library("dplyr")
library("tidyr")
library("ggplot2")
library("ROCR")
library("rpart")
library("rpart.plot")
library("caret")
library("randomForest")
library("tidyverse")
library("tm")
library("SnowballC")
library("softImpute")
library("glmnet")
library("Hmisc")
library('tinytex')
library('GGally')
library('ggpubr')
library('gplots')2.11) The dataset ToyotaCorolla.csv contains data on used cars on sale during the late summer of 2004 in the Netherlands. It has 1436 records containing details on 38 attributes, including Price, Age, Kilometers, HP, and other specifications. a) Explore the data using the data visualization capabilities of R.Which of the pairs among the variables seem to be correlated?
rm(list=ls())
ToyotaCorolla=read.csv("C:/Users/Public/ToyotaCorolla.csv")
drops = c("Id","Model","Fuel_Type","Color","Cylinders")
TCData = ToyotaCorolla[,!colnames(ToyotaCorolla) %in% drops]
cormatrix = suppressWarnings(cor(TCData))
TCData$Boardcomputer = as.factor(TCData$Boardcomputer)
TCData$Powered_Windows = as.factor(TCData$Powered_Windows)
TCData$Central_Lock = as.factor(TCData$Central_Lock)
TCData$Central_Lock = as.factor(TCData$Radio)
TCData$Central_Lock = as.factor(TCData$Radio_cassette)
#heatmap
heatmap(cormatrix, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA)
data.frame(cormatrix)## Price Age_08_04 Mfg_Month Mfg_Year
## Price 1.00000000 -0.876590497 -0.018138222 0.885159220
## Age_08_04 -0.87659050 1.000000000 -0.123255398 -0.983661157
## Mfg_Month -0.01813822 -0.123255398 1.000000000 -0.057415518
## Mfg_Year 0.88515922 -0.983661157 -0.057415518 1.000000000
## KM -0.56996016 0.505672180 -0.020629897 -0.504974450
## HP 0.31498983 -0.156622020 -0.039312420 0.164696875
## Met_Color 0.10890475 -0.108149585 0.030265828 0.103310169
## Automatic 0.03308069 0.031716772 0.009146095 -0.033566969
## CC 0.12638920 -0.098083739 0.037386567 0.091891919
## Doors 0.18532555 -0.148359215 -0.012068863 0.151441979
## Gears 0.06310386 -0.005363947 -0.013063024 0.007766049
## Quarterly_Tax 0.21919691 -0.198430508 0.031372634 0.193933911
## Weight 0.58119759 -0.470253184 -0.002167494 0.473477930
## Mfr_Guarantee 0.19780199 -0.164658304 -0.005770789 0.166696657
## BOVAG_Guarantee 0.02813304 0.006864920 -0.003862534 -0.006205542
## Guarantee_Period 0.14662661 -0.152562534 0.029009539 0.148218449
## ABS 0.30613784 -0.412887311 0.072532362 0.402215110
## Airbag_1 0.09358787 -0.105405927 0.003756160 0.105359191
## Airbag_2 0.24897390 -0.329017479 0.076749474 0.317075233
## Airco 0.42925943 -0.403600048 0.057088375 0.395673667
## Automatic_airco 0.58826200 -0.426259145 -0.049017448 0.437718185
## Boardcomputer 0.60129196 -0.719448710 0.017714587 0.720567067
## CD_Player 0.48137444 -0.510895187 -0.016735694 0.517007513
## Central_Lock 0.34345757 -0.279630639 0.010055129 0.279490247
## Powered_Windows 0.35651823 -0.283855826 0.025184550 0.280996200
## Power_Steering 0.06427537 -0.069191857 -0.055495374 0.079676069
## Radio -0.04188735 0.013791402 0.031601498 -0.019607369
## Mistlamps 0.22208252 -0.126894569 -0.033503771 