Min. :18.00 1. Never Married: 648 1. White:2480
## 1st Qu.:2004 1st Qu.:33.75 2. Married :2074 2. Black: 293
## Median :2006 Median :42.00 3. Widowed : 19 3. Asian: 190
## Mean :2006 Mean :42.41 4. Divorced : 204 4. Other: 37
## 3rd Qu.:2008 3rd Qu.:51.00 5. Separated : 55
## Max. :2009 Max. :80.00
##
## education region jobclass
## 1. < HS Grad :268 2. Middle Atlantic :3000 1. Industrial :1544
## 2. HS Grad :971 1. New England : 0 2. Information:1456
## 3. Some College :650 3. East North Central: 0
## 4. College Grad :685 4. West North Central: 0
## 5. Advanced Degree:426 5. South Atlantic : 0
## 6. East South Central: 0
## (Other) : 0
## health health_ins logwage wage
## 1. <=Good : 858 1. Yes:2083 Min. :3.000 Min. : 20.09
## 2. >=Very Good:2142 2. No : 917 1st Qu.:4.447 1st Qu.: 85.38
## Median :4.653 Median :104.92
## Mean :4.654 Mean :111.70
## 3rd Qu.:4.857 3rd Qu.:128.68
## Max. :5.763 Max. :318.34
##
#Relation and Correlation
cor(Wage%>% select(age,logwage,wage))
## age logwage wage
## age 1.0000000 0.2178893 0.1956372
## logwage 0.2178893 1.0000000 0.9506834
## wage 0.1956372 0.9506834 1.0000000
#Correlation function cant be used to find the relation between the #qualitative variables. So , we use chi square test to test our hypothesis #that is the two variables are independent.we will find the relation #between the jobclass and the education of the workers.
## Hypothesis testing
options(scipen = 99)
chisq.test(table(Wage$education,Wage$race))
## Warning in chisq.test(table(Wage$education, Wage$race)): 카이제곱 approximation
## 은 정확하지 않을수도 있습니다
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: table(Wage$education, Wage$race)
## X-squared = 138.03, df = 12, p-value < 0.00000000000000022
chisq.test(table(Wage$maritl,Wage$race))
## Warning in chisq.test(table(Wage$maritl, Wage$race)): 카이제곱 approximation은
## 정확하지 않을수도 있습니다
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: table(Wage$maritl, Wage$race)
## X-squared = 61.634, df = 12, p-value = 0.00000001135
chisq.test(table(Wage$health,Wage$maritl))
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: table(Wage$health, Wage$maritl)
## X-squared = 12.832, df = 4, p-value = 0.01213
# EDA
g<-ggplot(data=Wage,aes(wage))
g+geom_density()
g1<-ggplot(data=Wage,aes(age))
g1+geom_density()
boxplot(Wage %>% select(age,wage))
glimpse(Wage)
## Rows: 3,000
## Columns: 11
## $ year <int> 2006, 2004, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2008, 2006, 2004,…
## $ age <int> 18, 24, 45, 43, 50, 54, 44, 30, 41, 52, 45, 34, 35, 39, 54,…
## $ maritl <fct> 1. Never Married, 1. Never Married, 2. Married, 2. Married,…
## $ race <fct> 1. White, 1. White, 1. White, 3. Asian, 1. White, 1. White,…
## $ education <fct> 1. < HS Grad, 4. College Grad, 3. Some College, 4. College …
## $ region <fct> 2. Middle Atlantic, 2. Middle Atlantic, 2. Middle Atlantic,…
## $ jobclass <fct> 1. Industrial, 2. Information, 1. Industrial, 2. Informatio…
## $ health <fct> 1. <=Good, 2. >=Very Good, 1. <=Good, 2. >=Very Good, 1. <=…
## $ health_ins <fct> 2. No, 2. No, 1. Yes, 1. Yes, 1. Yes, 1. Yes, 1. Yes, 1. Ye…
## $ logwage <dbl> 4.318063, 4.255273, 4.875061, 5.041393, 4.318063, 4.845098,…
## $ wage <dbl> 75.04315, 70.47602, 130.98218, 154.68529, 75.04315, 127.115…
Wage %>% count(jobclass)
## jobclass n
## 1 1. Industrial 1544
## 2 2. Information 1456
Wage %>% count(education)
## education n
## 1 1. < HS Grad 268
## 2 2. HS Grad 971
## 3 3. Some College 650
## 4 4. College Grad 685
## 5 5. Advanced Degree 426
table(Wage$region, Wage$race)
##
## 1. White 2. Black 3. Asian 4. Other
## 1. New England 0 0 0 0
## 2. Middle Atlantic 2480 293 190 37
## 3. East North Central 0 0 0 0
## 4. West North Central 0 0 0 0
## 5. South Atlantic 0 0 0 0
## 6. East South Central 0 0 0 0
## 7. West South Central 0 0 0 0
## 8. Mountain 0 0 0 0
## 9. Pacific 0 0 0 0
table(Wage$education, Wage$health, Wage$health_ins)
## , , = 1. Yes
##
##
## 1. <=Good 2. >=Very Good
## 1. < HS Grad 48 76
## 2. HS Grad 222 390
## 3. Some College 124 343
## 4. College Grad 98 431
## 5. Advanced Degree 56 295
##
## , , = 2. No
##
##
## 1. <=Good 2. >=Very Good
## 1. < HS Grad 60 84
## 2. HS Grad 126 233
## 3. Some College 63 120
## 4. College Grad 47 109
## 5. Advanced Degree 14 61