Sep 9 Regression Plots
Olivia Martin
2022-09-09
Reg 1: All Cities
Police
A. 2000-17 Regressions
A1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.82283 -0.21026 -0.06502 0.11519 1.91935
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.21560 0.06954 3.100 0.00235 **
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.08300 0.08710 0.953 0.34230
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3904 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.006633, Adjusted R-squared: -0.000671
## F-statistic: 0.9081 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.3423
A2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.35211 -0.14560 -0.02155 0.10786 1.60351
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.01136 0.04060 0.28 0.78
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.05290 0.05086 1.04 0.30
##
## Residual standard error: 0.228 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.007891, Adjusted R-squared: 0.0005965
## F-statistic: 1.082 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.3001
A3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.44127 -0.08227 -0.01040 0.04698 1.20078
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.150633 0.036404 -4.138 6.11e-05 ***
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.008962 0.045596 0.197 0.844
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2044 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.000284, Adjusted R-squared: -0.007067
## F-statistic: 0.03863 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.8445
B. 2000-06 Regressions
B1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.39099 -0.12819 -0.02456 0.09069 0.58180
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.07899 0.04182 1.889 0.0623 .
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.08387 0.05708 1.470 0.1453
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.194 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02449, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01315
## F-statistic: 2.159 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.1453
B2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.30230 -0.09236 -0.01149 0.05697 0.50725
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.002274 0.029617 -0.077 0.939
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.065691 0.040427 1.625 0.108
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1374 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02979, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01851
## F-statistic: 2.64 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.1078
B3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.303093 -0.046437 -0.007027 0.064932 0.306133
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.071063 0.022821 -3.114 0.00251 **
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.004134 0.031150 0.133 0.89473
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1059 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0002047, Adjusted R-squared: -0.01142
## F-statistic: 0.01761 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.8947
C. 2007-11 Regressions
C1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.49808 -0.11489 -0.02621 0.05412 1.74844
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.06778 0.03299 2.054 0.0417 *
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.23912 0.16412 1.457 0.1473
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2737 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01423, Adjusted R-squared: 0.007529
## F-statistic: 2.123 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.1473
C2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.41065 -0.06020 -0.00903 0.04106 1.28093
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.02044 0.01913 1.068 0.287
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.16949 0.09517 1.781 0.077 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1587 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02112, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01446
## F-statistic: 3.172 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.077
C3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.32339 -0.05973 -0.00959 0.04549 1.05487
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.03657 0.01832 -1.996 0.0478 *
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.07957 0.09115 0.873 0.3841
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.152 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.005158, Adjusted R-squared: -0.00161
## F-statistic: 0.7621 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.3841
D. 2012-17 Regressions
D1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.57603 -0.09572 -0.01749 0.07864 0.88735
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.05714 0.02497 2.288 0.0234 *
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.15474 0.07894 1.960 0.0517 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1953 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02289, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01694
## F-statistic: 3.843 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.05166
D2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.48022 -0.04302 0.00273 0.04605 0.24445
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.02268 0.01198 -1.894 0.060019 .
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.14948 0.03786 3.948 0.000117 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09365 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.08679, Adjusted R-squared: 0.08122
## F-statistic: 15.59 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.0001168
D3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.44262 -0.07081 -0.01603 0.04021 0.95378
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.0152301 0.0237551 0.641 0.522
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.0003056 0.0750877 0.004 0.997
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1857 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 1.01e-07, Adjusted R-squared: -0.006097
## F-statistic: 1.657e-05 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.9968
Firefighters
A. 2000-17 Regressions
A1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.1312 -0.2167 -0.0326 0.1658 2.0605
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.17872 0.07495 2.385 0.0185 *
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.14505 0.09387 1.545 0.1246
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4208 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01725, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01003
## F-statistic: 2.388 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.1246
A2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.94065 -0.15185 -0.03961 0.12834 2.09304
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.04956 0.05373 0.922 0.358
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.07077 0.06730 1.052 0.295
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3017 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.008065, Adjusted R-squared: 0.0007713
## F-statistic: 1.106 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.2949
A3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.71517 -0.06429 -0.00842 0.07644 0.39074
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.21036 0.02894 -7.268 2.58e-11 ***
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.04312 0.03625 1.189 0.236
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1625 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0103, Adjusted R-squared: 0.003019
## F-statistic: 1.415 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.2363
B. 2000-06 Regressions
B1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.57332 -0.15328 -0.03518 0.10115 1.09572
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.04827 0.05516 0.875 0.3840
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.15133 0.07529 2.010 0.0476 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2559 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04487, Adjusted R-squared: 0.03376
## F-statistic: 4.04 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.04758
B2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.31841 -0.10825 -0.04021 0.07192 0.93654
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.04392 0.04136 1.062 0.291
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.04818 0.05645 0.854 0.396
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1918 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0084, Adjusted R-squared: -0.00313
## F-statistic: 0.7286 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.3957
B3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.43534 -0.06239 -0.00671 0.06729 0.35876
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.13526 0.02578 -5.246 1.1e-06 ***
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.07067 0.03520 2.008 0.0478 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1196 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04479, Adjusted R-squared: 0.03368
## F-statistic: 4.032 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.04778
C. 2007-11 Regressions
C1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.67451 -0.09450 -0.02445 0.05965 1.72758
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.04752 0.02819 1.686 0.0939 .
