Education Attainment and Decisions
What is the overall education attainment statewide and among Native Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians? Does this vary significantly by gender and county?
Visualizations
Total Education Level
Total Education by County
Total Education by Gender Identity
Chi-Square Analysis
Total Education Attainment - Hawaiian Status
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: table(chi_data_ed_haw$q2_are_you_native_hawaiian_are_any_of_your_ancestors_native_hawaiian, chi_data_ed_haw$q43_what_is_your_highest_level_of_education)
## X-squared = 66.554, df = 6, p-value = 2.077e-12## X-squared
## 66.55397## [1] 2.076507e-12## Number of cases in table: 1211
## Number of factors: 2
## Test for independence of all factors:
## Chisq = 66.55, df = 6, p-value = 2.077e-12
Significant differences:
- Some college or associates
- Master’s degree or higher
- Less than high school
- High school or equivalent
- Bacehlor’s degree
The number of non-native Hawaiian’s who obtained Bachelor’s degrees/Master’s degrees or higher is significantly different than Native Hawaiians. Conversely, the number of Native Hawaiians who report less than high school, some college or associates, or high school or equivalent is signficantly different than non-Native Hawaiians.
Total Education Attainment - County
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: table(chi_data_ed_county$q1_in_which_county_do_you_reside, chi_data_ed_county$q43_what_is_your_highest_level_of_education)
## X-squared = 41.094, df = 18, p-value = 0.001477## X-squared
## 41.09416## [1] 0.0014775## Number of cases in table: 1211
## Number of factors: 2
## Test for independence of all factors:
## Chisq = 41.09, df = 18, p-value = 0.001477
## Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
Significant differences:
- Master’s degree or higher
- Less than high school
- Bachelor’s degree
The number of reported Master’s degree or higher, less than high school, and Bachelor’s degree is signficantly greater in Honolulu than the other three counties.
Total Education Attainment - Gender
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: table(chi_data_ed_gender$sex_id, chi_data_ed_gender$q43_what_is_your_highest_level_of_education)
## X-squared = 54.478, df = 24, p-value = 0.0003679## X-squared
## 54.47789## [1] 0.0003679325## Number of cases in table: 1211
## Number of factors: 2
## Test for independence of all factors:
## Chisq = 54.48, df = 24, p-value = 0.0003679
## Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
Females report significantly higher rates across all categories.
Chi-Square Interpretation
All three chi-Square analyses were significant overall with certain non-signficant individual comparisons.
1.) Comparison of Hawaiians vs. non-Native Hawaiians
- Non-native Hawaiians reported obtaining a Master’s degree or higher compared to native Hawaiians 60% to 40% - this difference was significant
- 87% of Native Hawaiians reported obtaining less than a high school degree compared to 13% of non-Native Hawaiians - significant difference
2.) Comparison of County
- Significant differences identified for the following educational levels: Bachelor’s degree, less than high school, and Master’s degree
- All three of these levels were significantly greater in Honolulu than other counties
3.) Comparison of Gender
- This is skewed because of the greater number of female responders
- Females reported significantly higher rates of all educational levels compared to other gender identities
Data Summary
Native Hawaiian
County
Gender Identity
Ordinal Regression Model
## Call:
## polr(formula = q43_what_is_your_highest_level_of_education ~
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_reside + q2_are_you_native_hawaiian_are_any_of_your_ancestors_native_hawaiian +
## sex_id, data = you_data)
##
## Coefficients:
## Value
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideHonolulu -0.32456
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideKaua'i 0.13257
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideMaui 0.34430
## q2_are_you_native_hawaiian_are_any_of_your_ancestors_native_hawaiianNo -0.39474
## sex_idMale -0.01739
## sex_idNon-Binary -0.44284
## sex_idPrefer not to answer 0.53300
## sex_idPrefer to self-describe: -0.05484
## Std. Error
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideHonolulu 0.1437
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideKaua'i 0.1556
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideMaui 0.1498
## q2_are_you_native_hawaiian_are_any_of_your_ancestors_native_hawaiianNo 0.1083
## sex_idMale 0.1185
## sex_idNon-Binary 0.7706
## sex_idPrefer not to answer 0.3733
## sex_idPrefer to self-describe: 0.7463
## t value
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideHonolulu -2.25784
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideKaua'i 0.85177
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideMaui 2.29779
