Cognitive Absenteeism Scale Development

# Cognitive Absenteeism Scale Development
### Tanner Levenhagen, Lindsay Gibson, Anhar Obyat, Stephanie Ma
### Salem State University

---

# Library needed for this project

```r
library(dplyr)
library(psych)
library(MASS)
library(lavaan)
library(knitr)
library(xaringan)
library(ggplot2)
library(CTT)
library(kableExtra)
library(ltm)
library(mirt)
```

---

class:

# Tests

### Dichotomous

- Math, Verbal, *Deductive Reasoning*

### Non-Dichotomous

- **Criterion** 
  - In-Role Behavior (Williams & Anderson, 1991)

- **Discriminant**
  - Organization-Based Self-Esteem (Gardner & Pierce, 1998)

- **Convergent**
  - Cognitive Impairment (Schaufeli et al., 2020)

???

Notes on the slide

---

class:

# Our Scale - **Cognitive Absenteeism**

**Definition**
- Being physically present at work, while attention is distracted by internal thoughts or external stimuli

### Subscales

1. External Distractions

- (e.g. listening to coworkers talking by your working area)

2. Internal Distractions

- (e.g. thinking about what you want to do after work for dinner)

???

Shouldn't CWBs cover these actions? They should... but they do not.

---

class:

# Literature Review Gap Spotting

### What are CWBs?

- Categorized as "intentional actions against the organization" 
  - or in some cases against other people in the case of CWB-I

- Items in the CWB measures from Fox & Spector (2002)
  - Purposely worked slowly when things needed to get done
  - Did something to make someone at work look bad
  
- The CWB scale does not capture the behaviors of employees who engage in CWBs when they are maybe bored or poorly stimulated at work 
  - (Reijseger, Schaufeli, Peeters, Taris, Beek, Ouweneel, 2013)

-  The purpose is to fill this gap in research where employees unintentionally lower their productivity when their attention is on something else (external or internal) other than the work that the employee should be focusing on

???

- The items in the CWB test ask for the frequency of these malicious actions towards the organization as a whole to the bottom line or to individuals in that organization.

- Our scale shows the combination of a bored employee that is unintentionally lowering their productivity by being distracted either by internal or external stimuli drawing their attention away from their work task.

-  The most recent study on CWB, Carpenter, Whitman, Amrhein (2021), use unit level analysis and claims “the distinction between intentional versus unintentional behavior matters very little for the conceptualization or measurement of unit-level CWB” however this study used other studies that used Spector’s CWB scale, which again measures volitional acts that harm the organization.

---

class:

# How does this help professionals

- Can be used as a diagnostic tool to detect 'bored' employees

- Gives a way to test unintentional CWBs rather than only malicious acts against the organization

### How it should be conducted

- Measuring *cognitive absenteeism* indicates level of engagement and satisfaction at work

- Can also indicate if an employee is being appropriately challenged at work

- Could potentially be used as a dichotomous scale (seen in the IRT of our scale)

???

- Our scale will show the employees who may not have the correct amount of stimulation at work. This problem is three-fold: (1) the employee is bored and has low well-being (Reijseger et al., 2013); (2) productivity is not as high as it could be, decreasing profit; and (3) it is more likely the employee will leave in the future, further increasing the cost of a cognitively absent employee by having to hire another employee

- When someone is measuring low on cognitive absenteeism, this will provide a proxy to how engaged the employee is with their work and thus how potentially satisfied their work is. When a low cognitive absenteeism score is combined with adequate job performance, this implies that a specific employee is achieving good person-job fit, as they are being challenged at work while also being able to complete work tasks (Chen, Sparrow & Cooper, 2016)

---

class:

# Data Collection

### MTurk

- Would match their worker IDs

- Passed 1 or 2 attention checks

- Took over 6 minutes to finish the survey

- should take some time for 84 questions... in my opinion

- Resulting in **424** usable responses

???

