process_iif_gb_issuance <- function(range, issuance_type) {
here("01_data_raw", "iif", "Sustainable_debt_monitor.xlsx") %>%
read_excel(sheet = "1a_global markets - issuance", range = range) %>%
rename(date = `$ billion`) %>%
pivot_longer(cols = -date, names_to = "geography", values_to = "issuance_bn_usd") %>%
mutate(date = ymd(date)) %>%
add_column(issuance_type = issuance_type)
}
sustainable_debt <- process_iif_gb_issuance(range = "B4:G41",
issuance_type = "Sustainable debt (bonds and loans)")
sustainable_debt
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd issuance_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 6.19 Sustainable debt (bonds and loan…
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Sustainable debt (bonds and loan…
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds and loan…
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 1.16 Sustainable debt (bonds and loan…
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 7.80 Sustainable debt (bonds and loan…
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 4.08 Sustainable debt (bonds and loan…
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Sustainable debt (bonds and loan…
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds and loan…
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0.106 Sustainable debt (bonds and loan…
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 4.78 Sustainable debt (bonds and loan…
## # … with 175 more rows
sustainable_bonds <- process_iif_gb_issuance(range = "I4:N41",
issuance_type = "Sustainable bonds")
sustainable_bonds
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd issuance_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 0.507 Sustainable bonds
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0 Sustainable bonds
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable bonds
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 1.16 Sustainable bonds
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 1.67 Sustainable bonds
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 1.58 Sustainable bonds
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0 Sustainable bonds
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable bonds
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0.106 Sustainable bonds
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 1.69 Sustainable bonds
## # … with 175 more rows
sustainable_loans <- process_iif_gb_issuance(range = "P4:U41",
issuance_type = "Sustainable londs")
sustainable_loans
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd issuance_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 5.68 Sustainable londs
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Sustainable londs
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable londs
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 0 Sustainable londs
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 6.13 Sustainable londs
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 2.50 Sustainable londs
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Sustainable londs
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable londs
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0 Sustainable londs
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 3.09 Sustainable londs
## # … with 175 more rows
process_iif_gb_instrument <- function(range, instrument_type) {
here("01_data_raw", "iif", "Sustainable_debt_monitor.xlsx") %>%
read_excel(sheet = "1a_global markets - issuance", range = range) %>%
rename(date = `$ billion`) %>%
pivot_longer(cols = -date, names_to = "geography", values_to = "issuance_bn_usd") %>%
mutate(date = ymd(date)) %>%
add_column(instrument_type = instrument_type)
}
Green_bonds <- process_iif_gb_instrument(range = "W4:AB41",
instrument_type = "Green bonds")
Green_bonds
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd instrument_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 0.504 Green bonds
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0 Green bonds
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Green bonds
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 1.02 Green bonds
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 1.53 Green bonds
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 1.44 Green bonds
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0 Green bonds
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Green bonds
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0.106 Green bonds
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 1.54 Green bonds
## # … with 175 more rows
Green_ABS <- process_iif_gb_instrument(range = "AD4:AI41",
instrument_type = "Green ABS")
Green_ABS
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd instrument_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 0 Green ABS
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0 Green ABS
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Green ABS
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 0 Green ABS
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 0 Green ABS
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 0 Green ABS
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0 Green ABS
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Green ABS
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0 Green ABS
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 0 Green ABS
## # … with 175 more rows
Sustainability_bonds <- process_iif_gb_instrument(range = "AK4:AP41",
instrument_type = "Sustainability bonds")
Sustainability_bonds
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd instrument_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 0 Sustainability bonds
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0 Sustainability bonds
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainability bonds
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 0 Sustainability bonds
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 0 Sustainability bonds
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 0 Sustainability bonds
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0 Sustainability bonds
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainability bonds
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0 Sustainability bonds
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 0 Sustainability bonds
## # … with 175 more rows
Social_bonds <- process_iif_gb_instrument(range = "AK4:AP41",
instrument_type = "Social bonds")
Social_bonds
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd instrument_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 0 Social bonds