0.133736662
## Sport_Model 0.16412096 -0.110988319 0.052789203 0.102079961
## Backseat_Divider 0.10256915 -0.116751059 0.023245436 0.113237026
## Metallic_Rim 0.10856398 -0.040045378 0.023506472 0.036022122
## Radio_cassette -0.04317899 0.012857260 0.032576240 -0.018844434
## Parking_Assistant 0.04437477 -0.048171685 0.007113056 0.047171340
## Tow_Bar -0.17236860 0.188719528 -0.042169981 -0.182205679
## KM HP Met_Color Automatic
## Price -0.569960165 0.31498983 0.10890475 0.033080694
## Age_08_04 0.505672180 -0.15662202 -0.10814958 0.031716772
## Mfg_Month -0.020629897 -0.03931242 0.03026583 0.009146095
## Mfg_Year -0.504974450 0.16469687 0.10331017 -0.033566969
## KM 1.000000000 -0.33353795 -0.08050293 -0.081854083
## HP -0.333537948 1.00000000 0.05871170 0.013144031
## Met_Color -0.080502926 0.05871170 1.00000000 -0.019335450
## Automatic -0.081854083 0.01314403 -0.01933545 1.000000000
## CC 0.102682891 0.03585580 0.03181207 0.066740309
## Doors -0.036196614 0.09242450 0.08524283 -0.027653817
## Gears 0.015023328 0.20947715 0.01860065 -0.098555054
## Quarterly_Tax 0.278164697 -0.29843172 0.01132556 -0.055370791
## Weight -0.028598457 0.08961406 0.05792883 0.057248510
## Mfr_Guarantee -0.212850802 0.14002631 0.15484999 0.026193798
## BOVAG_Guarantee 0.001437579 0.02270078 0.01078349 0.023393188
## Guarantee_Period -0.138941822 0.07616270 0.00929454 -0.002256229
## ABS -0.177203384 0.05783181 0.02229751 -0.016128172
## Airbag_1 -0.018012148 0.02513692 0.10005483 -0.011895357
## Airbag_2 -0.139275138 0.01764356 0.03841573 0.001171485
## Airco -0.133056812 0.24113427 0.11419048 -0.028352763
## Automatic_airco -0.258221494 0.24495736 0.02797718 0.059056613
## Boardcomputer -0.353862248 0.12971474 0.08988589 -0.037068561
## CD_Player -0.266826156 0.10229988 0.19821996 -0.010967021
## Central_Lock -0.125177013 0.25012219 0.15330715 -0.002501825
## Powered_Windows -0.156241578 0.26559348 0.14514710 -0.005863832
## Power_Steering 0.007396622 0.04885045 0.08654387 -0.004469112
## Radio 0.013661103 0.02099814 0.07275644 -0.014600244
## Mistlamps -0.074326655 0.21057126 0.02382135 0.003077421
## Sport_Model -0.044783876 -0.00602665 0.00377880 0.013175336
## Backseat_Divider -0.045657583 0.01090798 0.03774104 -0.018876271
## Metallic_Rim -0.013598770 0.20678416 0.05382944 -0.078094651
## Radio_cassette 0.015770423 0.01991920 0.07152968 -0.014149521
## Parking_Assistant -0.064318415 0.02999016 0.03669062 0.159984831
## Tow_Bar 0.084153196 0.06827127 0.14853624 0.018785917
## CC Doors Gears Quarterly_Tax
## Price 0.1263891974 0.185325550 0.063103857 0.219196911
## Age_08_04 -0.0980837391 -0.148359215 -0.005363947 -0.198430508
## Mfg_Month 0.0373865668 -0.012068863 -0.013063024 0.031372634
## Mfg_Year 0.0918919186 0.151441979 0.007766049 0.193933911
## KM 0.1026828910 -0.036196614 0.015023328 0.278164697
## HP 0.0358558027 0.092424496 0.209477146 -0.298431717
## Met_Color 0.0318120676 0.085242826 0.018600646 0.011325559
## Automatic 0.0667403090 -0.027653817 -0.098555054 -0.055370791
## CC 1.0000000000 0.079903296 