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.17559 0.14021 1.252 0.2125
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2339 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01056, Adjusted R-squared: 0.003825
## F-statistic: 1.568 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.2125
C2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.66325 -0.05394 -0.00868 0.03547 1.31703
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.00452 0.02152 0.210 0.834
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.13495 0.10705 1.261 0.209
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1785 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0107, Adjusted R-squared: 0.003967
## F-statistic: 1.589 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.2094
C3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.30449 -0.06439 -0.01051 0.04801 1.02809
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.03569 0.01742 -2.048 0.0423 *
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.03144 0.08666 0.363 0.7173
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1445 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0008945, Adjusted R-squared: -0.005902
## F-statistic: 0.1316 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.7173
D. 2012-17 Regressions
D1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.89179 -0.08657 0.00527 0.10879 0.55414
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.02969 0.02646 1.122 0.263
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.13757 0.08364 1.645 0.102
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2069 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01623, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01023
## F-statistic: 2.705 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.1019
D2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.49323 -0.04234 0.00202 0.05373 0.55197
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.01361 0.01696 -0.802 0.4236
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.13294 0.05362 2.479 0.0142 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1326 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03613, Adjusted R-squared: 0.03025
## F-statistic: 6.147 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.01417
D3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.80616 -0.09065 0.00664 0.08239 0.50128
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.016443 0.022044 -0.746 0.457
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index -0.007679 0.069679 -0.110 0.912
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1724 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 7.404e-05, Adjusted R-squared: -0.006023
## F-statistic: 0.01214 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.9124
Explore Cities with High Volatility in Payroll
2000 - 2006
2007 - 2011
2012 - 2017
### Payroll coverage over the years
Reg 2: Excl. 8 cities with >40% increase 2012-2017
Police
A. 2000-17 Regressions
A1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.81192 -0.20662 -0.05857 0.11839 1.92372
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.22686 0.07098 3.196 0.00175 **
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.05510 0.08856 0.622 0.53492
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3866 on 130 degrees of freedom
## (4 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.002969, Adjusted R-squared: -0.004701
## F-statistic: 0.3871 on 1 and 130 DF, p-value: 0.5349
A2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.36253 -0.14724 -0.02306 0.10963 1.59587
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.02607 0.04203 0.620 0.536
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.04224 0.05244 0.805 0.422
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2289 on 130 degrees of freedom
## (4 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.004966, Adjusted R-squared: -0.002688
## F-statistic: 0.6488 on 1 and 130 DF, p-value: 0.422
A3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.42657 -0.06960 0.00395 0.05405 1.21397
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.160208 0.033641 -4.762 0.00000503 ***
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.002511 0.041971 0.060 0.952
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1832 on 130 degrees of freedom
## (4 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 2.754e-05, Adjusted R-squared: -0.007665
## F-statistic: 0.00358 on 1 and 130 DF, p-value: 0.9524
B. 2000-06 Regressions
B1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.38249 -0.12721 -0.03185 0.08669 0.58533
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.08307 0.04372 1.900 0.0609 .
