Chapter Opening Questions

A manager needs to monitor:

Summary

Managing through the Business Cycle

Steps Description
Assess vulnerability to the recession “How vulnerable is our company to recession or a slowdown in sales?” Assess the vulnerability in terms of magnitude and timing of slowdowns in sales using national data on the company’s industry.
Sketch out a contingency plan for dealing with a recession It’s an one or two page plan, which can lead a manager to build flexibility into the business.
Build flexibility to cut expenses

A company needs the flexibility to cut costs in difficult times. A manager can build flexibility in the business by considering the following areas.

  • relationships with vendors and customers
    • take-or-pay contracts
    • the goodwill piggy bank
    • a customer profitability analysis system
  • hiring
    • labor contracts
  • leasing real estate
  • capital spending
    • smaller modular investment in stages
  • financing
    • equity, bond, bank loans
    • paying a fee for a stand-by line of credit
    • make sure that the maturities are staggered with at least two years between maturities
    • commercial paper vs. bond
Develop an early warning system. In 1940, the Battle of Britain began as 2,400 Luftwaffe aircraft attacked England. The Royal Air Force had only 900 planes., yet they successfully defended their country from the Germans. They key to their success, was radar. The early warning system is “radar for business.”

The vulnerability assessment

The contingency plan

Building flexibility into the business

Summing Up

A company that learns in its contingency planning that it has limited options for cutting expenses may spend a year adding flexibility wherever it can.

Economic terms

Explan each of the following terms in your own words. The author explains the terms in the textbook. If necessary, you may also Google the term on the Web. Good resources include:

Explain the terms in your own words briefly.

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

  • Classification system used to to classify business establishments by their type of economic activity and products produced.

Marginal Cost

  • The added cost from producing one extra unit of a product or service

Economies of Scale

  • A large saving in costs gained by an increased level of production

Capital Goods

  • Goods that are used to produce other goods, rather than being bought directly by consumers

Equity

  • The value of shares offered by a company

Bond

  • A debt security, where borrowers issue bonds to raise money from investors willing to lend them the money for a certain amount of time

Bank Loans

  • An amount of money loaned with interest from the bank to a borrower

Line of Credit

  • The amount of credit that is extended to a borrower of the money

Commercial Paper

  • Short-term unsecured notes issued by companies usually 3-6 months

Economic events

Describe the characteristics of the following events briefly.

The Jobs Bank Program of the American Auto industry

The author uses this as an anecdotal example to explain the danger of inflexible labor contract. GM failed to recognize the value of flexibility in the world with imperfect forecasts by continuing to pay employees even when they weren’t needed for work. So when the recession hit they had to lay off many workers. It would have been better to lay of workers in a good economy for their sake versus firing them mid-recession.

The Electric Utility Industry in the 1980s and 1990s

The author uses this as an anecdotal example to advocate for smaller modular investment in stages. People have a hard time cutting back on electricity usage in the short run but a much easier adjustment over time. Sales growth slowed and their company had excess of capital equipment. With a modular investment even in times of economic downturns you can halt capital spending and start back up again once the recession ends.

The Penn Central Railroad in 1970

The author uses this as an anecdotal example to advocate for borrowing with staggering maturities. When the recession hit the company went bankrupt. If they had financed their company with bonds instead of short-term loans that range from 3-6 months creditors would not have been able to pull the plug on their financing. Spacing out bonds with two year gaps allows companies two-years to also recover from an economic downturn.