0.014629352 0.306995798
## Doors 0.0799032965 1.000000000 -0.160141430 0.109363225
## Gears 0.0146293521 -0.160141430 1.000000000 -0.005451955
## Quarterly_Tax 0.3069957983 0.109363225 -0.005451955 1.000000000
## Weight 0.3356373992 0.302617644 0.020613284 0.626133733
## Mfr_Guarantee -0.0574065681 0.037689328 0.010822444 -0.022150154
## BOVAG_Guarantee -0.0817250929 -0.014311384 0.072123611 0.094330856
## Guarantee_Period -0.0176829456 0.053653901 -0.030677543 -0.163438345
## ABS 0.0378055951 0.063732629 0.086234835 0.080287748
## Airbag_1 0.0226780779 0.053827968 0.002443573 0.082340476
## Airbag_2 0.0247384005 0.021733788 0.095209774 0.200172594
## Airco 0.1198880518 0.170543978 0.145489368 0.118225262
## Automatic_airco 0.1626688293 0.054808873 0.077791331 0.123125182
## Boardcomputer 0.0093119139 0.089606069 -0.025889315 0.141534096
## CD_Player 0.0577868309 0.094652527 -0.047466045 0.090868341
## Central_Lock 0.0726344348 0.132091580 0.126963598 0.032084382
## Powered_Windows 0.0552988754 0.107625618 0.131423084 0.003826656
## Power_Steering 0.0329326048 0.059791778 0.021200029 0.047956107
## Radio -0.0003610891 -0.008318074 0.015090245 -0.031816260
## Mistlamps 0.0173261221 0.064704827 0.238788846 0.024024007
## Sport_Model -0.0351951669 -0.129880567 0.174117136 0.067525190
## Backseat_Divider -0.0557108268 -0.022541861 0.076705131 0.198418730
## Metallic_Rim 0.0032356199 -0.039554785 0.295077043 -0.011964548
## Radio_cassette -0.0004695340 -0.008265241 0.015397437 -0.031008861
## Parking_Assistant 0.0028832956 0.025893134 -0.007421702 -0.019118399
## Tow_Bar 0.0027246074 0.102291795 -0.029356649 -0.004987518
## Weight Mfr_Guarantee BOVAG_Guarantee Guarantee_Period
## Price 0.581197589 0.197801991 0.028133044 0.146626614
## Age_08_04 -0.470253184 -0.164658304 0.006864920 -0.152562534
## Mfg_Month -0.002167494 -0.005770789 -0.003862534 0.029009539
## Mfg_Year 0.473477930 0.166696657 -0.006205542 0.148218449
## KM -0.028598457 -0.212850802 0.001437579 -0.138941822
## HP 0.089614059 0.140026308 0.022700778 0.076162697
## Met_Color 0.057928835 0.154849992 0.010783490 0.009294540
## Automatic 0.057248510 0.026193798 0.023393188 -0.002256229
## CC 0.335637399 -0.057406568 -0.081725093 -0.017682946
## Doors 0.302617644 0.037689328 -0.014311384 0.053653901
## Gears 0.020613284 0.010822444 0.072123611 -0.030677543
## Quarterly_Tax 0.626133733 -0.022150154 0.094330856 -0.163438345
## Weight 1.000000000 -0.008564636 -0.056076982 -0.012913462
## Mfr_Guarantee -0.008564636 1.000000000 0.233458589 -0.098563061
## BOVAG_Guarantee -0.056076982 0.233458589 1.000000000 -0.300062902
## Guarantee_Period -0.012913462 -0.098563061 -0.300062902 1.000000000
## ABS 0.102615574 0.118996262 0.134441245 -0.060839975
## Airbag_1 0.030181762 0.052089164 0.224478877 -0.142453113
## Airbag_2 0.078494306 0.202394935 0.287030993 -0.322769418
## Airco 0.310061953 0.051233618 0.005708771 0.026246244
## Automatic_airco 0.430478501 0.072634969 -0.015188469 -0.039162519
## Boardcomputer 0.274324106 0.198185513 0.115804372 -0.056305124
## CD_Player 0.247056066 0.155637001 0.059487871 -0.003948487
## Central_Lock 0.234644220 0.039915427 -0.023008433 0.058934226
## Powered_Windows 0.213356016 0.041550927 -0.012405873 0.040533587
## Power_Steering 0.047848786 0.029771454 0.164391857 -0.118973564
## Radio -0.038407372 -0.052057575 -0.039074859 0.198885599
## Mistlamps 0.135235745 0.083957782 0.117472133 -0.118021352
## Sport_Model 0.125973890 0.054129415 0.173977808 -0.172873754
## Backseat_Divider 0.036446167 0.256249254 0.457468081 -0.484426852
## Metallic_Rim 0.053846741 0.026727922 0.060434301 -0.044002874
## Radio_cassette -0.037265380 -0.054532147 -0.039826683 0.193910054
## Parking_Assistant 0.027660162 -0.017139864 0.018050267 0.025188843
## Tow_Bar -0.074931667 -0.023328109 -0.006718221 0.008590048
## ABS Airbag_1 Airbag_2 Airco
## Price 0.30613784 0.093587871 0.248973897 0.429259430
## Age_08_04 -0.41288731 -0.105405927 -0.329017479 -0.403600048
## Mfg_Month 0.07253236 0.003756160 0.076749474 0.057088375
## Mfg_Year 0.40221511 0.105359191 0.317075233 0.395673667
## KM -0.17720338 -0.018012148 -0.139275138 -0.133056812
## HP 0.05783181 0.025136920 0.017643556 0.241134272
## Met_Color 0.02229751 0.100054833 0.038415730 0.114190482
## Automatic -0.01612817 -0.011895357 0.001171485 -0.028352763
## CC 0.03780560 0.022678078 0.024738401 0.119888052
## Doors 0.06373263 0.053827968 0.021733788 0.170543978
## Gears 0.08623483 0.002443573 0.095209774 0.145489368
## Quarterly_Tax 0.08028775 0.082340476 0.200172594 0.118225262
## Weight 0.10261557 0.030181762 0.078494306 0.310061953
## Mfr_Guarantee 0.11899626 0.052089164 0.202394935 0.051233618
## BOVAG_Guarantee 0.13444124 0.224478877 0.287030993 0.005708771
## Guarantee_Period -0.06083998 -0.142453113 -0.322769418 0.026246244
## ABS 1.00000000 0.277506541 0.661765511 0.226094835
## Airbag_1 0.27750654 1.000000000 0.280317621 0.093835634
## Airbag_2 0.66176551 0.280317621 1.000000000 0.184626833
## Airco 0.22609484 0.093835634 0.184626833 1.000000000
## Automatic_airco 0.11711670 0.042439096 0.090702625 0.240443910
## Boardcomputer 0.30953619 0.112165351 0.376245473 0.293244206
## CD_Player 0.19286592 0.071828045 0.237238682 0.257386977
## Central_Lock 0.09945414 0.120275681 0.024819190 0.540588387
## Powered_Windows 0.09946502 0.121641091 0.049129417 0.543981749
## Power_Steering 0.25462559 0.561770372 0.212187253 0.096893133
## Radio -0.05466987 -0.010034594 -0.223663172 -0.030571064
## Mistlamps 0.17943253 0.092618058 0.228843121 0.466750824
## Sport_Model 0.20059603 0.113670786 0.300273543 0.002730262
## Backseat_Divider 0.25665879 0.307947255 0.589987432 0.105148873
## Metallic_Rim 0.07915186 0.057344702 0.075127819 0.233166104
## Radio_cassette -0.05572408 -0.022116573 -0.220917181 -0.036523590
## Parking_Assistant 0.02531655 0.009173852 0.003206881 0.051975588
## Tow_Bar -0.06597649 0.052311749 -0.063955554 -0.024361999
## Automatic_airco Boardcomputer CD_Player Central_Lock
## Price 0.58826200 0.601291957 0.481374438 0.343457572
## Age_08_04 -0.42625915 -0.719448710 -0.510895187 -0.279630639
## Mfg_Month -0.04901745 0.017714587 -0.016735694 0.010055129
## Mfg_Year 0.43771818 0.720567067 0.517007513 0.279490247
## KM -0.25822149 -0.353862248 -0.266826156 -0.125177013
## HP 0.24495736 0.129714741 0.102299878 0.250122190
## Met_Color 0.02797718 0.089885891 0.198219962 0.153307153
## Automatic 0.05905661 -0.037068561 -0.010967021 -0.002501825
## CC 0.16266883 0.009311914 0.057786831 0.072634435
## Doors 0.05480887 0.089606069 0.094652527 0.132091580
## Gears 0.07779133 -0.025889315 -0.047466045 0.126963598
## Quarterly_Tax 0.12312518 0.141534096 0.090868341 0.032084382
## Weight 0.43047850 0.274324106 0.247056066 0.234644220
## Mfr_Guarantee 0.07263497 0.198185513 0.155637001 0.039915427
## BOVAG_Guarantee -0.01518847 0.115804372 0.059487871 -0.023008433
## Guarantee_Period -0.03916252 -0.056305124 -0.003948487 0.058934226
## ABS 0.11711670 0.309536193 0.192865924 0.099454144
## Airbag_1 0.04243910 0.112165351 0.071828045 0.120275681
## Airbag_2 0.09070263 0.376245473 0.237238682 0.024819190
## Airco 0.24044391 0.293244206 0.257386977 0.540588387
## Automatic_airco 1.00000000 0.272415221 0.250395774 0.195790059
## Boardcomputer 0.27241522 1.000000000 0.489725163 0.203125940
## CD_Player 0.25039577 0.489725163 1.000000000 0.194075729
## Central_Lock 0.19579006 0.203125940 0.194075729 1.000000000
## Powered_Windows 0.20368691 0.213327478 0.195385975 0.875552474
## Power_Steering 0.03691172 0.087207115 0.068451698 0.129646282
## Radio -0.09264738 -0.129093606 -0.185567721 -0.011250967
## Mistlamps 0.31214052 0.147900225 0.124589102 0.487425901
## Sport_Model 0.21528735 0.036801852 0.057919508 -0.003127897
## Backseat_Divider 0.01875632 0.287614926 0.148805860 0.058448820
## Metallic_Rim 0.10036278 -0.024998752 0.044730248 0.281333815
## Radio_cassette -0.09234809 -0.128073275 -0.189668131 -0.016954462
## Parking_Assistant 0.04434974 0.052803332 0.035973161 0.018195632
## Tow_Bar -0.11796686 -0.128001147 -0.079910736 -0.007727796
## Powered_Windows Power_Steering Radio Mistlamps
## Price 0.3565182258 0.064275368 -0.0418873522 0.2220825192
## Age_08_04 -0.2838558256 -0.069191857 0.0137914024 -0.1268945695
## Mfg_Month 0.0251845496 -0.055495374 0.0316014980 -0.0335037710
## Mfg_Year 0.2809961995 0.079676069 -0.0196073695 0.1337366616
## KM -0.1562415784 0.007396622 0.0136611034 -0.0743266550
## HP 0.2655934848 0.048850452 0.0209981381 0.2105712647
## Met_Color 0.1451471025 0.086543865 0.0727564442 0.0238213491
## Automatic -0.0058638318 -0.004469112 -0.0146002437 0.0030774208
## CC 0.0552988754 0.032932605 -0.0003610891 0.0173261221
## Doors 0.1076256182 0.059791778 -0.0083180738 0.0647048273
## Gears 0.1314230843 0.021200029 0.0150902447 0.2387888461
## Quarterly_Tax 0.0038266562 0.047956107 -0.0318162601 0.0240240070
## Weight 0.2133560160 0.047848786 -0.0384073722 0.1352357454
## Mfr_Guarantee 0.0415509270 0.029771454 -0.0520575752 0.0839577822
## BOVAG_Guarantee -0.0124058729 0.164391857 -0.0390748594 0.1174721333
## Guarantee_Period 0.0405335874 -0.118973564 