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.07517 0.06108 1.231 0.2220
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1968 on 83 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01792, Adjusted R-squared: 0.006086
## F-statistic: 1.514 on 1 and 83 DF, p-value: 0.222
B2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.30297 -0.09003 -0.01123 0.05494 0.51666
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.006699 0.030551 0.219 0.827
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.049367 0.042684 1.157 0.251
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1375 on 83 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01586, Adjusted R-squared: 0.004004
## F-statistic: 1.338 on 1 and 83 DF, p-value: 0.2508
B3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.302500 -0.044553 -0.006939 0.065201 0.305821
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.07510 0.02383 -3.152 0.00226 **
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.01014 0.03329 0.304 0.76151
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1073 on 83 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.001116, Adjusted R-squared: -0.01092
## F-statistic: 0.09272 on 1 and 83 DF, p-value: 0.7615
C. 2007-11 Regressions
C1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.49639 -0.12155 -0.02790 0.05009 1.73584
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.06726 0.03359 2.002 0.0472 *
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.19375 0.17121 1.132 0.2597
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2744 on 142 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.008937, Adjusted R-squared: 0.001958
## F-statistic: 1.281 on 1 and 142 DF, p-value: 0.2597
C2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.41259 -0.06403 -0.01050 0.04047 1.27883
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.02113 0.01950 1.083 0.280
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.15427 0.09939 1.552 0.123
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1593 on 142 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01668, Adjusted R-squared: 0.009758
## F-statistic: 2.409 on 1 and 142 DF, p-value: 0.1229
C3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.32824 -0.06235 -0.00986 0.04274 1.05144
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.03752 0.01865 -2.012 0.0462 *
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.05040 0.09507 0.530 0.5968
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1524 on 142 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.001976, Adjusted R-squared: -0.005053
## F-statistic: 0.2811 on 1 and 142 DF, p-value: 0.5968
D. 2012-17 Regressions
D1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.55584 -0.07201 0.00273 0.08751 0.35798
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.03729 0.02048 1.821 0.0705 .
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.13717 0.06561 2.091 0.0382 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1558 on 157 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02709, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02089
## F-statistic: 4.371 on 1 and 157 DF, p-value: 0.03816
D2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.48109 -0.04383 0.00326 0.04446 0.22891
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.02193 0.01191 -1.841 0.0676 .
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.15529 0.03818 4.068 0.0000749 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09068 on 157 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09535, Adjusted R-squared: 0.08959
## F-statistic: 16.55 on 1 and 157 DF, p-value: 0.00007492
D3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.41708 -0.04656 0.00975 0.05455 0.31401
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.008059 0.016825 -0.479 0.633
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index -0.013016 0.053908 -0.241 0.810
##
## Residual standard error: 0.128 on 157 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0003712, Adjusted R-squared: -0.005996
## F-statistic: 0.0583 on 1 and 157 DF, p-value: 0.8095
Firefighters
A. 2000-17 Regressions
A1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.12938 -0.21184 -0.03793 0.17277 2.06178
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.17313 0.07836 2.209 0.0289 *
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.15038 0.09777 1.538 0.1265
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4268 on 130 degrees of freedom
## (4 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01787, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01032
## F-statistic: 2.366 on 1 and 130 DF, p-value: 0.1265
A2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.9400 -0.1553 -0.0460 0.1238 2.0919
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.04220 0.05568 0.758 0.450
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.08130 0.06947 1.170 0.244
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3032 on 130 degrees of freedom
## (4 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01042, Adjusted R-squared: 0.002813
## F-statistic: 1.37 on 1 and 130 DF, p-value: 0.244
A3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.71341 -0.06368 -0.00664 0.07629 0.39252
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.20838 0.03024 -6.891 0.000000000215 ***
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.03776 0.03773 1.001 0.319
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1647 on 130 degrees of freedom
## (4 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.007645, Adjusted R-squared: 1.13e-05
## F-statistic: 1.001 on 1 and 130 DF, p-value: 0.3188
B. 2000-06 Regressions
B1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.57170 -0.15617 -0.03491 0.08030 1.09736
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.04942 0.05772 0.856 0.3944
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.14445 0.08064 1.791 0.0769 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2598 on 83 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03722, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02562
## F-statistic: 3.208 on 1 and 83 DF, p-value: 0.07691
B2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.31559 -0.10645 -0.04815 0.07487 0.93934
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.04121 0.04316 0.955 0.342
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.04797 0.06030 0.796 0.429
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1943 on 83 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.007569, Adjusted R-squared: -0.004388
## F-statistic: 0.633 on 1 and 83 DF, p-value: 0.4285
B3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.43630 -0.06790 -0.00558 0.06535 0.36165
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.13215 0.02696 -4.901 0.00000465 ***
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.06534 0.03767 1.735 0.0865 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1214 on 83 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03499, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02336
## F-statistic: 3.009 on 1 and 83 DF, p-value: 0.08651
C. 2007-11 Regressions
C1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.67748 -0.09559 -0.02262 0.05748 1.72552
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.05208 0.02845 1.831 0.0693 .
