library(readr)
library(readxl)
GasPrices_Data_2 <- read_csv("Downloads/GasPrices - Data 2.csv")
##
## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## cols(
## Date = col_double(),
## RegularPrice = col_character(),
## EastCoast = col_double(),
## NewEngland = col_double(),
## CentralAtlantic = col_double(),
## LowerAtlantic = col_double(),
## MidWest = col_double(),
## GulfCoast = col_double(),
## WestCoast = col_double()
## )
summary(GasPrices_Data_2 )
## Date RegularPrice EastCoast NewEngland
## Min. :2016 Length:351 Min. :1.730 Min. :1.750
## 1st Qu.:2017 Class :character 1st Qu.:2.290 1st Qu.:2.270
## Median :2019 Mode :character Median :2.520 Median :2.550
## Mean :2019 Mean :2.690 Mean :2.689
## 3rd Qu.:2021 3rd Qu.:2.855 3rd Qu.:2.875
## Max. :2022 Max. :5.010 Max. :5.010
## CentralAtlantic LowerAtlantic MidWest GulfCoast
## Min. :1.740 Min. :1.590 Min. :1.530 Min. :1.390
## 1st Qu.:2.325 1st Qu.:2.130 1st Qu.:2.280 1st Qu.:2.005
## Median :2.560 Median :2.330 Median :2.530 Median :2.220
## Mean :2.724 Mean :2.522 Mean :2.755 Mean :2.379
## 3rd Qu.:2.890 3rd Qu.:2.690 3rd Qu.:3.010 3rd Qu.:2.600
## Max. :5.000 Max. :5.000 Max. :5.530 Max. :4.650
## WestCoast
## Min. :2.220
## 1st Qu.:2.920
## Median :3.280
## Mean :3.474
## 3rd Qu.:3.790
## Max. :6.160
M1 <- lm(Date ~ RegularPrice, data = GasPrices_Data_2)
summary(M1)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Date ~ RegularPrice, data = GasPrices_Data_2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.3333 -0.5000 0.0000 0.3333 3.3333
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.016e+03 1.395e+00 1445.350 < 2e-16 ***
## RegularPrice$1.90 -1.563e-13 1.973e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$1.93 -1.594e-13 1.973e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$1.96 -1.525e-13 1.708e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$2.02 2.000e+00 1.708e+00 1.171 0.243178
## RegularPrice$2.03 4.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.028 0.043991 *
## RegularPrice$2.07 4.000e+00 1.708e+00 2.342 0.020253 *
## RegularPrice$2.10 4.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.028 0.043991 *
## RegularPrice$2.11 4.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.028 0.043991 *
## RegularPrice$2.12 -1.566e-13 1.973e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$2.15 4.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.028 0.043991 *
## RegularPrice$2.16 -1.377e-13 1.973e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$2.17 4.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.028 0.043991 *
## RegularPrice$2.19 4.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.028 0.043991 *
## RegularPrice$2.23 4.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.028 0.043991 *
## RegularPrice$2.25 -1.543e-13 1.973e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$2.26 1.333e+00 1.611e+00 0.828 0.408805
## RegularPrice$2.27 2.000e+00 1.708e+00 1.171 0.243178
## RegularPrice$2.28 -1.397e-13 1.973e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$2.30 2.667e+00 1.611e+00 1.656 0.099451 .
## RegularPrice$2.31 2.000e+00 1.507e+00 1.328 0.185948
## RegularPrice$2.32 -1.728e-13 1.973e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$2.33 2.000e+00 1.708e+00 1.171 0.243178
## RegularPrice$2.34 1.500e+00 1.479e+00 1.014 0.311931
## RegularPrice$2.35 2.857e+00 1.491e+00 1.916 0.056869 .
## RegularPrice$2.36 3.200e+00 1.528e+00 2.094 0.037572 *
## RegularPrice$2.37 3.333e+00 1.507e+00 2.213 0.028135 *
## RegularPrice$2.38 1.333e+00 1.507e+00 0.885 0.377282
## RegularPrice$2.39 -1.340e-13 1.507e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$2.40 -1.090e-13 1.973e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$2.41 4.000e+00 1.611e+00 2.484 0.013883 *
## RegularPrice$2.42 4.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.028 0.043991 *
## RegularPrice$2.43 -1.897e-13 1.708e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$2.44 2.500e+00 1.708e+00 1.463 0.145015
