DACSS 603: Homework 4

Homework # 4 questions and answers for DACSS 603: Introduction to Quantitative Analysis

Megan Georges
2022-04-05

Part 1, Question 1:

(SMSS 14.3, 14.4, merged & modified)

(Data file: house.selling.price.2 from smss R package)

For the house.selling.price.2 data the tables below show a correlation matrix and a model fit using four predictors of selling price.

house.selling.price.2 correlation matrix and model fit using four predictors of selling price

With these four predictors,

a. For backward elimination, which variable would be deleted first? Why?

data("house.selling.price.2")
head(house.selling.price.2)

      P    S Be Ba New
1  48.5 1.10  3  1   0
2  55.0 1.01  3  2   0
3  68.0 1.45  3  2   0
4 137.0 2.40  3  3   0
5 309.4 3.30  4  3   1
6  17.5 0.40  1  1   0
PriceALL <- lm(P ~ ., data = house.selling.price.2)
summary(PriceALL)


Call:
lm(formula = P ~ ., data = house.selling.price.2)

Residuals:
    Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
-36.212  -9.546   1.277   9.406  71.953 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept)  -41.795     12.104  -3.453 0.000855 ***
S             64.761      5.630  11.504  < 2e-16 ***
Be            -2.766      3.960  -0.698 0.486763    
Ba            19.203      5.650   3.399 0.001019 ** 
New           18.984      3.873   4.902  4.3e-06 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 16.36 on 88 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.8689,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.8629 
F-statistic: 145.8 on 4 and 88 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

For backward elimination, you fit a model using all possible explanatory values to predict the output (in this case selling price). One by one, you delete the least significant explanatory variable in the model, which would have the largest P-value. In this example, we would delete beds first, which has a P-value of 0.487.

b. For forward selection, which variable would be added first? Why?

With forward selection, you begin with no explanatory variables, then add one variable at a time to the model. The variable you add should be the most significant one, based on it having the lowest P-value of the group of possible explanatory variables. The book (SMSS) specifies that this is the variable with the largest t-statistic and increase in R-squared. In this example, the first variable to add to the model is Size, given its extremely small P-value (< 2e-16).

c. Why do you think that BEDS has such a large P-value in the multiple regression model, even though it has a substantial correlation with PRICE?

While the variable beds does have a strong correlation with price, when adding additional variables using a regression model, the relationship significantly diminishes, thus the other variables may act as a control on the bed variable.

d. Using software with these four predictors, find the model that would be selected using each criterion:

PriceOnly <- lm(P ~ 1, data = house.selling.price.2)
PriceALL <- lm(P ~ ., data = house.selling.price.2)
Stepwise <- step(PriceOnly, direction = "both", scope = formula(PriceALL))

Start:  AIC=705.63
P ~ 1

       Df Sum of Sq    RSS    AIC
+ S     1    145097  34508 554.22
+ Ba    1     91484  88121 641.41
+ Be    1     62578 117028 667.79
+ New   1     22833 156772 694.99
<none>              179606 705.63

Step:  AIC=554.22
P ~ S

       Df Sum of Sq    RSS    AIC
+ New   1      7275  27234 534.20
+ Ba    1      4476  30033 543.30
<none>               34508 554.22
+ Be    1        40  34468 556.11
- S     1    145097 179606 705.63

Step:  AIC=534.2
P ~ S + New

       Df Sum of Sq    RSS    AIC
+ Ba    1      3550  23684 523.21
+ Be    1       589  26645 534.17
<none>               27234 534.20
- New   1      7275  34508 554.22
- S     1    129539 156772 694.99

Step:  AIC=523.21
P ~ S + New + Ba

       Df Sum of Sq   RSS    AIC
<none>              23684 523.21
+ Be    1       131 23553 524.70
- Ba    1      3550 27234 534.20
- New   1      6349 30033 543.30
- S     1     54898 78582 632.75
summary(Stepwise)


Call:
lm(formula = P ~ S + New + Ba, data = house.selling.price.2)