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.20266 0.14502 1.397 0.1645
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2324 on 142 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01357, Adjusted R-squared: 0.00662
## F-statistic: 1.953 on 1 and 142 DF, p-value: 0.1645
C2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.66592 -0.05580 -0.01193 0.03209 1.31553
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.009245 0.021294 0.434 0.665
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.169853 0.108534 1.565 0.120
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1739 on 142 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01695, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01003
## F-statistic: 2.449 on 1 and 142 DF, p-value: 0.1198
C3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.30850 -0.06617 -0.01072 0.04782 1.02717
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.03615 0.01791 -2.019 0.0454 *
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.02226 0.09128 0.244 0.8077
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1463 on 142 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0004185, Adjusted R-squared: -0.006621
## F-statistic: 0.05946 on 1 and 142 DF, p-value: 0.8077
D. 2012-17 Regressions
D1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.89315 -0.08238 0.00467 0.11136 0.55388
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.03158 0.02702 1.169 0.244
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.13200 0.08657 1.525 0.129
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2056 on 157 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01459, Adjusted R-squared: 0.008315
## F-statistic: 2.325 on 1 and 157 DF, p-value: 0.1293
D2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.49350 -0.04356 0.00136 0.05229 0.55136
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.01383 0.01691 -0.818 0.41462
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.14241 0.05417 2.629 0.00941 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1287 on 157 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04217, Adjusted R-squared: 0.03607
## F-statistic: 6.912 on 1 and 157 DF, p-value: 0.009414
D3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.80506 -0.08402 0.01021 0.08728 0.44448
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.01647 0.02183 -0.755 0.452
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index -0.01906 0.06993 -0.272 0.786
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1661 on 157 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0004727, Adjusted R-squared: -0.005894
## F-statistic: 0.07425 on 1 and 157 DF, p-value: 0.7856
Reg 3: Budgets instead of Payroll
Police
A. 2000-17 Regression
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_p_budget ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.70414 -0.35723 -0.09479 0.32693 1.86967
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.7640 0.1030 7.418 0.0000000000199 ***
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.1345 0.1246 1.079 0.283
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5434 on 118 degrees of freedom
## (3 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.009772, Adjusted R-squared: 0.00138
## F-statistic: 1.164 on 1 and 118 DF, p-value: 0.2827
B. 2000-06 Regression
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_p_budget ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.49083 -0.17973 -0.02575 0.17350 0.63951
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.30178 0.06012 5.019 0.00000354 ***
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.10620 0.07803 1.361 0.178
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2524 on 73 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02475, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01139
## F-statistic: 1.852 on 1 and 73 DF, p-value: 0.1777
C. 2007-11 Regression
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_p_budget ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.34235 -0.10538 -0.01397 0.06818 0.97427
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.18583 0.02158 8.612 0.000000000000014
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.26840 0.10503 2.555 0.0117
##
## (Intercept) ***
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1717 on 139 degrees of freedom
## (3 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04487, Adjusted R-squared: 0.038
## F-statistic: 6.53 on 1 and 139 DF, p-value: 0.01168
D. 2012-17 Regression
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_p_budget ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.79931 -0.07890 -0.00905 0.07642 0.56590
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.14979 0.02422 6.186 0.00000000533 ***
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.07889 0.07451 1.059 0.291
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1801 on 154 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.007225, Adjusted R-squared: 0.0007788
## F-statistic: 1.121 on 1 and 154 DF, p-value: 0.2914
Fire
A. 2000-17 Regression
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$pct_change_ff_budget ~ data_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.34427 -0.38419 -0.07788 0.30390 1.66350
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.8455 0.1117 7.570 0.00000000000906
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.1550 0.1351 1.147 0.254
##
## (Intercept) ***
## data_0$pct_change_housing_index
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5893 on 118 degrees of freedom