---

# Demographics

---

.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Gender]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Race/Ethnicity]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Education]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Age]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png)
### The mean age in our sample is **35.42** (*SD* = 10.42)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Tenure]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png)
### The mean tenure in our sample is **46.64** (*SD* = 18.02)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Hours]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png)
### The mean hours worked per week in our sample is **33.43** (*SD* = 31.21)
]
]

---

# Item Analysis

---

class:

# Math

**Total `\(\Omega=\)` 0.73**

<table class="table" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>Math Item Analysis</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Difficulty </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Discrimination </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Verbal Scale </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Deductive Scale </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.41 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.37 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.01 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.03 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.40 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.29 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.01 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.04 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.33 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.41 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.04 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.00 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.31 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.09 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.10 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.05 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.42 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.55 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.09 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.02 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.61 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.29 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.17 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.06 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.45 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.62 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.02 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.08 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.49 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.36 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.12 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.02 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.53 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.37 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.05 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.05 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> N = 424. All items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>

???

The mean difficulty ranges from 0.328 to 0.651, and there are no items up for the chopping block here.

---

class:

# Verbal

**Total `\(\Omega\)` = 0.597**

<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>Verbal Item Analysis</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Difficulty </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Discrimination </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Math Scale </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Deductive Scale </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.18 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.28 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.11 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.02 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.32 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.49 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.21 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.15 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> V3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.17 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.04 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.03 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.39 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.31 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.20 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.19 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.42 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.25 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.08 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.07 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.19 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.37 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.12 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.09 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.40 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.20 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.01 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.08 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.47 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.25 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.01 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.14 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> V9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.18 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> -0.02 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> -0.05 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> -0.13 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.28 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.17 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.12 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> N = 424. All items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>

---

class:

# Verbal *Corrected*

**Total `\(\Omega\)` = 0.688**

<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>Corrected Verbal Item Analysis</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Difficulty </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Discrimination </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Math Scale </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Deductive Scale </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.18 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.11 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.02 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.32 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.48 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.21 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.15 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.39 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.35 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.20 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.19 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.42 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.25 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.08 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.07 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.19 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.35 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.12 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.09 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.40 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.20 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.01 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.08 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.47 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.25 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.01 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.14 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> V10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.32 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.17 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.12 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> N = 424. All items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>

???

---

class:

# Deductive Reasoning

**Total `\(\Omega\)` = 0.509**

<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>Deductive Reasoning Item Analysis</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Difficulty </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Discrimination </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Math Scale </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Verbal Scale </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> D1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.47 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> -0.16 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> -0.14 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> -0.16 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> D2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.40 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.14 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.16 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> -0.02 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> D3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.34 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> -0.04 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.08 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> D4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.34 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.07 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.05 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.14 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> D5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.26 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.22 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.08 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> D6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.46 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.11 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.00 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> D7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.19 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.05 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.09 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.13 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> D8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.49 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.21 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.13 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.00 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> D9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.75 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> -0.01 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> -0.13 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> -0.07 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> D10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.13 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.22 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.18 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: purple !important;"> 0.15 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> N = 424. All items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>

---

class:

# Deductive Reasoning *Corrected*

** `\(\alpha\)` = 0.55**

<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>Corrected Deductive Reasoning Item Analysis</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Difficulty </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Discrimination </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Math Scale </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Verbal Scale </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> D5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.26 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.38 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.22 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.08 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> D8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.49 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.38 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.13 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.00 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> N = 424. All items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>

---

# Dichotomous Scales

<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>Dichotomous Scales Descriptive Statistics</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Scale </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Min </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> New Min </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Max </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> New Max </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Mean </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> New Mean </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> SD </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> New SD </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> Math </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 4.93 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 4.93 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 2.63 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 2.63 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> Verbal </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 3.51 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 2.68 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 2.08 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 1.91 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> Deductive Reasoning </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 3.81 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.74 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 1.65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.78 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> N = 424. Calulations were based off of the sum each participant answered correctly in each scale. 'New' columns are the scales where items were removed.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>

---

## Cognitive Ability Explaining Variance in Other Scales

<table class="table table-hover" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>Variance Explained By Cognitive Ability Scale</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Variance Explained(%) </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Math </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 62.49 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Verbal </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 54.88 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Deductive Reasoning </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 37.53 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cognitive Absenteeism </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 9.98 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cognitive Impairment </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 10.90 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Work Performance </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 5.37 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Self-Esteem </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 2.18 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> Cognitive Ability was calculated using the remaining items from the Math, Verbal, and Deductive Reasoning items</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>

---

class:

# Distractor Analysis

.pull-left[
<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>Verbal Item 9</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Key </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> n </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Discrimination </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 14 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> -0.0202 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> * </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 77 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 0.1537 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 118 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> -0.3691 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 96 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> -0.211 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 119 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 0.4465 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> * entails correct answer. 0 represents participants who did not answer.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>

]

Joe Louis was ________ fighter: he inspired fear in many of his opponents.