Residuals:
    Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
-34.804  -9.496   0.917   7.931  73.338 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept)  -47.992      8.209  -5.847 8.15e-08 ***
S             62.263      4.335  14.363  < 2e-16 ***
New           18.371      3.761   4.885 4.54e-06 ***
Ba            20.072      5.495   3.653 0.000438 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 16.31 on 89 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.8681,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.8637 
F-statistic: 195.3 on 3 and 89 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

Using stepwise regression, the strongest model predicting selling price uses Size, New, and Bath as explanatory variables. First, I’ll compare R-squared and adjusted R-squared for the model using all explanatory variables and the model excluding Beds as a variable.

a. R2

summary(PriceALL)


Call:
lm(formula = P ~ ., data = house.selling.price.2)

Residuals:
    Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
-36.212  -9.546   1.277   9.406  71.953 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept)  -41.795     12.104  -3.453 0.000855 ***
S             64.761      5.630  11.504  < 2e-16 ***
Be            -2.766      3.960  -0.698 0.486763    
Ba            19.203      5.650   3.399 0.001019 ** 
New           18.984      3.873   4.902  4.3e-06 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 16.36 on 88 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.8689,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.8629 
F-statistic: 145.8 on 4 and 88 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
ElimBed <- lm(P ~ . - Be, data = house.selling.price.2)
summary(ElimBed)


Call:
lm(formula = P ~ . - Be, data = house.selling.price.2)

Residuals:
    Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
-34.804  -9.496   0.917   7.931  73.338 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept)  -47.992      8.209  -5.847 8.15e-08 ***
S             62.263      4.335  14.363  < 2e-16 ***
Ba            20.072      5.495   3.653 0.000438 ***
New           18.371      3.761   4.885 4.54e-06 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 16.31 on 89 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.8681,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.8637 
F-statistic: 195.3 on 3 and 89 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

As expected, the model with the most explanatory variables (Size, New, Bed, Bath) has the highest R-squared value at 0.8689. Therefore, if you were to select a model solely based on maximizing the R-squared value, it would be: \(\hat{y}\) = -41.79 + 64.76(Size) - 2.77(Beds) + 19.2(Baths) + 18.98(New)

PriceALL$coefficients

(Intercept)           S          Be          Ba         New 
 -41.794504   64.760606   -2.765564   19.203105   18.984237

b. Adjusted R2

However, if you were to select a model based on adjusted R-squared, which accounts for R-squared’s upward bias when adding more variables, the best model for predicting selling price would exclude Beds and use Size, Baths, and New as explanatory variables. The adjusted R-squared value see a slight increase when Beds is removed (from 0.8629 to 0.8637). The model would be: \(\hat{y}\) = -47.99 + 62.26(Size) + 20.07(Baths) + 18.37(New)

ElimBed$coefficients

(Intercept)           S          Ba         New 
  -47.99179    62.26268    20.07203    18.37096

c. PRESS

MPV::PRESS(PriceALL)

[1] 28390.22
MPV::PRESS(ElimBed)

[1] 27860.05

When considering PRESS, a smaller PRESS value indicates a better predictive model. Comparing the PRESS value of the model with all variables and the model excluding Bed, the PRESS values would lead us to select the model with Size, Baths, and New as variables for predicting selling price.

d. AIC

AIC(PriceALL)

[1] 790.6225
AIC(ElimBed)

[1] 789.1366

When considering the AIC for both models, the value is slightly lower for the model that excludes Bed as a variable. Therefore, the AIC would lead us to use the model with Size, Baths, and New as explanatory variables to predicting selling price.

e. BIC

BIC(PriceALL)

[1] 805.8181
BIC(ElimBed)

[1] 801.7996

Lastly, like AIC, the BIC value is lower for the model that excludes Bed as a variable. Once again, we’d select the model that uses Size, Baths, and New as explanatory variables to predict selling price.

e. Explain which model you prefer and why.