## RegularPrice$2.45 1.667e+00 1.611e+00 1.035 0.302085
## RegularPrice$2.46 1.333e+00 1.611e+00 0.828 0.408805
## RegularPrice$2.47 1.700e+00 1.463e+00 1.162 0.246677
## RegularPrice$2.48 1.500e+00 1.559e+00 0.962 0.337348
## RegularPrice$2.49 6.667e-01 1.611e+00 0.414 0.679401
## RegularPrice$2.50 1.667e+00 1.470e+00 1.134 0.258414
## RegularPrice$2.51 1.000e+00 1.708e+00 0.585 0.558995
## RegularPrice$2.52 -1.394e-13 1.973e+00 0.000 1.000000
## RegularPrice$2.53 1.000e+00 1.708e+00 0.585 0.558995
## RegularPrice$2.54 1.500e+00 1.708e+00 0.878 0.381028
## RegularPrice$2.55 1.000e+00 1.611e+00 0.621 0.535425
## RegularPrice$2.56 1.500e+00 1.559e+00 0.962 0.337348
## RegularPrice$2.57 3.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.521 0.129975
## RegularPrice$2.58 2.250e+00 1.559e+00 1.443 0.150737
## RegularPrice$2.59 3.000e+00 1.708e+00 1.756 0.080694 .
## RegularPrice$2.60 2.000e+00 1.611e+00 1.242 0.215866
## RegularPrice$2.61 2.333e+00 1.611e+00 1.449 0.149077
## RegularPrice$2.62 3.000e+00 1.708e+00 1.756 0.080694 .
## RegularPrice$2.63 2.667e+00 1.611e+00 1.656 0.099451 .
## RegularPrice$2.64 2.500e+00 1.708e+00 1.463 0.145015
## RegularPrice$2.65 2.333e+00 1.611e+00 1.449 0.149077
## RegularPrice$2.66 2.000e+00 1.611e+00 1.242 0.215866
## RegularPrice$2.67 2.333e+00 1.611e+00 1.449 0.149077
## RegularPrice$2.69 1.000e+00 1.973e+00 0.507 0.612782
## RegularPrice$2.70 3.333e+00 1.611e+00 2.070 0.039855 *
## RegularPrice$2.71 4.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.028 0.043991 *
## RegularPrice$2.72 1.750e+00 1.559e+00 1.122 0.263214
## RegularPrice$2.73 3.500e+00 1.708e+00 2.049 0.041869 *
## RegularPrice$2.74 1.750e+00 1.559e+00 1.122 0.263214
## RegularPrice$2.75 2.000e+00 1.559e+00 1.283 0.201246
## RegularPrice$2.76 3.667e+00 1.611e+00 2.277 0.023938 *
## RegularPrice$2.77 2.250e+00 1.559e+00 1.443 0.150737
## RegularPrice$2.78 2.250e+00 1.559e+00 1.443 0.150737
## RegularPrice$2.79 2.000e+00 1.611e+00 1.242 0.215866
## RegularPrice$2.80 2.500e+00 1.708e+00 1.463 0.145015
## RegularPrice$2.81 2.500e+00 1.708e+00 1.463 0.145015
## RegularPrice$2.82 3.333e+00 1.611e+00 2.070 0.039855 *
## RegularPrice$2.83 2.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.014 0.311931
## RegularPrice$2.84 1.667e+00 1.611e+00 1.035 0.302085
## RegularPrice$2.85 3.000e+00 1.708e+00 1.756 0.080694 .
## RegularPrice$2.86 2.500e+00 1.708e+00 1.463 0.145015
## RegularPrice$2.87 2.667e+00 1.611e+00 1.656 0.099451 .
## RegularPrice$2.88 3.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.521 0.129975
## RegularPrice$2.90 3.667e+00 1.611e+00 2.277 0.023938 *
## RegularPrice$2.91 3.000e+00 1.708e+00 1.756 0.080694 .
## RegularPrice$2.92 2.667e+00 1.611e+00 1.656 0.099451 .
## RegularPrice$2.93 2.500e+00 1.559e+00 1.603 0.110586
## RegularPrice$2.94 3.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.521 0.129975
## RegularPrice$2.95 3.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.521 0.129975
## RegularPrice$2.96 2.833e+00 1.507e+00 1.881 0.061566 .
## RegularPrice$2.97 2.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.014 0.311931
## RegularPrice$2.98 2.250e+00 1.559e+00 1.443 0.150737
## RegularPrice$2.99 2.250e+00 1.559e+00 1.443 0.150737
## RegularPrice$3.00 2.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.014 0.311931
## RegularPrice$3.01 2.000e+00 1.559e+00 1.283 0.201246
## RegularPrice$3.02 2.000e+00 1.611e+00 1.242 0.215866
## RegularPrice$3.03 3.500e+00 1.559e+00 2.244 0.025974 *
## RegularPrice$3.04 5.000e+00 1.708e+00 2.927 0.003846 **
## RegularPrice$3.05 4.333e+00 1.611e+00 2.691 0.007777 **
## RegularPrice$3.06 2.250e+00 1.559e+00 1.443 0.150737
## RegularPrice$3.07 2.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.014 0.311931
## RegularPrice$3.08 3.500e+00 1.708e+00 2.049 0.041869 *
## RegularPrice$3.09 3.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.521 0.129975
## RegularPrice$3.10 2.500e+00 1.708e+00 1.463 0.145015
## RegularPrice$3.11 3.500e+00 1.708e+00 2.049 0.041869 *
## RegularPrice$3.13 2.500e+00 1.708e+00 1.463 0.145015
## RegularPrice$3.14 2.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.014 0.311931
## RegularPrice$3.15 3.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.521 0.129975
## RegularPrice$3.16 3.