## (3 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01103, Adjusted R-squared: 0.002649
## F-statistic: 1.316 on 1 and 118 DF, p-value: 0.2536
B. 2000-06 Regression
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$pct_change_ff_budget ~ data_1$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.56917 -0.21885 -0.00227 0.15634 1.30509
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.28964 0.07298 3.969 0.000167 ***
## data_1$pct_change_housing_index 0.16935 0.09471 1.788 0.077912 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3064 on 73 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04196, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02884
## F-statistic: 3.197 on 1 and 73 DF, p-value: 0.07791
C. 2007-11 Regression
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$pct_change_ff_budget ~ data_2$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.53386 -0.15522 -0.04639 0.05071 3.14395
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.21157 0.04442 4.763 0.00000474 ***
## data_2$pct_change_housing_index 0.37435 0.21621 1.731 0.0856 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3534 on 139 degrees of freedom
## (3 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02111, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01407
## F-statistic: 2.998 on 1 and 139 DF, p-value: 0.0856
D. 2012-17 Regression
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$pct_change_ff_budget ~ data_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.73682 -0.10373 -0.01365 0.08368 0.92165
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.22039 0.03150 6.997 0.0000000000753 ***
## data_3$pct_change_housing_index -0.08013 0.09692 -0.827 0.41
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2342 on 154 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.004418, Adjusted R-squared: -0.002046
## F-statistic: 0.6835 on 1 and 154 DF, p-value: 0.4097
Explore Data Flags
Police
FTE Flags
Count of Flags Over Time
Number of Corrected Flags Over Time
Cities with the Most Corrected Flags Over Time
FTE Payroll Flags
Count of Flags Over Time
Number of Corrected Flags Over Time
Cities with the Most Corrected Flags Over Time
Reg 4: Excl. Cities w/ Growth/Corrected Flag
Police
A. 2000-2017 Regressions
A1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = p_payroll_data_00_17$pct_change_p_payroll ~ p_payroll_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.47610 -0.10823 -0.00798 0.11201 0.52572
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) -0.01597 0.06110 -0.261
## p_payroll_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.48993 0.14592 3.357
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.79426
## p_payroll_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.00109 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1883 on 107 degrees of freedom
## (42 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09531, Adjusted R-squared: 0.08685
## F-statistic: 11.27 on 1 and 107 DF, p-value: 0.00109
A2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = p_fte_data_00_17$pct_change_p_fte ~ p_fte_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.39346 -0.11334 0.01682 0.12931 0.48847
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.12100 0.05485 -2.206 0.02951
## p_fte_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.34516 0.13100 2.635 0.00967
##
## (Intercept) *
## p_fte_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.169 on 107 degrees of freedom
## (43 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06093, Adjusted R-squared: 0.05216
## F-statistic: 6.943 on 1 and 107 DF, p-value: 0.009665
B. 2012-2017 Regressions
B1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = p_payroll_data_12_17$pct_change_p_payroll ~ p_payroll_data_12_17$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.57214 -0.07417 0.00625 0.08326 0.36063
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) 0.03799 0.02565 1.481
## p_payroll_data_12_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.22517 0.11680 1.928
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.1412
## p_payroll_data_12_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.0563 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1408 on 119 degrees of freedom
## (30 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03029, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02214
## F-statistic: 3.717 on 1 and 119 DF, p-value: 0.05625
B2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = p_fte_data_12_17$pct_change_p_fte ~ p_fte_data_12_17$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.212729 -0.042869 -0.001521 0.045074 0.185958
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.01003 0.01497 -0.670 0.5040
## p_fte_data_12_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.14738 0.06818 2.162 0.0326
##
## (Intercept)
## p_fte_data_12_17$pct_change_housing_index *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.08222 on 119 degrees of freedom
## (31 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03778, Adjusted R-squared: 0.0297
## F-statistic: 4.673 on 1 and 119 DF, p-value: 0.03265
Firefighters
A. 2000-2017 Regressions
A1. Fire Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = ff_payroll_data_00_17$pct_change_ff_payroll ~ ff_payroll_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.32427 -0.08578 0.01800 0.14027 0.38123
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) -0.14027 0.08055 -1.741
## ff_payroll_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.81485 0.19385 4.203
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.0847 .