Given the results from the various criteria above, the model I would prefer to use to predict selling price is that which excludes Bed and includes Size, Bath, and New as variables: \(\hat{y}\) = -41.79 + 64.76(Size) - 2.77(Beds) + 19.2(Baths) + 18.98(New). This is because each of the criterion indicate this model as slightly stronger in its predictive power than the model that includes all variables (except R-squared, which cannot be used alone to determine model strength).

Part 1, Question 2:

(Data file: trees from base R) From the documentation: “This data set provides measurements of the diameter, height and volume of timber in 31 felled black cherry trees. Note that the diameter (in inches) is erroneously labelled Girth in the data. It is measured at 4 ft 6 in above the ground.”

Tree volume estimation is a big deal, especially in the lumber industry. Use the trees data to build a basic model of tree volume prediction. In particular, 

data("trees")
head(trees)

  Girth Height Volume
1   8.3     70   10.3
2   8.6     65   10.3
3   8.8     63   10.2
4  10.5     72   16.4
5  10.7     81   18.8
6  10.8     83   19.7

a. fit a multiple regression model with the Volume as the outcome and Girth and Height as the explanatory variables

VOL <- lm(Volume ~ Girth + Height, data = trees)
summary(VOL)


Call:
lm(formula = Volume ~ Girth + Height, data = trees)

Residuals:
    Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
-6.4065 -2.6493 -0.2876  2.2003  8.4847 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept) -57.9877     8.6382  -6.713 2.75e-07 ***
Girth         4.7082     0.2643  17.816  < 2e-16 ***
Height        0.3393     0.1302   2.607   0.0145 *  
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 3.882 on 28 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.948, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9442 
F-statistic:   255 on 2 and 28 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

E(Volume) = -57.99 + 4.71(Girth) + 0.34(Height)

b. Run regression diagnostic plots on the model. Based on the plots, do you think any of the regression assumptions is violated?

par(mfrow = c(2, 3)) 
plot(VOL, which = 1:6)

Based on the residuals vs. fitted values plot, the central points appear to roughly bounce randomly above and below 0, but the lowest and highest point appear to be very influential residuals. The red line should be flat along 0 horizontally, but it is U-shaped. This curvature may suggest a violation in the linearity assumption.

With the normal Q-Q plot, it’s difficult to confidently say that the assumption of normality appears to be violated. The points generally run along the trend-line, but they do deviate above the line for the higher points. It’s a noteworthy deviation, but it’s difficult to make a certain decision based on the plot.

In the scale-location plot, the line is not horizontal (the trend decreases then increases), thus suggesting a violation in the assumption of constant variance.

Cook’s distance (as seen in the cook’s distance and residuals vs. leverage plots) suggests that the 31st observation is above the threshold (4/n or red dashed line), meaning it is too influential as one observation.

Part 1, Question 3:

(inspired by ALR 9.16) (Data file: florida in alr R package)

In the 2000 election for U.S. president, the counting of votes in Florida was controversial. In Palm Beach County in south Florida, for example, voters used a so-called butterfly ballot. Some believe that the layout of the ballot caused some voters to cast votes for Buchanan when their intended choice was Gore.

The data has variables for the number of votes for each candidate—Gore, Bush, and Buchanan. Run a simple linear regression model where the Buchanan vote is the outcome and the Bush vote is the explanatory variable. Produce the regression diagnostic plots. Is Palm Beach County an outlier based on the diagnostic plots? Why or why not?

data("florida")
head(florida)

           Gore   Bush Buchanan
ALACHUA   47300  34062      262
BAKER      2392   5610       73
BAY       18850  38637      248
BRADFORD   3072   5413       65
BREVARD   97318 115185      570
BROWARD  386518 177279      789
SLR <- lm(Buchanan ~ Bush, data = florida)
summary(SLR)


Call:
lm(formula = Buchanan ~ Bush, data = florida)

Residuals:
    Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
-907.50  -46.10  -29.19   12.26 2610.19 