0.1988855994 -0.1180213523
## ABS 0.0994650204 0.254625594 -0.0546698668 0.1794325323
## Airbag_1 0.1216410915 0.561770372 -0.0100345937 0.0926180576
## Airbag_2 0.0491294169 0.212187253 -0.2236631719 0.2288431215
## Airco 0.5439817486 0.096893133 -0.0305710644 0.4667508241
## Automatic_airco 0.2036869067 0.036911721 -0.0926473776 0.3121405171
## Boardcomputer 0.2133274783 0.087207115 -0.1290936057 0.1479002248
## CD_Player 0.1953859749 0.068451698 -0.1855677207 0.1245891017
## Central_Lock 0.8755524744 0.129646282 -0.0112509667 0.4874259013
## Powered_Windows 1.0000000000 0.123457779 -0.0358111799 0.4966967734
## Power_Steering 0.1234577794 1.000000000 0.0090747860 0.0779845503
## Radio -0.0358111799 0.009074786 1.0000000000 -0.1261184253
## Mistlamps 0.4966967734 0.077984550 -0.1261184253 1.0000000000
## Sport_Model -0.0006504532 0.098866017 -0.1377287584 0.0043417342
## Backseat_Divider 0.0782437522 0.265169426 -0.2095898260 0.2454632337
## Metallic_Rim 0.2914194137 0.053216558 -0.0341621429 0.4125454266
## Radio_cassette -0.0376255038 -0.004583647 0.9916209827 -0.1342454243
## Parking_Assistant -0.0066021654 0.007979027 0.0155199341 -0.0008422928
## Tow_Bar -0.0132515099 0.030452502 0.1436522639 -0.0694789511
## Sport_Model Backseat_Divider Metallic_Rim Radio_cassette
## Price 0.1641209622 0.102569147 0.10856398 -0.043178988
## Age_08_04 -0.1109883188 -0.116751059 -0.04004538 0.012857260
## Mfg_Month 0.0527892029 0.023245436 0.02350647 0.032576240
## Mfg_Year 0.1020799610 0.113237026 0.03602212 -0.018844434
## KM -0.0447838761 -0.045657583 -0.01359877 0.015770423
## HP -0.0060266503 0.010907977 0.20678416 0.019919200
## Met_Color 0.0037788003 0.037741041 0.05382944 0.071529685
## Automatic 0.0131753360 -0.018876271 -0.07809465 -0.014149521
## CC -0.0351951669 -0.055710827 0.00323562 -0.000469534
## Doors -0.1298805666 -0.022541861 -0.03955479 -0.008265241
## Gears 0.1741171356 0.076705131 0.29507704 0.015397437
## Quarterly_Tax 0.0675251905 0.198418730 -0.01196455 -0.031008861
## Weight 0.1259738904 0.036446167 0.05384674 -0.037265380
## Mfr_Guarantee 0.0541294147 0.256249254 0.02672792 -0.054532147
## BOVAG_Guarantee 0.1739778084 0.457468081 0.06043430 -0.039826683
## Guarantee_Period -0.1728737542 -0.484426852 -0.04400287 0.193910054
## ABS 0.2005960321 0.256658791 0.07915186 -0.055724076
## Airbag_1 0.1136707859 0.307947255 0.05734470 -0.022116573
## Airbag_2 0.3002735426 0.589987432 0.07512782 -0.220917181
## Airco 0.0027302616 0.105148873 0.23316610 -0.036523590
## Automatic_airco 0.2152873511 0.018756318 0.10036278 -0.092348095
## Boardcomputer 0.0368018520 0.287614926 -0.02499875 -0.128073275
## CD_Player 0.0579195080 0.148805860 0.04473025 -0.189668131
## Central_Lock -0.0031278972 0.058448820 0.28133382 -0.016954462
## Powered_Windows -0.0006504532 0.078243752 0.29141941 -0.037625504
## Power_Steering 0.0988660173 0.265169426 0.05321656 -0.004583647
## Radio -0.1377287584 -0.209589826 -0.03416214 0.991620983
## Mistlamps 0.0043417342 0.245463234 0.41254543 -0.134245424
## Sport_Model 