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0 Social bonds
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Social bonds
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 0 Social bonds
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 0 Social bonds
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 0 Social bonds
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0 Social bonds
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Social bonds
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0 Social bonds
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 0 Social bonds
## # … with 175 more rows
Green_municipal_bonds <- process_iif_gb_instrument(range = "AY4:BD41",
instrument_type = "Green municipal bonds")
Green_municipal_bonds
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd instrument_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 0.00298 Green municipal bonds
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0 Green municipal bonds
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Green municipal bonds
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 0 Green municipal bonds
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 0.00298 Green municipal bonds
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 0.142 Green municipal bonds
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0 Green municipal bonds
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Green municipal bonds
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0 Green municipal bonds
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 0.142 Green municipal bonds
## # … with 175 more rows
Sustainability_linked_bonds <- process_iif_gb_instrument(range = "BF4:BK41",
instrument_type = "Sustainability-linked bonds")
Sustainability_linked_bonds
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd instrument_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 0 Sustainability-linked bonds
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0 Sustainability-linked bonds
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainability-linked bonds
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 0 Sustainability-linked bonds
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 0 Sustainability-linked bonds
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 0 Sustainability-linked bonds
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0 Sustainability-linked bonds
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainability-linked bonds
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0 Sustainability-linked bonds
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 0 Sustainability-linked bonds
## # … with 175 more rows
Green_loans <- process_iif_gb_instrument(range = "BM4:BR41",
instrument_type = "Green loans")
Green_loans
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd instrument_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 3.87 Green loans
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Green loans
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Green loans
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 0 Green loans
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 4.32 Green loans
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 1.24 Green loans
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Green loans
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Green loans
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0 Green loans
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 1.83 Green loans
## # … with 175 more rows
Green_loans <- process_iif_gb_instrument(range = "BM4:BR41",
instrument_type = "Green loans")
Green_loans
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd instrument_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 3.87 Green loans
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Green loans
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Green loans
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 0 Green loans
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 4.32 Green loans
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 1.24 Green loans
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Green loans
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Green loans
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0 Green loans
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 1.83 Green loans
## # … with 175 more rows
Sustainability_linked_loans <- process_iif_gb_instrument(range = "BM4:BR41",
instrument_type = "Sustainability-linked loans")
Sustainability_linked_loans
## # A tibble: 185 × 4
## date geography issuance_bn_usd instrument_type
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 3.87 Sustainability-linked loans
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Sustainability-linked loans
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainability-linked loans
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 0 Sustainability-linked loans
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 4.32 Sustainability-linked loans
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 1.24 Sustainability-linked loans
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Sustainability-linked loans
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainability-linked loans
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0 Sustainability-linked loans
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 1.83 Sustainability-linked loans
## # … with 175 more rows
iif_issuance_data <- sustainable_debt %>%
bind_rows(sustainable_bonds)%>%
bind_rows(sustainable_loans)%>%
bind_rows(Green_bonds)%>%
bind_rows(Green_ABS)%>%
bind_rows(Sustainability_bonds)%>%
bind_rows(Social_bonds)%>%
bind_rows(Green_municipal_bonds)%>%
bind_rows(Sustainability_linked_bonds)%>%
bind_rows(Green_loans)%>%
bind_rows(Sustainability_linked_loans)
iif_issuance_data
## # A tibble: 2,035 × 5
## date geography issuance_bn_usd issuance_type instr…¹
## <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 6.19 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 1.16 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 7.80 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 4.08 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0.106 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 4.78 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## # … with 2,025 more rows, and abbreviated variable name ¹​instrument_type
write_csv(iif_issuance_data, here("01_data_raw", "iif_issuance_data.csv"))
aaa<-read.csv("iif_issuance_data.csv")
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