Coefficients:
             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept) 4.529e+01  5.448e+01   0.831    0.409    
Bush        4.917e-03  7.644e-04   6.432 1.73e-08 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 353.9 on 65 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.3889,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.3795 
F-statistic: 41.37 on 1 and 65 DF,  p-value: 1.727e-08
par(mfrow = c(2, 3)) 
plot(SLR, which = 1:6)

Based on the diagnostic plots, Palm Beach County is an outlier. First, when looking at the residuals vs fitted plot, the Palm Beach County residual is very large (over 2,000). When referring to the summary of the simple regression model, the third quartile for residuals is 12.26, yet the max is 2610.19. This is a significant jump and indicative of the value being an outlier. The normal Q-Q plot also indicates that the residuals for the model are generally normal except for the Palm Beach County residual, as it greatly deviates from the line in the plot. The Cook’s distance plot shows two points that may be of concern (as outliers) if you follow the metric of observations scoring over 1, which are DADE and Palm Beach at about 2 (or following the 4/n metric instead, with 67 observations (4/67 = .06)). The residuals and leverages plot shows the Palm Beach County standardized residual value beyond the dashed line indicating Cook’s distance. This also suggests that the observation is an outlier and the observation has the potential to influence the regression model.

Part 2, Question 1:

What is your research question for the final project?

Does a relationship exist between political affiliation and support for alternatives to imprisonment for non-violent drug offenders?

Part 2, Question 2:

What is your hypothesis (i.e. an answer to the research question) that you want to test?

There is no relationship between political affiliation and support for alternatives to imprisonment for non-violent drug offenders.

Part 2, Question 3:

Present some exploratory analysis. In particular:

a. Numerically summarize (e.g. with the summary() function) the variables of interest (the outcome, the explanatory variable, the control variables).

Information on Data Source:

TAP <- suppressMessages(read_csv("../../DACSS 603/TAP_data.csv"))

Vars <- select_(TAP, "caseid", "partyid5", "q9")

Outcome Variable: ‘q9’ - “Do you agree, disagree, or neither agree nor disagree with the following statement: The United States Federal Courts should pursue an alternative to imprisonment, such as treatment programs, probation, fines, or community service, for non-violent drug offenders.” 1 Strongly agree 2 Somewhat agree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Somewhat disagree 5 Strongly disagree

Vars$q9[Vars$q9 == "Strongly agree"] <- "1"
Vars$q9[Vars$q9 == "Somewhat agree"] <- "2"
Vars$q9[Vars$q9 == "Neither agree nor disagree"] <- "3"
Vars$q9[Vars$q9 == "Somewhat disagree"] <- "4"
Vars$q9[Vars$q9 == "Strongly disagree"] <- "5"

Vars <- Vars %>%
  filter(!str_detect(`q9`, "SKIPPED ON WEB"))

Vars$q9 <- as.numeric(Vars$q9)

summary(Vars$q9)

   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
  1.000   1.000   2.000   2.017   3.000   5.000

Explanatory Variable: ‘partyid5’ - party identification with 5 options 1 Democrat 2 Lean Democrat 3 Don’t Lean/Independent/None 4 Lean Republic 5 Republican

Vars$partyid5[Vars$partyid5 == "Democrat"] <- "1"
Vars$partyid5[Vars$partyid5 == "Lean Democrat"] <- "2"
Vars$partyid5[Vars$partyid5 == "Don't Lean/Independent/None"] <- "3"
Vars$partyid5[Vars$partyid5 == "Lean Republican"] <- "4"
Vars$partyid5[Vars$partyid5 == "Republican"] <- "5"
Vars$partyid5[Vars$partyid5 == "Unknown"] <- "NA"

Vars <- Vars %>%
  filter(!str_detect(`partyid5`, "NA"))
Vars$partyid5 <- as.numeric(Vars$partyid5)

summary(Vars$partyid5)

   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
  1.000   1.000   3.000   2.777   5.000   5.000

I Still haven’t determined control variables to include/consider.

b. Plot the relationships between key variables. You can do this any way you want, but one straightforward way of doing this would be with the pairs() function or other scatter plots / box plots. Interpret what you see.