## q2_are_you_native_hawaiian_are_any_of_your_ancestors_native_hawaiianNo -3.64374
## sex_idMale -0.14676
## sex_idNon-Binary -0.57463
## sex_idPrefer not to answer 1.42768
## sex_idPrefer to self-describe: -0.07349
##
## Intercepts:
## Value
## Bachelor's degree|High school or equivalent -1.1247
## High school or equivalent|Less than high school -0.5408
## Less than high school|Master's degree or higher -0.4901
## Master's degree or higher|Other (for example, vocational training): 0.5487
## Other (for example, vocational training):|Prefer not to answer 0.6188
## Prefer not to answer|Some college or Associate's degree 0.6664
## Std. Error
## Bachelor's degree|High school or equivalent 0.1231
## High school or equivalent|Less than high school 0.1200
## Less than high school|Master's degree or higher 0.1199
## Master's degree or higher|Other (for example, vocational training): 0.1210
## Other (for example, vocational training):|Prefer not to answer 0.1213
## Prefer not to answer|Some college or Associate's degree 0.1216
## t value
## Bachelor's degree|High school or equivalent -9.1374
## High school or equivalent|Less than high school -4.5072
## Less than high school|Master's degree or higher -4.0872
## Master's degree or higher|Other (for example, vocational training): 4.5331
## Other (for example, vocational training):|Prefer not to answer 5.0994
## Prefer not to answer|Some college or Associate's degree 5.4819
##
## Residual Deviance: 3583.224
## AIC: 3611.224
## (3 observations deleted due to missingness)## Value
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideHonolulu -0.32455986
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideKaua'i 0.13257386
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideMaui 0.34429821
## q2_are_you_native_hawaiian_are_any_of_your_ancestors_native_hawaiianNo -0.39474030
## sex_idMale -0.01739400
## sex_idNon-Binary -0.44283509
## sex_idPrefer not to answer 0.53299651
## sex_idPrefer to self-describe: -0.05484316
## Bachelor's degree|High school or equivalent -1.12471610
## High school or equivalent|Less than high school -0.54084919
## Less than high school|Master's degree or higher -0.49013027
## Master's degree or higher|Other (for example, vocational training): 0.54872681
## Other (for example, vocational training):|Prefer not to answer 0.61880162
## Prefer not to answer|Some college or Associate's degree 0.66641987
## Std. Error
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideHonolulu 0.1437481
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideKaua'i 0.1556446
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideMaui 0.1498390
## q2_are_you_native_hawaiian_are_any_of_your_ancestors_native_hawaiianNo 0.1083337
## sex_idMale 0.1185179
## sex_idNon-Binary 0.7706461
## sex_idPrefer not to answer 0.3733306
## sex_idPrefer to self-describe: 0.7462963
## Bachelor's degree|High school or equivalent 0.1230892
## High school or equivalent|Less than high school 0.1199974
## Less than high school|Master's degree or higher 0.1199182
## Master's degree or higher|Other (for example, vocational training): 0.1210480
## Other (for example, vocational training):|Prefer not to answer 0.1213488
## Prefer not to answer|Some college or Associate's degree 0.1215671
## t value
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideHonolulu -2.25783818
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideKaua'i 0.85177309
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideMaui 2.29778733
## q2_are_you_native_hawaiian_are_any_of_your_ancestors_native_hawaiianNo -3.64374469
## sex_idMale -0.14676270
## sex_idNon-Binary -0.57462834
## sex_idPrefer not to answer 1.42767956
## sex_idPrefer to self-describe: -0.07348711
## Bachelor's degree|High school or equivalent -9.13740827
## High school or equivalent|Less than high school -4.50717528
## Less than high school|Master's degree or higher -4.08720673
## Master's degree or higher|Other (for example, vocational training): 4.53313353
## Other (for example, vocational training):|Prefer not to answer 5.09936231
## Prefer not to answer|Some college or Associate's degree 5.48190996
## p value
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideHonolulu 0.024
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideKaua'i 0.394
## q1_in_which_county_do_you_resideMaui 0.022
## q2_are_you_native_hawaiian_are_any_of_your_ancestors_native_hawaiianNo 0.000
## sex_idMale 0.883
## sex_idNon-Binary 0.566
## sex_idPrefer not to answer 0.153
## sex_idPrefer to self-describe: 0.941
## Bachelor's degree|High school or equivalent 0.000
## High school or equivalent|Less than high school 0.000
## Less than high school|Master's degree or higher 0.000
## Master's degree or higher|Other (for example, vocational training): 0.000
## Other (for example, vocational training):|Prefer not to answer 0.000
## Prefer not to answer|Some college or Associate's degree 0.000- In this model, the baseline parameters have been set to female Native Hawaiians in county Hawai’i
- Maui and Honolulu significantly differ from Hawai’i
- Native Hawaiian status is significantly different between both levels of factor
- Most significant educational level comparison probably between Bachelor’s degree and high school or equivalent
How much education debt do Native Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians have? Does debt vary significantly by gender, county, and education level?
