Meta-Analisis I

A.Carolina Ledezma-Carrizalez

“Meta-Analysis of published scientific knowledge about extraction processes and formulation of bioinsecticides from neotropical plants.”

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Meta-analysis is a set of statistical tools, which are useful for synthesizing data from a collection of studies. The meta-analysis begins by collecting estimates of a certain effect (expressed in an index of effect size, such as standardized mean difference, hazard ratio, or correlation) from each study. Meta-analysis allows these effects to be assessed in context: if the effect size is consistent, the treatment effect can be considered strong and the effect size is estimated with greater precision than with a single study. If the effect size varies, that variation can be described and potentially explained.

Database of article numbers identified for evaluation

N	Author	Year	Country of publication	Country of Study	Database	Journal	Language	Title
1	CHIFFELLE, et al.	2013	Países Bajos	Chile	Web of Science	Industrial Crops and Products	Ingles	Proximal analysis and insecticidal effects of extracts from pepper tree (schinus molle) leaves on elm leaf beetle (xanthogaleruca luteola) larvae
2	IANNACONE, et al	2013	Peru	Perú	Dialnet	Neotropical Helminthology	Español	Toxicidad de los bioplaguicidas agave americana, furcraea andina (asparagaceae) y sapindus saponaria (sapindaceae) sobre el caracol invasor melanoides tuberculata (thiaridae)tuberculata (thiaridae)
3	CRUZ-ESTRADA, et al	2013	Chile	México	Web of Science	Electronic Journal of Biotechnology	Ingles	Insecticidal effects of plant extracts on immature whitefly bemisia tabaci genn. (hemiptera: aleyroideae)
4	ÁVALOS, Delia S. et al.	2013	Argentina	Argentina	La Referencia	Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo	Español	Evaluación de la preferencia de liriomyza spp. En genotipos diferentes de garbanzo y efecto del extracto de melia azedarach l. : resultados preliminares
5	DA SILVA, et al	2017	Argentina	Argentina	Portal de Revistas academicas	Revista de Biología Tropical	Ingles	Insecticidal effect of the ethanol extract of baccharis dracunculifolia (asterales: asteraceae)
6	MARONEZE, & GALLEGOS	2009	Chile	Brasil	Redalyc	Ciências Agrárias	Portugues	Efeito de extrato aquoso de melia azedarach no desenvolvimento das fases imatura e reprodutiva de spodoptera frugiperda (j. E. Smith, 1797) (lepidoptera: noctuidae)
7	NAVARRETE, Bernardo et al.,	2017	Ecuador	Ecuador	Universidad Politécnica Salesiana	La Granja: Ciencias de la Vida	Español	Efecto del nim (azadirachta indica juss.) Sobre bemisia tabaci gennadius (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) y controladores biológicos en el cultivo del melón cucumis melo l.
8	SALAZAR G., & BETANCOURTH G.	2009	Colombia	Colombia	Scielo	Agronomía Colombiana	Español	Evaluación de extractos de plantas para el manejo de polilla guatemalteca (tecia solanivora) en cultivos de papa en nariño, colombia
9	MORDUE, & NISBET,	2000	Brasil	Brasil	Scielo	Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil	Ingles	Azadirachtin from the neem tree azadirachta indica: its action against insects
10	IANNACONE, AYALA, & ROMÁN	2005	Perú	Perú	Scielo	Gayana	Español	Efectos toxicologicos de cuatro plantas sobre el gorgojo del maiz sitophilus zeamais motschulsky 1855 (coleoptera: curculionidae) y sobre el gorgojo de las galletas stegobium paniceum (linnaeus 1761) (coleoptera: anobiidae) en peru
11	VÁSQUEZ-MORALES, et al.	2014	México	México	Google academico	Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies	Ingles	Bioprospecting of botanical insecticides: the case of ethanol extracts of magnolia schiedeana schltl. Applied to a tephritid, fruit fly anastrepha ludens loew
12	ANSANTE,et al.,	2015	Brasil	Brasil	ScienceDirect	Industrial Crops and Products	Ingles	Secondary metabolites from neotropical annonaceae: screening, bioguided fractionation, and toxicity to spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. Smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae)
13	VERGARA RUIZ, et al,	1997	Colombia	Colombia	Google acadèmico	Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín	Español	Potencial insecticida de extractos de meliaazederach l (meliaceae). Actividad biologica y efectos sobre spodoptera frugiperda j.e: smith
14	TORRES, et al.	2015	Chile	Chile	Google academico	Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas	Español	Propiedades insecticidas del polvo de laurelia sempervirens l. Para el control de sitophilus zeamais motschulsky (coleoptera: curculionidae)
15	PÉREZ D, & IANNACONE	2006	Chile	Peru	Scielo	Agricultura Técnica	Español	Efectividad de extractos botánicos de diez plantas sobre la mortalidad y repelencia de larvas de rhynchophorus palmarum l., insecto plaga del pijuayo bactris gasipaes kunth en la amazonía del perú