kable(Vars, col.names = c("Case ID", "Party ID", "Q9 Response"), align = c('c', 'c', 'c'), caption = "QUANTIFIED DATA: Political Affiliation and Response to Q9 - courts should pursue alternatives to imprisonment for non-violent drug offenses") %>%
  kable_styling() %>%
  scroll_box(width = "100%", height = "400px")
Table 1: QUANTIFIED DATA: Political Affiliation and Response to Q9 - courts should pursue alternatives to imprisonment for non-violent drug offenses
Case ID Party ID Q9 Response
53 5 5
55 5 3
56 3 2
57 3 2
58 2 1
62 2 1
64 4 4
67 1 1
71 3 1
80 5 2
85 5 2
87 1 1
93 1 2
94 5 3
95 3 1
97 1 1
99 3 1
100 5 5
102 4 3
106 4 3
111 2 2
112 1 1
114 3 5
115 5 1
121 5 2
126 1 1
133 1 4
138 1 3
139 4 4
143 1 1
144 1 1
146 5 2
147 2 1
164 1 3
166 5 5
167 2 2
169 3 2
171 2 2
173 1 1
175 5 2
178 3 2
181 5 5
188 2 1
189 1 4
190 4 2
191 5 2
192 1 1
193 5 2
194 4 2
199 5 4
207 2 1
208 2 1
209 5 3
214 2 1
219 1 3
222 1 2
224 3 1
227 5 3
229 4 2
231 1 1
232 1 2
234 1 1
237 1 2
238 1 1
239 2 2
241 5 3
244 1 3
245 4 3
246 1 1
249 2 1
251 2 2
254 3 3
258 1 1
259 1 1
260 1 3
264 2 5
265 1 1
276 2 1
279 1 1
281 4 1
282 4 2
283 1 2
284 5 2
285 1 1
286 3 2
287 2 1
289 1 2
294 5 2
295 5 2
300 2 2
303 4 5
304 1 2
307 1 1
311 1 1
313 1 3
314 3 2
321 5 3
325 1 3
332 4 5
333 1 1
334 5 2
335 1 1
336 4 2
337 5 3
341 1 1
344 2 1
354 5 4
355 5 3
360 3 1
368 3 2
369 5 2
374 2 2
375 1 3
383 4 2
387 5 2
389 3 2
394 1 1
398 1 3
401 2 2
402 2 2
403 5 5
406 5 1
410 1 1
411 1 3
413 5 4
421 1 2
431 5 4
432 4 2
434 5 2
435 4 3
436 1 2
437 1 1
438 2 1
440 5 4
442 5 3
446 5 5
447 3 2
450 3 1
452 1 1
458 1 1
462 5 2
468 1 1
469 5 2
476 2 2
479 3 2
481 1 1
500 1 1
504 3 1
507 5 5
513 1 1
521 2 1
522 1 1
524 5 2
526 5 1
528 1 1
533 5 1
536 3 3
538 4 1
542 5 2
549 5 5
551 2 1
554 1 2
556 4 1
563 5 2
566 5 2
568 5 2
569 1 2
571 5 1
577 5 1
580 1 2
584 1 2
585 5 5
588 4 1
595 5 2
596 3 3
603 2 2
604 5 1
609 5 3
613 3 2
615 3 3
624 3 1
629 3 2
630 1 2
632 1 1
633 4 1
645 4 2
656 1 1
660 1 1
664 1 1
665 1 1
669 1 1
673 1 1
682 3 3
692 1 3
693 5 2
698 5 2
704 5 1
706 3 3
707 2 2
720 1 1
724 5 2
729 1 1
734 1 2
741 1 1
745 5 2
746 1 5
747 1 1
748 1 3