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.521 0.129975
## RegularPrice$3.17 3.000e+00 1.973e+00 1.521 0.129975
## RegularPrice$3.18 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.24 5.000e+00 1.611e+00 3.104 0.002201 **
## RegularPrice$3.26 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.28 5.000e+00 1.708e+00 2.927 0.003846 **
## RegularPrice$3.31 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.32 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.34 5.000e+00 1.708e+00 2.927 0.003846 **
## RegularPrice$3.35 5.000e+00 1.708e+00 2.927 0.003846 **
## RegularPrice$3.36 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.37 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.38 5.000e+00 1.528e+00 3.272 0.001269 **
## RegularPrice$3.39 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.40 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.47 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.54 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.58 5.667e+00 1.611e+00 3.518 0.000545 ***
## RegularPrice$3.59 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$3.60 5.500e+00 1.708e+00 3.220 0.001512 **
## RegularPrice$3.61 5.000e+00 1.708e+00 2.927 0.003846 **
## RegularPrice$3.63 5.500e+00 1.708e+00 3.220 0.001512 **
## RegularPrice$3.64 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.66 5.000e+00 1.973e+00 2.535 0.012067 *
## RegularPrice$3.67 5.000e+00 1.611e+00 3.104 0.002201 **
## RegularPrice$3.69 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$3.74 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$3.79 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$3.87 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$3.96 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$3.99 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.02 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.03 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.12 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.19 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.21 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.26 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.28 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.32 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.39 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.40 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.41 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.42 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.43 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.50 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.51 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.54 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.56 6.000e+00 1.708e+00 3.512 0.000556 ***
## RegularPrice$4.61 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.65 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.70 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.80 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.86 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.96 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$4.99 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$5.03 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$5.10 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$5.23 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$5.26 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$5.32 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## RegularPrice$5.36 6.000e+00 1.973e+00 3.042 0.002688 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.395 on 188 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.725, Adjusted R-squared: 0.488
## F-statistic: 3.059 on 162 and 188 DF, p-value: 1.612e-13
plot(M1)
## Warning: not plotting observations with leverage one:
## 3, 7, 8, 25, 106, 118, 132, 135, 170, 171, 172, 174, 179, 198, 220, 222, 225, 227, 228, 257, 276, 280, 284, 289, 293, 298, 299, 305, 306, 310, 315, 319, 320, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351
## Warning in sqrt(crit * p * (1 - hh)/hh): NaNs produced
## Warning in sqrt(crit * p * (1 - hh)/hh): NaNs produced
set.seed(1)
#define data
Date = rnorm(1000, mean=0.6, sd=0.1)
RegularPrice = rnorm(1000, mean=0.4, sd=0.1)
#plot two histograms in same graph
hist(Date, col=rgb(0,0,1,0.2), xlim=c(0, 1),
xlab='Values', ylab='Frequency', main='Histogram for Regular Gas Prices by Year')
hist(RegularPrice, col=rgb(1,0,0,0.2), add=TRUE)
library(readxl)
Personal_Income_by_state_Sheet1 <- read_csv("Downloads/Personal Income by state - Sheet1.csv")
##
## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## cols(
## GeoName = col_character(),
## Description = col_character(),
## `2016` = col_double(),
## `2017` = col_double(),
## `2018` = col_double(),
## `2019` = col_double(),
## `2020` = col_double(),
## `2021` = col_double()
## )
summary(Personal_Income_by_state_Sheet1 )
## GeoName Description 2016 2017
## Length:180 Length:180 Min. : 31576 Min. : 32446
## Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.: 49550 1st Qu.: 51081
## Mode :character Mode :character Median : 272489 Median : 280575
## Mean : 5690637 Mean : 5741193
## 3rd Qu.: 2940573 3rd Qu.: 2984172
## Max. :324367742 Max. :326623063
## 2018 2019 2020
## Min. : 33577 Min. : 35584 Min. : 37974
## 1st Qu.: 52702 1st Qu.: 55733 1st Qu.: 59897
## Median : 293411 Median : 306025 Median : 325160
## Mean : 5787785 Mean : 5831844 Mean : 5874721
## 3rd Qu.: 3000860 3rd Qu.: 3020422 3rd Qu.: 3037692
## Max. :328542157 Max. :330233102 Max. :331501080
## 2021
## Min. : 39949
## 1st Qu.: 64245
## Median : 346403
## Mean : 5907232
## 3rd Qu.: 3055416
## Max. :331893745