16	IANNACONE, & LAMAS,	2003	Venezuela	Perú	Researchgate	Entomotropica	Español	Efecto insecticida de cuatro extractos botánicos y del cartap sobre la polilla de la papa phthorimaea operculella (zeller) (lepidoptera: gelechiidae), en el peru
17	CASTIGLIONI, E.,et al.	2002	Brasil	Brasil	google academico	Agrociencia	Español	Evaluacion del efecto toxico de extractos acuosos y derivados de meliaceas sobre tetranychus urticae (koch) (acari, tetranychidae)
18	HUAYCHO C., H, et al.	2017	Bolivia	Bolivia	Scielo	Investigación e Innovación Agropecuaria y de Recursos Naturales	Español	Control del chinche del cacao (monaloniondis simulatum dist.) Con aplicación de bioinsecticidas en la región de los yungas de bolivia
19	ALDANA LL., L. et al.,	2010	México	México	Scielo	Polibotánica	Español	Evaluación bioinsecticida de extractos de bursera copallifera (d.c.) Bullock y bursera grandifolia (schltdl.) Engl. En gusano cogollero spodoptera frugiperda j.e. Smith (lepidoptera: noctuidae)
20	OROZCO–SÁNCHEZ, F. & RODRÍGUEZ–MONROY, M.,	2007	México	México	Scielo	mexicana de ingeniería química	Español	Cultivos de células en suspensión de azadirachta indica para la producción de un bioinsecticida
21	IANNACONE OLIVER,	2002	Perú	Perú	Boletín de Lima	Boletín de Lima	Español	Análisis de riesgo ambiental durante la propagación y producción del bioinsecticida botánico rotenona en una zona amazónica
22	ESTRADA, et al.,	2006	Cuba	Cuba	Google academico	O. B. ACTAF	Español	Bioinsecticidas de nim en la agricultura urbana
23	ANTÓN YACILA, et al.,	2005	Perú	Perú	Universidad de Piura	Equipo de proyecto Línea Neem Plaguicida	Español	Diseño de la línea de producción de tres bioinsecticidas a base de la semilla, cáscara y residuos del grano en la extracción del aceite del árbol azadiratcha indica
24	ÁLVARO, Celis et al.,	2008	Colombia	Colombia	Scielo	Agronomía Colombiana	Español	extractos vegetales utilizados como biocontroladores con énfasis en la familia piperaceae. Una revisión
25	NERIO, OLIVERO-VERBEL, & STASHENKO	2009	Colombia	Colombia	ScienceDirect	Journal of Stored Products Research	Ingles	Repellent activity of essential oils from seven aromatic plants grown in colombia against sitophilus zeamais motschulsky (coleoptera)
26	SABILLON, A. & BUSTAMANTE, M.,	2015	Honduras	Honduras	Biblioteca BWP	CEIBA	Español	Evaluación de extractos botánicos para el control de plagas del tomate (lycopersicon esculentum ~ill.)
27	GRANADOS-ECHEGOYEN, Carlos et al.	2015	México	México	BioOne	Southwestern Entomologist	Ingles	Insecticidal effect of botanical extracts on developmental stages of bactericera cockerelli (sulc) (hemiptera: triozidae)
28	FLORES-DÁVILA, Mariano et al	2011	Estados Unidos	México	BioOne	Southwestern Entomologist	Ingles	Insecticidal effect of plant extracts on bactericera cockerelli (hemiptera: psyllidae) nymphs
29	HUERTA, Amanda et al.	2010	Chile	Chile	ScienceDirect	Crop Protection	Ingles	Toxicity and repellence of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from schinus molle on elm leaf beetle xanthogaleruca luteola
30	BROUSSALIS, Adriana M. et al.	1999	Argentina	Argentina	ScienceDirect	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	Ingles	Argentine plants as potential source of insecticidal compounds
31	CARPINELLA, María C. et al.,	2003	Argentina	Argentina	ACS Publications	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry	Ingles	Antifeedant and insecticide properties of a limonoid from melia azedarach (meliaceae) with potential use for pest management
32	XIE, Y.S. et al	1994	Costa Rica	Costa Rica	ScienceDirect	Biochemical Systematics and Ecology	Ingles	Biological activity of extracts of trichilia species and the limonoid hirtin against lepidopteran larvae
33	AKHTAR, et al	2008	Estados Unidos	Costa Rica	Springerlink	Phytochemistry Reviews	Ingles	Comparative bioactivity of selected extracts from meliaceae and some commercial botanical insecticides against two noctuid caterpillars, trichoplusia ni and pseudaletia unipuncta
34	CHIFFELLE, Ítalo et al	2017	Colombia	Colombia	Scielo	Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín	Ingles	Insecticide effect of leaf extracts from schinus molle on larvae of gonipterus platensis
35	CARDOZO, O. & JIMÉNEZ, M.	2014	Bolivia	Bolivia	Scielo	CienciAgro	español	Insecticidas botánicos una alternativa para el control de la mosca del ají (neosilba pendula) en la comunidad de san pedro del zapallar, chuquisaca - bolivia
36	ARIAS, Jocelyn et al.	2017	Chile	Chile	Scielo	Chilean journal of agricultural & animal sciences	Español	Actividad insecticida, repelente y antialimentaria del polvo y aceite esencial de frutos de schinus molle l. Para el control de sitophilus zeamais (motschulsky)
37	CHIFFELLE G, Italo, HUERTA F, Amanda & LIZANA R, Diego,	2009	Chile	Chile	Scielo	Chilean journal of agricultura	Ingles	“physical and chemical characterization of melia azedarach l.Fruit and leaf for use as botanical insecticide”
38	VALLADARES, Graciela et al	2003	Argentina	Argentina	EBSCO	Sociedad Entomológica Argentina	Español	Actividad antialimentaria e insecticida de un extracto de hojas senescentes de melia azedarach (meliaceae)