Visualizations
Educational Debt Level by Native Hawaiian Status
Educational Debt Level by County
Educational Debt Level by Gender Identity
Chi-Square Analysis
Education Debt - Hawaiian Status
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: table(chi_data_debt_haw$q2_are_you_native_hawaiian_are_any_of_your_ancestors_native_hawaiian, chi_data_debt_haw$q42_as_a_household_do_you_have_any_current_education_debt_i_e_student_loans_home_equity_loan_credit_card_other_loan_that_was_used_to_pay_for_educational_programs_like_college_or_career_technical_training)
## X-squared = 56.716, df = 7, p-value = 6.809e-10## X-squared
## 56.71554## [1] 6.808684e-10## Number of cases in table: 0
## Number of factors: 2
## Test for independence of all factors:
## Chisq = 0, df = 1, p-value = 1
Significant differences:
- Did not take out any loans
- All debt has been repaid
- Less than $5,000
- 5,000 to $29,000
- 100,000 or more
The number of non-native Hawaiians who did not take out any loans or who have repaid all of their debt is significantly different than Native Hawaiians for these two classifications. The number of Native Hawaiians who reported having debt of less than $5,000, $5,000-$29,000, and greater than $100,000 is significantly higher than non-native Hawaiians.
A trend is emerging that Native Hawaiians are reporting the less educational achievement but overall more educational debt.
Education Debt - County
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: table(chi_data_debt_county$q1_in_which_county_do_you_reside, chi_data_debt_county$q42_as_a_household_do_you_have_any_current_education_debt_i_e_student_loans_home_equity_loan_credit_card_other_loan_that_was_used_to_pay_for_educational_programs_like_college_or_career_technical_training)
## X-squared = 35.396, df = 21, p-value = 0.02553## X-squared
## 35.39598## [1] 0.02553473## Number of cases in table: 1206
## Number of factors: 2
## Test for independence of all factors:
## Chisq = 35.4, df = 21, p-value = 0.02553
## Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
The overall chi analysis is significant, however, the only significant comparison is for the debt level $100,000 or more. For this level, the number of residents in Honolulu who reported this level of debt is significantly different than the other counties. No other levels of educational debt and county were significantly different.
Education Debt - Gender
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: table(chi_data_debt_gender$sex_id, chi_data_debt_gender$q42_as_a_household_do_you_have_any_current_education_debt_i_e_student_loans_home_equity_loan_credit_card_other_loan_that_was_used_to_pay_for_educational_programs_like_college_or_career_technical_training)
## X-squared = 18.739, df = 8, p-value = 0.01632## X-squared
## 18.73851## [1] 0.01632243## Number of cases in table: 1206
## Number of factors: 2
## Test for independence of all factors:
## Chisq = 18.739, df = 8, p-value = 0.01632
## Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
Females significantly greater across all categories.
Education Debt - Education Level
##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: table(chi_data_debt_edlevel$q43_what_is_your_highest_level_of_education, chi_data_debt_edlevel$q42_as_a_household_do_you_have_any_current_education_debt_i_e_student_loans_home_equity_loan_credit_card_other_loan_that_was_used_to_pay_for_educational_programs_like_college_or_career_technical_training)
## X-squared = 99.366, df = 12, p-value = 7.41e-16## X-squared
## 99.36617## [1] 7.409692e-16## Number of cases in table: 1204
## Number of factors: 2
## Test for independence of all factors:
## Chisq = 99.37, df = 12, p-value = 7.41e-16
## Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
With the levels of educational debt level all collapsed to one binary yes level, the chi-square result is significant across all three comparisons.
Significant findings:
- Some college or associates was the highest category of not taking out any loans, followed by Bachelor’s degree
- People with Master’s degrees reported the highest rate of repaying all loans, followed by Bachelor’s degree and some college or associates
- Educational debt reported the highest in Bachelor’s, some college or associates, and Master’s degree.
This likely represents that individuals who report more educational attainment also report a greater likelihood to either have repaid all their debt or still have debt.
Visual
Data Summary
Native Hawaiian
46.44% of non-Native Hawaiians reported not taking out any loans.