## ff_payroll_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.0000577 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2438 on 99 degrees of freedom
## (28 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1514, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1429
## F-statistic: 17.67 on 1 and 99 DF, p-value: 0.00005768
A2. Fire FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = ff_fte_data_00_17$pct_change_ff_fte ~ ff_fte_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.66348 -0.09441 0.01493 0.13883 0.35734
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.10055 0.06833 -1.472 0.1443
## ff_fte_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.39359 0.16444 2.394 0.0186
##
## (Intercept)
## ff_fte_data_00_17$pct_change_housing_index *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2069 on 99 degrees of freedom
## (28 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0547, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04515
## F-statistic: 5.729 on 1 and 99 DF, p-value: 0.01857
B. 2012-2017 Regressions
B1. Fire Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = ff_payroll_data_12_17$pct_change_ff_payroll ~ ff_payroll_data_12_17$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.73029 -0.06438 0.01591 0.10973 0.33590
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) -0.006554 0.036414 -0.180
## ff_payroll_data_12_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.278013 0.159292 1.745
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.8575
## ff_payroll_data_12_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.0838 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1857 on 108 degrees of freedom
## (19 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02743, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01843
## F-statistic: 3.046 on 1 and 108 DF, p-value: 0.08378
B2. Fire FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = ff_fte_data_12_17$pct_change_ff_fte ~ ff_fte_data_12_17$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.71566 -0.03444 0.01507 0.07195 0.36871
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.03047 0.02901 -1.050 0.296
## ff_fte_data_12_17$pct_change_housing_index 0.20618 0.12621 1.634 0.105
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1482 on 109 degrees of freedom
## (18 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0239, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01494
## F-statistic: 2.669 on 1 and 109 DF, p-value: 0.1052
Reg 5: Winsorize 5%
Police
A. 2000-17 Regressions
A1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$w_pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.50948 -0.17143 -0.01479 0.16768 0.44534
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.09792 0.05467 1.791 0.0755 .
## data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.19396 0.07658 2.533 0.0125 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2374 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04504, Adjusted R-squared: 0.03802
## F-statistic: 6.414 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.01246
A2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$w_pct_change_p_fte ~ data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.249865 -0.126004 -0.006266 0.126096 0.268318
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.02171 0.03356 -0.647 0.519
## data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.08052 0.04701 1.713 0.089 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1457 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02112, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01392
## F-statistic: 2.934 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.08901
A3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$w_pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.20675 -0.09521 -0.01290 0.05148 0.39247
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.19585 0.03056 -6.409 0.00000000223 ***
## data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.07657 0.04281 1.789 0.0759 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1327 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02299, Adjusted R-squared: 0.0158
## F-statistic: 3.2 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.07589
B. 2000-06 Regressions
B1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$w_pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.37461 -0.12938 -0.02068 0.10026 0.44041
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.06345 0.04277 1.483 0.1416
## data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.10695 0.06262 1.708 0.0913 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1815 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0328, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02156
## F-statistic: 2.917 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.09127
B2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$w_pct_change_p_fte ~ data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.219713 -0.084644 -0.006027 0.068847 0.260544
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.009232 0.026580 -0.347 0.7292
## data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.069486 0.038913 1.786 0.0777 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1128 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03575, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02454
## F-statistic: 3.189 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.07768
B3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$w_pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.247706 -0.046304 -0.006974 0.067145 0.284009
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.07888 0.02435 -3.239 0.0017 **
## data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.01782 0.03565 0.500 0.6185
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1034 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.002896, Adjusted R-squared: -0.008698
## F-statistic: 0.2498 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.6185
C. 2007-11 Regressions
C1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$w_pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.29708 -0.11289 -0.02471 0.06855 0.61681
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.06544 0.02354 2.780 0.00616 **
## data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.36102 0.16107 2.241 0.02650 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1647 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03305, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02647
## F-statistic: 5.024 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.0265
C2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$w_pct_change_p_fte ~ data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.219124 -0.057021 -0.005521 0.048403 0.302994
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.01941 0.01444 1.344 0.1809
## data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.23692 0.09879 2.398 0.0177 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.101 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03766, Adjusted R-squared: 0.03111
## F-statistic: 5.752 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.01772
C3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$w_pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.256445 -0.049590 -0.004979 0.055480 0.290657
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.03943 0.01617 -2.439 0.0159 *
## data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.14138 0.11062 1.278 0.2032
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1131 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01099, Adjusted R-squared: 0.004262