1. an insipid
1. a serene
1. a malleable
1. an impetuous

]

---

# Distractor Analysis

.pull-left[
<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>Deductive Reasoning Item 4</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Key </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> n </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Discrimination </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 15 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> -0.0753 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 50 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> -0.0645 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 200 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> -0.2366 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> * </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 146 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 0.371 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 13 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 0.0054 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> * entails correct answer. 0 represents participants who did not answer.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
]

The factory manufactured a thousand soft toys in the last month and eleven hundred in the month before that. Therefore, raising employees' salaries helped improve the factory's productivity.

1. Two months ago, the factory made twelve hundred toys.
1. Raising employees' salary always increases productivity.
1. The factory used to manufacture less than a thousand soft toys a month.
1. The factory produced a thousand computers last month.
]

---

class:

# Now the actual fun scales :)

## Cognitive Absenteeism

---

class:

# Validity

Cognitive Absenteeism *can* offer some predictive ability to something useful to know

- **Met** with significant relationship with In-Role Behavior (i.e. Work Performance)
- `\(r =\)` 0.156, `\(p-value<.001\)`

Cognitive Absenteeism *should be correlated* with Cognitive Impairment

- **Met** with `\(r=\)` 0.872, `\(p-value\)` < .001

CA *should not be correlated (or low effect size)* with Organizational-Based Self-Esteem (SE)

- **Met** with `\(r=\)` 0.151, `\(p-value =\)` 0.002

---

class:

## Factor Analysis Tests

### **Bartlett's test**

Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant

( `\(\chi^2\)` (28) = 463.71, p<0.001)

### **Keizer-Meyer-Olkin test**

KMO returned a value of 0.94 which is considered "marvelous"

### Determinant

p = 0.00778 which is above .00001

---

class:

# Exploritory Factor Analysis

I wonder how many factors there are...

![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-24-1.png)

```
## Parallel analysis suggests that the number of factors =  1  and the number of components =  1
```

---

class:

<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>EFA Factor Loadings</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Factor 1 </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.83 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.83 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.78 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.83 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.81 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.82 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.82 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.77 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> 'CA' = Cognitive Absenteeism</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
]

.pull-right[
<br>
#### Items for reference
- *CA1*: I find myself daydreaming at work
- *CA2*: My thoughts distract me from work  
- *CA3*: It takes me a great amount of effort to keep focus on my task
- *CA4*: My thoughts about what to do after work distract me from paying attention at the task at hand  
- *CA5*: I get distracted by events happening at work
- *CA6*: I listen to conversations others are having around me at work
- *CA7*: My attention shifts away from my work tasks
- *CA8*: I pay attention to notifications on my phone or computer more than the task I am currently doing  
]

---

class:

## Confirmatory Factor Analysis

.pull-left[
<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>CFA Factor Loadings</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Factor 1 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Factor 2 </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.794 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.788 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.726 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.793 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.764 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.774 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.772 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.722 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> 'CA' = Cognitive Absenteeism.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>

### Pretty good loadings for each factor
]

.pull-right[
<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption>Model Fit Measures</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Score </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> gfi </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.974 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> agfi </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.950 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> nfi </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.977 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> rmsea </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.059 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> srmr </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.022 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> tli </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.980 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

### Very good measures of fit
]

---

# Item Analysis

**Hierarchical `\(\Omega=\)` 0.883**
<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption>Cognitive Absenteeism Item Analysis and Correlations with Other Scales</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Discrimination </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Criterion </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Convergent </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Discriminant </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.76 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.19 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.69 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.19 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.75 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.73 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.11 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.70 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.15 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.67 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.13 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.77 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.11 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.74 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.08 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.73 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.74 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.10 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.74 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.11 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.67 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.14 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.75 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.15 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.71 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.14 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> CA8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.69 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.05 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.10 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> N = 424. 'CA' = Cognitive Absenteeism. Criterion = In-Role Behavior Scale, Convergent = Cognitive Impairment Scale, Discriminant = Organization-Based Self-Esteem.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>