39	PRATES, H.T. et al	1998	Brasil	Brasil	ScienceDirect	Journal of Stored Products Research	Ingles	Insecticidal activity of monoterpenes against rhyzopertha dominica (f.) And tribolium castaneum (herbst)
40	TONIELO DA COSTA, Jacqueline et al	2014	Brasil	Brasil	Web of Science	Journal of Stored Products Research	Ingles	Effects of different formulations of neem oil-based products on control zabrotes subfasciatus (boheman, 1833) (coleoptera: bruchidae) on beans
41	E SILVA, Cléia G.V., et all	2018	Colombia	Brasil	Universidad Nacional de Colombia	Facultad Nacional de Agronomía	Ingles	Insecticidal activity of the ethanolic extract from croton species against plutella xylostella l. (lepidoptera: plutellidae)
42	IANNACONE, José & ALVARIÑO, Lorena	2010	México	Perú	EBSCO	Acta zoológica mexicana	Ingles	Toxicidad de schinus molle l. (anacardiaceae) a cuatro controladores biológicos de plagas agrícolas en el perú
43	MENDOZA-FRÍAS, Nathalie L. et al	2013	Perú	Perú	Google academico	Academic Journal of Entomology	Ingles	Insecticidal activity of piper tuberculatum extracts on the cotton stainer bug, dysdercus peruvianus guérin-méneville (hemiptera: pyrrhocoridae)
44	KAHAN, Andrea et al.	2008	Argentina	Argentina	SCOPUS	Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias	Español	Actividad tóxica del aceite esencial de laurel y del cineol sobre brevicoryne brassicae l. En repollo
45	SANTOS RANDO, Jael Simães et al	2011	Brasil	Brasil	Redalyc	Ciências Agrárias	Portugues	Extratos vegetais no controle dos afídeos brevicoryne brassicae (l.) E myzus persicae (sulzer)
46	ROMERO, Rusmelicia et al.	2015	Cuba	Venezuela	EBSCO	Revista de Protección Vegetal	Español	Actividad insecticida de seis extractos etanólicos de plantas sobre mosca blanca
47	CERDA, Hugo et al	2015	India	Ecuador	Cornell University	Mysore journal of agricultural sciences.	Ingles	Insecticidal activity of twelve common amazon ecuadorian plants against plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae): laboratory results
48	FOUAD, Hany Ahmed et al.	2014	Estados Unidos	Brasil	ScienceDirect	Journal of Stored Products Research	Ingles	Botanical extracts of plants from the brazilian cerrado for the integrated management of sitotroga cerealella (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) in stored grain
49	CORIA, C. et al.	2008	Paises Bajos	Argentina	ScienceDirect	Bioresource Technology	Ingles	Larvicide and oviposition deterrent effects of fruit and leaf extracts from melia azedarach l. On aedes aegypti (l.)(diptera: culicidae)
50	CASTIGLIONI, & VENDRAMIM	2003	Costa Rica	Brasil	The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)	Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecología	Español	Evaluación de extractos de meliáceas para el control de heterotermes tenuis
51	CHIFFELLE, Italo et al.	2011	Chile	Chile	Scielo	Chilean journal of agricultural research	Ingles	Antifeeding and insecticide properties of aqueous and ethanolic fruit extracts from melia azedarach l. On the elm leaf beetle xanthogaleruca luteola müller
52	DA SILVA, Elizabete Maria et al.	2017	Costa Rica	Brasil	Web of Science	Biología Tropical	Ingles	Insecticidal effect of the ethanol extract of baccharis dracunculifolia (asterales: asteraceae)
53	BALDIN, Edson LL et al.	2015	Brasil	Brasil	SCOPUS	Horticultura Brasileira	Ingles	Botanical extracts: alternative control for silverleaf whitefly management in tomato
54	MAREGIANI, et al	2010	México	Argentina	Scielo	Revista latinoamericana de química	Ingles	Efecto de extractos acuosos de dos meliaceas sobre meloidogyne incognita (nematoda, meloidogynidae)
55	BARRERA, et al	2013	Colombia	Colombia	ProQuest	CES MEDICINA	Español	Actividad insecticida de extractos vegetales sobre larvas de aedes aegypti, diptera: culicidae
56	GONZÁLEZ VILLEGAS, et al.	2013	México	México	Scielo	Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas	Español	Efecto insecticida de extractos vegetales, sobre larvas de culex tarsalis (diptera: culicidae) en laboratorio*
57	RINGUELET, et al	2014	Brasil	Costa Rica	Google academico	Brasileira de Agroecologia	Español	Actividad insecticida del aceite esencial de lippia alba (mill.) N. E. Brown sobre tribolium castaneum herbst. En granos de trigo (triticum aestivum l.)
58	FERRERO, et al.	2001	Argentina	Argentina	Dialnet	Boletín de sanidad vegetal. Plagas	Español	Actividad insecticida de extractos crudos de drupas de schinus molle l. (anacardiaceae) sobre larvas neonatas de cydia pomonella l. (lepidoptera: tortricidae)
59	RAMÍREZ-MORENO, Luis A. et al	2001	Costa Rica	México	Google academico	Manejo Integrado de Plagas	Español	Evaluación del efecto insecticida de extractos de plantas sobre leptophobia aripa elodia
60	HINCAPIÉ, et al	2008	Colombia	Colombia	The Free Library	Colombiana de Entomología	Español	Actividad insecticida de extractos de semilla de annona muricata (anonaceae) sobre sitophilus zeamais (coleoptera: curculionidae)