## F-statistic: 1.634 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.2032
D. 2012-17 Regressions
D1. Police Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$w_pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.36383 -0.09294 -0.01920 0.07596 0.52406
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.05990 0.02184 2.743 0.00677 **
## data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.14472 0.06904 2.096 0.03760 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1708 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02609, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02016
## F-statistic: 4.394 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.0376
D2. Police FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$w_pct_change_p_fte ~ data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.185240 -0.045170 0.001329 0.043333 0.240239
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.01504 0.01074 -1.401 0.163093
## data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.12685 0.03394 3.737 0.000256 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.08395 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07849, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07287
## F-statistic: 13.97 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.0002564
D3. Police Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$w_pct_change_p_salaries ~ data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.315713 -0.052558 0.001532 0.057121 0.222292
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.004330 0.015679 -0.276 0.783
## data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.006524 0.049561 0.132 0.895
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1226 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0001056, Adjusted R-squared: -0.005991
## F-statistic: 0.01733 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.8954
Firefighters
A. 2000-17 Regressions
A1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$w_pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.58052 -0.16088 -0.00234 0.22085 0.44191
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.07458 0.05936 1.256 0.21112
## data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.25537 0.08315 3.071 0.00257 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2577 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06486, Adjusted R-squared: 0.05798
## F-statistic: 9.433 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.002575
A2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$w_pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.35596 -0.13815 -0.02068 0.14047 0.35352
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.00617 0.04323 0.143 0.8867
## data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.11077 0.06056 1.829 0.0696 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1877 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02401, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01683
## F-statistic: 3.346 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.06958
A3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_0$w_pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.19489 -0.08690 -0.02254 0.05516 0.34725
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.21048 0.02862 -7.355 0.0000000000162
## data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.07092 0.04009 1.769 0.0791
##
## (Intercept) ***
## data_0$w_pct_change_housing_index .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1242 on 136 degrees of freedom
## (40 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02249, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01531
## F-statistic: 3.129 on 1 and 136 DF, p-value: 0.07913
B. 2000-06 Regressions
B1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$w_pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.35426 -0.14402 -0.02223 0.11445 0.51328
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.03146 0.04720 0.667 0.5068
## data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.16343 0.06910 2.365 0.0203 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2003 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06108, Adjusted R-squared: 0.05016
## F-statistic: 5.594 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.02027
B2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$w_pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.29995 -0.09342 -0.02586 0.09045 0.34888
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.02648 0.03392 0.781 0.437
## data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.05610 0.04966 1.130 0.262
##
## Residual standard error: 0.144 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01462, Adjusted R-squared: 0.003166
## F-statistic: 1.276 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.2617
B3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_1$w_pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.228612 -0.066466 -0.006928 0.065031 0.293900
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.14271 0.02517 -5.671 0.000000187 ***
## data_1$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.08706 0.03684 2.363 0.0204 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1068 on 86 degrees of freedom
## (14 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06096, Adjusted R-squared: 0.05004
## F-statistic: 5.583 on 1 and 86 DF, p-value: 0.02039
C. 2007-11 Regressions
C1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$w_pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.31227 -0.08707 -0.01880 0.05927 0.60233
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.04859 0.02277 2.134 0.0345 *
## data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.26581 0.15576 1.706 0.0900 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1593 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01943, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01275
## F-statistic: 2.912 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.09003
C2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$w_pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.24469 -0.05501 -0.00986 0.03389 0.39901
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.008599 0.016251 0.529 0.5975
## data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.213965 0.111185 1.924 0.0562 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1137 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02457, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01794
## F-statistic: 3.703 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.05624
C3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_2$w_pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.285224 -0.057772 -0.001453 0.057198 0.226875
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.04658 0.01566 -2.974 0.00343 **
## data_2$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.01872 0.10715 0.175 0.86156
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1096 on 147 degrees of freedom
## (9 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0002076, Adjusted R-squared: -0.006594
## F-statistic: 0.03052 on 1 and 147 DF, p-value: 0.8616
D. 2012-17 Regressions
D1. Firefighters Payroll
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$w_pct_change_ff_payroll ~ data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.36723 -0.09135 -0.00326 0.09902 0.53330
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.04472 0.02331 1.919 0.0568 .