aaa %>%
group_by(date)
## # A tibble: 2,035 × 5
## # Groups: date [37]
## date geography issuance_bn_usd issuance_type instr…¹
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 6.19 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 1.16 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 7.80 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 4.08 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0.106 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 4.78 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## # … with 2,025 more rows, and abbreviated variable name ¹​instrument_type
ggplot(data = aaa, aes(x = geography, y = issuance_bn_usd)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.1, aes(color = instrument_type))+
ggtitle("Issuance Based on Geography Difference") +
xlab("Geography") + ylab("Issuance USD(billion)")
library(gridExtra)
##
## Attaching package: 'gridExtra'
## The following object is masked from 'package:dplyr':
##
## combine
aaa%>%
group_by(date,geography)
## # A tibble: 2,035 × 5
## # Groups: date, geography [185]
## date geography issuance_bn_usd issuance_type instr…¹
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 6.19 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 1.16 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 7.80 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 4.08 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0.106 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 4.78 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## # … with 2,025 more rows, and abbreviated variable name ¹​instrument_type
g1=ggplot(data = aaa, aes(x = geography, y = issuance_bn_usd)) +
geom_boxplot()+scale_y_log10()+
xlab("Geography") + ylab("Issuance USD(billion)")+labs(title = "Comparing Issuance across geography")
aaa%>%
group_by(date,issuance_type)
## # A tibble: 2,035 × 5
## # Groups: date, issuance_type [148]
## date geography issuance_bn_usd issuance_type instr…¹
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 6.19 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 1.16 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 7.80 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 4.08 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0.106 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 4.78 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## # … with 2,025 more rows, and abbreviated variable name ¹​instrument_type
g2=ggplot(data = aaa, aes(x = issuance_type, y = issuance_bn_usd))+geom_boxplot()+xlab("Issuance type")+ylab("Issuance USD(billion)")+labs(title="Comparing Issuance across types")+scale_y_log10()
grid.arrange(g1,g2)
## Warning: Transformation introduced infinite values in continuous y-axis
## Warning: Removed 743 rows containing non-finite values (stat_boxplot).
## Warning: Transformation introduced infinite values in continuous y-axis
## Warning: Removed 743 rows containing non-finite values (stat_boxplot).
aaa %>%
group_by(date)
## # A tibble: 2,035 × 5
## # Groups: date [37]
## date geography issuance_bn_usd issuance_type instr…¹
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 6.19 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 1.16 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 7.80 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 4.08 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0.106 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 4.78 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## # … with 2,025 more rows, and abbreviated variable name ¹​instrument_type
h1=ggplot(aaa,aes(x=issuance_type,fill=geography),position='fill')+geom_bar()+labs(y="Percent",title="Issuance Type vs Geography")
h2=ggplot(aaa,aes(x=geography,fill=issuance_type),position='fill')+geom_bar()+labs(y="Percent",title="Geography vs Issuance Type")+labs(
caption = "Data from IIF, Analysis by Yulin")
grid.arrange(h1,h2)
aaa %>%
group_by(date,geography)
## # A tibble: 2,035 × 5
## # Groups: date, geography [185]
## date geography issuance_bn_usd issuance_type instr…¹
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 6.19 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 1.16 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 7.80 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 4.08 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0.106 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 4.78 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## # … with 2,025 more rows, and abbreviated variable name ¹​instrument_type
ggplot(aaa,aes(x=issuance_bn_usd))+geom_boxplot()+facet_wrap(~issuance_type,nrow=2)
aaa %>%
group_by(date,issuance_type)
## # A tibble: 2,035 × 5
## # Groups: date, issuance_type [148]
## date geography issuance_bn_usd issuance_type instr…¹
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 6.19 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 1.16 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 7.80 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 4.08 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0.106 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 4.78 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## # … with 2,025 more rows, and abbreviated variable name ¹​instrument_type
ggplot(aaa,aes(x=issuance_bn_usd))+geom_histogram()+facet_wrap(~geography,nrow=2)
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
aaa %>%
group_by(date,issuance_type)
## # A tibble: 2,035 × 5
## # Groups: date, issuance_type [148]
## date geography issuance_bn_usd issuance_type instr…¹
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>
## 1 2013-03-31 Mature markets 6.19 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 2 2013-03-31 Emerging markets 0.451 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 3 2013-03-31 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 4 2013-03-31 Supranationals 1.16 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 5 2013-03-31 Global 7.80 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 6 2013-06-30 Mature markets 4.08 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 7 2013-06-30 Emerging markets 0.595 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 8 2013-06-30 Offshore centers 0 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 9 2013-06-30 Supranationals 0.106 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## 10 2013-06-30 Global 4.78 Sustainable debt (bonds … <NA>
## # … with 2,025 more rows, and abbreviated variable name ¹​instrument_type
ggplot(aaa,aes(x=issuance_bn_usd))+geom_boxplot()+facet_wrap(~geography,nrow=2)+
labs(
x = "Issuance in USD [Bn]",
caption = "Data from IIF, Analysis by Yulin")