---

# Item Response Theory

---

# Math IRT
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[1 Parameter]
<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Difficulty (b) </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> SE </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> z-values </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dffclt.M1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.387 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.109 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.545 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dffclt.M2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.451 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.110 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.098 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dffclt.M3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.776 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.117 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6.643 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dffclt.M4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.690 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.114 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -6.077 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dffclt.M5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.689 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.113 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -6.074 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dffclt.M6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.366 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.109 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.356 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dffclt.M7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.504 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.110 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -4.577 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dffclt.M8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.218 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.107 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.031 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dffclt.M9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.041 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.106 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.383 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dffclt.M10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.146 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.107 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -1.369 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dscrmn </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.163 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.065 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.921 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]
.panel[.panel-name[2 Parameters]
<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Difficulty (b) </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Discrimination (a) </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.385 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.182 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.606 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.784 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.729 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.288 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.765 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.985 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.838 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.868 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.276 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.919 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.654 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.789 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.128 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.284 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.050 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.023 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.148 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.077 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]
.panel[.panel-name[Compare models]
<table class="table lightable-classic-2" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-family: Time New Roman; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> AIC </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> BIC </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> log.Lik </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> LRT </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> df </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> p-value </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 1 Parameter </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 5259.56 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 5304.11 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> -2618.78 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> - </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> - </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> - </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2 Parameter </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 5203.72 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 5284.72 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> -2581.86 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 73.84 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> &lt;0.001 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

The 2 parameter model is significant and we can now look at the item characteristic curves
]
]
---

![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-34-1.png)

---

# Math IRT

.panelset.sideways[
.panel[.panel-name[Item 1]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-35-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 2]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-36-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 3]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-37-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 4]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-38-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 5]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-39-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 6]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-40-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 7]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-41-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 8]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-42-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 9]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-43-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 10]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-44-1.png)
]
.panel[.panel-name[Information]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-45-1.png)
]
]

---
## Cognitive Absenteeism IRT

.panelset.sideways[
.panel[.panel-name[Item 1]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-47-1.png)<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> a </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b1 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b2 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b3 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b4 </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> par </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.815 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -1.224 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.156 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.028 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.4 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 2]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-48-1.png)<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> a </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b1 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b2 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b3 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b4 </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> par </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.742 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -1.045 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.379 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.355 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.819 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 3]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-49-1.png)<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> a </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b1 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b2 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b3 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b4 </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> par </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.188 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -1.139 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.61 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.05 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.944 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 4]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-50-1.png)<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> a </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b1 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b2 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b3 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b4 </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> par </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.66 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -1.078 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.252 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.139 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.837 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 5]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-51-1.png)<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> a </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b1 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b2 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b3 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b4 </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> par </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.517 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -1.191 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.102 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.08 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.383 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 6]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-52-1.png)<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> a </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b1 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b2 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b3 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b4 </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> par </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.685 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -1.537 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.599 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.164 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.144 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 7]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-53-1.png)<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> a </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b1 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b2 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b3 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b4 </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> par </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.586 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -1.212 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.274 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.126 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.937 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]
.panel[.panel-name[Item 8]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-54-1.png)<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> a </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b1 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b2 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b3 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> b4 </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> par </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.141 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.986 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.514 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.12 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.922 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]
.panel[.panel-name[Information]
![](data:image/png;base64,#Presentation_CA_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-55-1.png)
]
]

---

### Final Thoughts

- Our scale passed all validity (Criterion, Discriminate, Convergent) measures

- Our items individually pass all the validity measures as well

- Although our scale only provides information about people who are an average `\(\theta\)` or ability, we only really care if people are on high or low on our cognitive absenteeism scale

- This scale could break into the study of *unintentional* CWBs

### Recommendations

- Our scale can be a candidate to be a dichotomous scale from the ICC

- May want to get IRB approval to further research into unintentional CWBs

- Couple it with a scale to measure if employees are being challenged enough at work or are they being hindered at work

---

# Thank You :)