## data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.11650 0.07367 1.581 0.1157
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1822 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01502, Adjusted R-squared: 0.009013
## F-statistic: 2.501 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.1157
D2. Firefighters FTE
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$w_pct_change_ff_fte ~ data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.26112 -0.04658 -0.00494 0.05102 0.38139
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.003216 0.013926 -0.231 0.818
## data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index 0.110492 0.044019 2.510 0.013 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1089 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.037, Adjusted R-squared: 0.03112
## F-statistic: 6.301 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.01304
D3. Firefighters Salaries (Payroll / FTE)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_3$w_pct_change_ff_salaries ~ data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.31459 -0.08505 0.01310 0.08868 0.20452
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.02070 0.01708 -1.212 0.227
## data_3$w_pct_change_housing_index -0.01323 0.05398 -0.245 0.807
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1335 on 164 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0003661, Adjusted R-squared: -0.005729
## F-statistic: 0.06006 on 1 and 164 DF, p-value: 0.8067
Reg 6: Separate Lists
Police
A. 2000-17 Regressions
Police Payroll
List 1
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_l1_0$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_l1_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.8163 -0.2042 -0.0477 0.1287 1.2567
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.20826 0.08061 2.583 0.0118 *
## data_l1_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.08406 0.08657 0.971 0.3347
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3611 on 74 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01258, Adjusted R-squared: -0.0007641
## F-statistic: 0.9427 on 1 and 74 DF, p-value: 0.3347
List 2
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_l2_0$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_l2_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.63998 -0.21214 -0.09384 0.10576 1.91589
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.2041 0.1970 1.036 0.304
## data_l2_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.1097 0.3153 0.348 0.729
##
## Residual standard error: 0.42 on 64 degrees of freedom
## (39 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.001888, Adjusted R-squared: -0.01371
## F-statistic: 0.1211 on 1 and 64 DF, p-value: 0.729
Police FTE
List 1
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_l1_0$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_l1_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.33164 -0.16076 0.00203 0.11306 0.92715
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.03294 0.04519 0.729 0.468
## data_l1_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.02703 0.04854 0.557 0.579
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2024 on 74 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.004175, Adjusted R-squared: -0.009282
## F-statistic: 0.3102 on 1 and 74 DF, p-value: 0.5792
List 2
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_l2_0$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_l2_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.31960 -0.13627 -0.02434 0.09109 1.60092
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.0940 0.1179 -0.797 0.428
## data_l2_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.2154 0.1887 1.142 0.258
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2513 on 64 degrees of freedom
## (39 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01997, Adjusted R-squared: 0.004655
## F-statistic: 1.304 on 1 and 64 DF, p-value: 0.2577
B. 2012-17 Regressions
Police Payroll
List 1
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_l1_3$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_l1_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.51370 -0.09363 -0.02865 0.06103 0.88334
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.06242 0.05304 1.177 0.243
## data_l1_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.14959 0.12339 1.212 0.229
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2137 on 75 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01922, Adjusted R-squared: 0.006145
## F-statistic: 1.47 on 1 and 75 DF, p-value: 0.2292
List 2
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_l2_3$pct_change_p_payroll ~ data_l2_3$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.57431 -0.08744 -0.00624 0.08764 0.64779
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.05536 0.03405 1.626 0.107
## data_l2_3$pct_change_housing_index 0.15751 0.20019 0.787 0.433
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1771 on 91 degrees of freedom
## (12 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.006757, Adjusted R-squared: -0.004158
## F-statistic: 0.6191 on 1 and 91 DF, p-value: 0.4334
Police FTE
List 1
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_l1_0$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_l1_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.33164 -0.16076 0.00203 0.11306 0.92715
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.03294 0.04519 0.729 0.468
## data_l1_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.02703 0.04854 0.557 0.579
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2024 on 74 degrees of freedom
## (1 observation deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.004175, Adjusted R-squared: -0.009282
## F-statistic: 0.3102 on 1 and 74 DF, p-value: 0.5792
List 2
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = data_l2_0$pct_change_p_fte ~ data_l2_0$pct_change_housing_index)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.31960 -0.13627 -0.02434 0.09109 1.60092
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.0940 0.1179 -0.797 0.428
## data_l2_0$pct_change_housing_index 0.2154 0.1887 1.142 0.258
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2513 on 64 degrees of freedom
## (39 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01997, Adjusted R-squared: 0.004655
## F-statistic: 1.304 on 1 and 64 DF, p-value: 0.2577