756 1 2
760 1 2
762 5 1
767 1 2
769 5 1
771 2 5
773 2 2
774 1 3
779 1 1
781 5 4
783 1 1
789 1 4
799 1 1
801 1 1
805 1 1
809 5 2
812 1 3
815 1 1
825 5 1
826 1 1
830 5 5
845 1 2
846 5 2
847 1 2
849 3 4
855 5 3
859 3 2
861 1 1
862 1 1
865 4 2
866 1 1
868 5 2
872 1 2
882 4 2
887 1 1
890 5 2
898 3 2
900 5 2
903 1 1
910 1 1
919 2 2
927 1 2
929 5 1
933 1 1
935 4 3
937 1 1
938 1 1
939 1 1
941 1 3
944 1 2
946 3 1
947 5 3
949 3 1
953 1 1
961 1 1
965 1 1
968 1 1
969 2 1
970 5 3
975 4 1
976 5 4
983 4 3
990 5 1
993 4 2
994 2 2
999 5 2
1003 1 1
1005 1 1
1008 1 1
1010 5 3
1016 5 1
1018 3 3
1032 3 3
1033 1 1
1040 1 1
1045 5 2
1071 4 2
1076 1 1
1081 5 2
1083 5 4
1084 5 2
1085 2 1
1092 1 1
1095 1 2
1103 1 2
1106 5 2
1107 5 2
1109 4 4
1110 1 1
1113 3 2
1118 4 3
1123 1 1
1126 2 1
1128 5 2
1132 2 2
1140 1 3
1141 3 1
1143 5 2
1147 1 2
1156 1 2
1157 1 1
1163 1 2
1166 1 1
1171 1 1
1172 5 1
1174 4 3
1179 2 2
1180 1 1
1182 5 1
1184 3 2
1186 1 2
1188 3 3
1197 1 1
1203 5 2
1204 1 1
1217 4 2
1222 1 1
1225 4 2
1234 3 4
1237 3 2
1242 2 1
1245 3 2
1252 3 1
1257 2 1
1258 3 2
1259 1 3
1265 3 1
1268 5 5
1269 5 1
1286 5 1
1294 5 2
1300 1 2
1305 5 4
1306 4 3
1311 5 2
1314 2 1
1318 1 1
1325 1 1
1327 2 1
1333 1 3
1334 5 2
1338 5 2
1339 1 5
1342 3 1
1352 1 2
1354 1 1
1359 3 3
1363 5 1
1369 5 2
1371 4 1
1372 2 5
1376 1 1
1384 5 2
1386 1 2
1388 5 5
1390 2 2
1391 5 3
1392 4 3
1393 5 2
1398 5 5
1403 1 2
1407 5 2
1408 5 3
1418 3 2
1421 1 2
1423 5 1
1430 1 1
1435 1 2
1438 5 3
1447 5 4
1448 5 1
1454 5 2
1459 1 1
1460 2 1
1471 1 3
1472 2 3
1474 5 3
1478 3 2
1480 1 1
1481 2 4
1500 2 1
1506 2 2
1515 1 3
1518 1 1
1530 1 1
1533 5 2
1538 1 1
1544 2 1
1551 3 1
1552 1 3
1554 1 2
1558 4 3
1559 1 1
1560 1 1
1561 5 2
1563 2 1
1570 5 4
1572 5 3
1573 3 5
1575 3 2
1584 1 1
1585 1 2
1593 5 3
1598 1 2
1600 1 1
1605 1 2
1606 1 1
1607 1 1
1610 3 3
1613 4 4
1615 5 1
1616 2 1
1619 3 5
1620 2 1
1623 2 5
1632 1 4
1635 3 3
1638 1 1
1644 4 3
1645 1 1
1649 5 4
1650 2 2
1654 1 3
1657 5 5
1663 1 2
1664 2 1
1666 1 2
1668 1 1
1671 5 1
1673 4 3
1674 1 1
1675 3 1
1676 5 2
1678 3 2
1680 4 4
1684 1 1
1688 1 1
1689 1 1
1693 5 3
1697 1 1
1700 4 1
1703 1 2
1705 2 1
1706 5 2
1714 5 2