The date after screening

library(readxl)
FirtDF <- read_excel("t2Ex.xlsx")
FirtDF

## # A tibble: 33 × 9
##        N AUTOR                YEAR COUNT…¹ COUNT…² DATAB…³ JOURNAL LANGU…⁴ TITLE
##    <dbl> <chr>               <dbl> <chr>   <chr>   <chr>   <chr>   <chr>   <chr>
##  1     1 CHIFFELLE, et al.    2013 Países… Chile   Web of… Indust… Ingles  Prox…
##  2     2 IANNACONE, et al.    2005 Perú    Perú    Scielo  Gayana  Español Efec…
##  3     3 ANSANTE,et al.       2015 Brasil  Brasil  Scienc… Indust… Ingles  Seco…
##  4     4 VERGARA RUIZ, et a…  1997 Colomb… Colomb… Google… Facult… Español Pote…
##  5     5 TORRES, et al.       2015 Chile   Chile   Google… Boletí… Español Prop…
##  6     6 PÉREZ D, et al.      2006 Chile   Perú    Scielo  Agricu… Español Efec…
##  7     7 IANNACONE , et al.   2003 Venezu… Perú    Resear… Entomo… Español Efec…
##  8     8 CASTIGLIONI, E.,et…  2002 Brasil  Brasil  google… Agroci… Español Eval…
##  9     9 HUAYCHO C., H, et …  2017 Bolivia Bolivia Scielo  Invest… Español Cont…
## 10    10 ALDANA LL., L. et …  2010 México  México  Scielo  Polibo… Español Eval…
## # … with 23 more rows, and abbreviated variable names
## #   ¹​`COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION`, ²​COUNTRY_OF_STUDY, ³​DATABASE, ⁴​LANGUAGE
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Bar graph of the number of articles published by language

library(dplyr)
library(tidyverse)
library(ggplot2)
library(reshape2)
library(readxl)