1.0000000000 0.357713236 0.05181012 -0.136708407
## Backseat_Divider 0.3577132365 1.000000000 0.10486232 -0.206389869
## Metallic_Rim 0.0518101200 0.104862323 1.00000000 -0.033227868
## Radio_cassette -0.1367084065 -0.206389869 -0.03322787 1.000000000
## Parking_Assistant -0.0057818832 -0.002537009 -0.02681632 0.015655045
## Tow_Bar -0.0941471363 -0.049175675 -0.03733099 0.140753310
## Parking_Assistant Tow_Bar
## Price 0.0443747711 -0.172368602
## Age_08_04 -0.0481716853 0.188719528
## Mfg_Month 0.0071130563 -0.042169981
## Mfg_Year 0.0471713400 -0.182205679
## KM -0.0643184152 0.084153196
## HP 0.0299901621 0.068271274
## Met_Color 0.0366906190 0.148536237
## Automatic 0.1599848309 0.018785917
## CC 0.0028832956 0.002724607
## Doors 0.0258931340 0.102291795
## Gears -0.0074217017 -0.029356649
## Quarterly_Tax -0.0191183989 -0.004987518
## Weight 0.0276601618 -0.074931667
## Mfr_Guarantee -0.0171398643 -0.023328109
## BOVAG_Guarantee 0.0180502671 -0.006718221
## Guarantee_Period 0.0251888432 0.008590048
## ABS 0.0253165465 -0.065976495
## Airbag_1 0.0091738523 0.052311749
## Airbag_2 0.0032068813 -0.063955554
## Airco 0.0519755875 -0.024361999
## Automatic_airco 0.0443497448 -0.117966859
## Boardcomputer 0.0528033320 -0.128001147
## CD_Player 0.0359731608 -0.079910736
## Central_Lock 0.0181956325 -0.007727796
## Powered_Windows -0.0066021654 -0.013251510
## Power_Steering 0.0079790268 0.030452502
## Radio 0.0155199341 0.143652264
## Mistlamps -0.0008422928 -0.069478951
## Sport_Model -0.0057818832 -0.094147136
## Backseat_Divider -0.0025370087 -0.049175675
## Metallic_Rim -0.0268163151 -0.037330986
## Radio_cassette 0.0156550450 0.140753310
## Parking_Assistant 1.0000000000 0.026210382
## Tow_Bar 0.0262103816 1.000000000#price/age/mfg_year
prcageyr=ggplot(ToyotaCorolla,aes(ToyotaCorolla$Age_08_04,Price,colour=Mfg_Year))+
geom_point()
#mfg_year/bpardcomp
mfgbcmp=ggplot(ToyotaCorolla,aes(x=TCData$Mfg_Year,fill=Boardcomputer==1))+
geom_histogram(binwidth=1,position='fill')
#powerwindow/centrallock
powcent=ggplot(ToyotaCorolla,aes(x=TCData$Powered_Windows,y=TCData$Central_Lock))+
geom_col()
#radio/cassette
radcas=ggplot(ToyotaCorolla,aes(x=TCData$Radio,y=TCData$Radio_cassette))+
geom_col()
ggarrange(prcageyr,mfgbcmp,powcent,radcas,nrow=2,ncol=2)## Warning: Use of `ToyotaCorolla$Age_08_04` is discouraged. Use `Age_08_04`
## instead.
b) We plan to analyze the data using various data mining techniques
described in future chapters. Prepare the data for use as follows: i.
The dataset has two categorical attributes, Fuel Type and Color.
Describe how you would convert these to binary variables. Confirm this
using R’s functions to transform categorical data into dummies. ii.
Prepare the dataset (as factored into dummies) for data mining
techniques of supervised learning by creating partitions in R. Select
all the variables and use default values for the random seed and
partitioning percentages for training (50%), validation (30%), and test
(20%) sets. Describe the roles that these partitions will play in
modeling.