Filtering all introductions with branch lengths of less than 2 year. Parent to child relationships of more than 2 year could be transiting through non-sampled countries and it is also more feasible for wild life terrestrial transmission

Histogram of Introductions of Canine Rabies by Capital to Capital Geographic Distance (km)

Mean Distance of Introduction Events Between Parent and Child Nodes

## [1] "Mean distance(km) between introduction:  1734.82 km"

Number of Introductions to Neighboring Countries vs. Non-neighboring Countries

## [1] "Neighbor Introductions:  45"
## [1] "Total Introductyions:  80"
## [1] "Fraction of Introductions into Neighboring Country:  0.5625"
## [1] "Table of Neighboring vs. Non-neighboring Introductions Results"
contig n mean sum
0 35 15.428571 540
1 45 6.133333 276 
## [1] "Mean Distance(km) of introduction events between non-neighboring countries:  3115.43 km"

Histogram of Non-neighbor Introductions of Canine Rabies by Capital to Capital Geographic Distance (km)

Scatterplot of Non-neighbor Introductions of Canine Rabies by Capital to Capital Geographic Distance (km) and Number of Descending Child Nodes

Table of Introduction of Rabies Cases from Phylogenetic Tree

## [1] "Nonfiltered for branch lengths"

Overall, there are few main take aways from this data. First you can see that there are more introductions into neighboring countries than non-neighboring. This makes sense since much of rabies transmission occurs between wild-life mammalian species which do not move large geographic distances and do not fly. There are also several introductions between long geographic distances to countries that are not neighboring. Many of this, however, are between countries such as Canada and Russia, which although not terrestrially connected, do experience transmission in the arctic. Therefore, we only want to look at the introductions between non-neighboring countries and countries where transmission by land would be difficult. These types of introductions could be identified as human-mediated cases of RABV introduction. There are several introductions which could be classified as such. This includes an introduction between China and Chile, France and Mexico (x2), Sri Lanka and the UK (x2), India and Nigeria, Bangladesh and France (x2), Nepal and Italy (x2), France and India (x9), India and France, Pakistan and UK, Morocco and Kenya, India and Italy, Nigeria and Iran, France and Oman, Tanzania and Ghana, India and Ethiopia, etc. There are over 162 total introductions that occur to non-neighboring countries over 2000km. One issue is that measuring distance by km is not accurate. Cuba to Colombia has a distance of 2203 km, while South Africa and Tajikistan and Russia have a distance of 2986 km. It is not unlikely for wild-life to transmit between Russiand and Tajikistan, although a transmission of rabies by wild-life between Cuba and Colombia is almost impossible. To conclude, however, there are many cases that can be considered human mediated due to geographic distance or natural barriers (mountains, seas, rivers, oceans).