FirtDF <- read_excel("C:/Users/User/Documents/portafolio/t2Ex.xlsx")

FirtLangDF.new <-
        FirtDF  %>% 
        group_by(LANGUAGE) %>% 
        summarize( n = n()) %>% 
ungroup()



GraFirtLangDF<-ggplot(FirtLangDF.new, aes(x=LANGUAGE, y=n, fill=factor(n))) +
  geom_bar(stat="identity")+
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(x = "Language", 
       y = "Quantity of items", 
       title = "Number of articles published by language")
GraFirtLangDF

Graph of the number of articles published according to language

FirtContrySDF.new <-
        FirtDF  %>% 
        group_by(COUNTRY_OF_STUDY) %>% 
        summarize( n = n()) %>% 
ungroup()


GraFirtContrySDF<-ggplot(FirtContrySDF.new, aes(x=n, y=COUNTRY_OF_STUDY, fill=factor(n))) +
  geom_bar(stat="identity")+
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(x = "Quantity of items", 
       y = "Countries", 
       title = "Articles of studies carried out by countries")

GraFirtContrySDF

Forest Plot graphic tool

Meta-analysis of the log risk ratios using a random-effects model

In the content of the meta-analysis, several specific tools have been developed, which if understood can be useful to help have a perspective of what is collected in a meta-analytic database. Among which we can mention the figure known as forest plot, which presents specific estimates of an investigated study, which will serve as a great contribution to a complete study in a meta-analysis, allowing the incorporation of many optional elements due to various alternative designs that said technique presents (Botella and Zamora, 2017).

library(meta)
library(metafor)

AutG51 <-read.csv("AutG51.csv", header = T, sep = ";", dec = ".")
res <- rma(measure="RR",method="REML", ai=Trata.Pos, bi=Trata.Neg, ci=Cont.Pos,di=Cont.Neg,data=AutG51, 
           slab=paste(study, year, sep=";"))
forest(res, xlim=c(-20, 15), 
       ilab=cbind(AutG51$Trata.Pos, AutG51$Trata.Neg, AutG51$Cont.Pos, AutG51$Cont.Neg),
       ilab.xpos=c(-9.5,-8,-6,-4.5), cex=.50, ylim=c(-1, 37),
       order=order(AutG51$year),
       mlab="RE Model for all studies")
text(-20,38, "Author(s) and Year",  pos=4)
text(15,38, "Effect size [95% CI]", pos=2)
op <- par(cex=.50, font=4)
par(font=2)
text(c(-9.5,-8,-6,-4.5),36, c("T+", "T-", "C+", "C-"))
text(c(-8.75,-5.25),38, c("Treatment", "Control"))

op

## $cex
## [1] 1
## 
## $font
## [1] 1

It can be observed, the left column locates the authors of the studies and the years of publication, in the right column the relative risk or “risk ratio” that establishes the numerical value of the range (opportunity to die or live ) and its mean; the line that is in the lower part is called the mean of the total result on a logarithmic scale in which the total risk is presented (opportunity to die or live); the squares found on the horizontal lines symbolize the “odds ratios” also known as the relative probability of the effect studied in the analysis (dead or alive individuals or population); the horizontal lines represent the range in which the risk is found (opportunity to die or live) and the diamond at the bottom represents the summary of all the studies evaluated. The center of the diamond is the value of the effect and its widening means its confidence interval.

The difference between treatments and control can be considered statistically significant, if the diamond is clearly positioned to one side of the line of null effect, but if it crosses or touches it, no conclusions can be drawn that point in one direction.

The numerical value 1.98 found in the lower right is the general average of the relative risk “risk ratio” for all the articles studied with a confidence limit of 1.37 to 2.59.

This result indicates that the general trend is that botanical extracts increase the relative risk or “risk ratio” of the insect’s chance of dying. It is observed that in only one article the “risk ratio” is in the negative region, -1.63 (-2.02, 1.34). In 12 items the risk range is intercepted by the null line. An item is found in its odds ratio, above the null line. Nineteen items are clearly in the positive sector of the “Log Risk Ratio” line. The heterogeneity for the parameter 〖I〗^2 was 92.52%.