Example Wage

Split data

library(ISLR)
library(caret)

## Loading required package: lattice
## Loading required package: ggplot2

data(Wage)
library(ggplot2)
Wage<- subset(Wage,select=-c(logwage))
inTrain<- createDataPartition(Wage$wage,p=0.7,list=FALSE)
training<- Wage[inTrain,]
testing<- Wage[-inTrain,]

Fit the model

modFit<- train(wage~.,method="gbm",data=training,verbose=FALSE)

## Loading required package: gbm
## Loading required package: survival
## 
## Attaching package: 'survival'
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:caret':
## 
##     cluster
## 
## Loading required package: splines
## Loading required package: parallel
## Loaded gbm 2.1.1
## Loading required package: plyr

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2007,
## 2007, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2009, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2009, 2008,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2008, 2008, 2008,
## 2007, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2005, 2005, 2005,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2005, 2005, 2009, 2009, 2009,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2005, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2008, 2009,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2008,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2003, 2003,
## 2003, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2008, 2007,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2003, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2005,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008,
## 2009, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2003, 2003, 2005, 2003, 2003, 2007,
## 2005, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 3: sex2. Female has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 15: region2. Middle Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 16: region3. East North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 17: region4. West North Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 18: region5. South Atlantic has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 19: region6. East South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 20: region7. West South Central has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 21: region8. Mountain has no variation.

## Warning in gbm.fit(x = structure(c(2006, 2003, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009,
## 2008, : variable 22: region9. Pacific has no variation.

print(modFit)

## Stochastic Gradient Boosting 
## 
## 2102 samples
##   10 predictor
## 
## No pre-processing
## Resampling: Bootstrapped (25 reps) 
## 
## Summary of sample sizes: 2102, 2102, 2102, 2102, 2102, 2102, ... 
## 
## Resampling results across tuning parameters:
## 
##   interaction.depth  n.trees  RMSE      Rsquared   RMSE SD   Rsquared SD
##   1                   50      33.96750  0.3310724  1.197515  0.02927805 
##   1                  100      33.36039  0.3444655  1.190424  0.02771626 
##   1                  150      33.30728  0.3465331  1.207811  0.02749511 
##   2                   50      33.35819  0.3454442  1.215576  0.02924579 
##   2                  100      33.28270  0.3479685  1.204904  0.02817054 
##   2                  150      33.37894  0.3454150  1.235073  0.02867256 
##   3                   50      33.29969  0.3468147  1.255488  0.02955308 
##   3                  100      33.43161  0.3440687  1.264567  0.02980636 
##   3                  150      33.66773  0.3370043  1.268374  0.02928697 
## 
## Tuning parameter 'shrinkage' was held constant at a value of 0.1
## 
## Tuning parameter 'n.minobsinnode' was held constant at a value of 10
## RMSE was used to select the optimal model using  the smallest value.
## The final values used for the model were n.trees = 100,
##  interaction.depth = 2, shrinkage = 0.1 and n.minobsinnode = 10.

Plot the results

qplot(predict(modFit,testing),wage,data=testing)