1715 4 3
1718 1 1
1722 1 5
1723 1 1
1725 2 1
1730 2 5
1731 5 1
1732 5 2
1734 1 1
1735 4 3
1742 4 2
1743 1 1
1744 1 2
1745 4 1
1750 5 2
1769 3 2
1771 3 2
1773 3 1
1783 4 1
1784 3 2
1787 5 1
1790 5 3
1791 1 2
1795 4 2
1796 2 1
1801 2 2
1803 2 1
1804 5 2
1806 1 2
1809 1 1
1810 1 2
1811 3 3
1815 5 1
1820 4 1
1823 1 2
1824 2 1
1826 3 2
1827 1 3
1829 5 5
1832 1 1
1834 2 1
1836 5 5
1840 5 2
1843 2 1
1848 4 1
1852 1 1
1855 4 2
1856 1 1
1859 5 2
1861 2 2
1876 4 2
1882 3 5
1888 2 2
1889 3 1
1890 1 1
1893 5 4
1895 5 5
1899 3 4
1901 5 4
1908 3 1
1909 2 2
1912 1 1
1913 5 2
1914 1 1
1916 5 4
1921 2 2
1922 5 2
1923 1 2
1925 1 1
1926 1 1
1927 1 2
1928 2 3
1933 2 1
1934 5 1
1935 4 1
1938 2 1
1946 3 1
1949 3 2
1953 5 2
1958 5 1
1962 3 2
1965 2 2
1966 5 3
1967 5 2
1968 1 2
1969 3 1
1975 1 1
1977 1 2
1980 5 5
1982 1 1
1983 4 3
1984 4 1
1985 1 2
1986 2 1
1989 1 1
1993 4 2
1999 4 2
2003 5 5
2005 1 1
2008 5 2
2012 2 1
2016 1 3
2018 4 1
2022 4 1
2025 3 2
2035 4 1
2036 1 1
2038 4 4
2043 5 3
2045 1 1
2048 1 1
2049 4 3
2052 1 2
2058 4 3
2061 5 1
2063 5 2
2064 1 4
2066 4 4
2067 3 3
2068 3 2
2071 4 2
2072 5 4
2078 1 1
2079 1 2
2082 2 1
2084 1 2
2086 1 2
2088 3 3
2093 1 2
2094 1 2
2104 1 1
2108 5 1
2113 5 1
2115 1 1
2122 5 4
2124 1 1
2126 5 3
2134 1 1
2135 1 3
2140 5 2
2141 4 3
2143 1 1
2144 3 2
2148 2 1
2155 1 2
2157 2 1
2162 2 4
2163 1 1
2177 1 1
2182 1 3
2191 3 3
2194 4 3
2197 1 1
2201 2 1
2215 1 4
2218 5 4
2219 4 4
2222 1 1
2223 4 2
2231 1 2
2238 5 1
2253 3 1
2256 2 2
2260 1 1
2262 5 3
2266 1 1
2279 3 2
2280 5 3
2281 1 2
2284 2 1
2285 5 5
2286 5 3
2287 1 2
2290 1 1
2293 4 1
2295 1 2
2297 2 1
2299 4 3
2307 1 1
2308 5 2
2312 1 1
2317 5 2
2318 5 2
2320 5 2
2321 1 1
2326 5 1
2329 3 1
2334 1 1
2342 1 1
2343 1 2
2345 1 3
2346 5 5
2355 1 2
2360 5 2
2365 2 1
2369 5 3
2377 1 1
2381 2 1
2388 5 1
2392 5 1
2393 3 2
2396 5 2
2398 5 4
2401 1 1
2402 2 1
2405 5 1
2406 3 5
2415 5 2
2418 1 2
2420 2 1
2424 2 1
2432 2 1
2433 1 1
2436 1 1
2442 3 3
2446 3 5
2450 1 3
2452 1 2
2457 1 1
2459 3 2
2463 5 2
2469 5 4
2483 3 3
2484 1 2
2495 1 3
2499 3 1
2504 2 1
2507 5 3
2513 1 1
2516 1 4
2517 1 1
2519 5 2
2522 1 1
2525 3 3
2529 1 1
2533 1 1
2536 5 5
2537 5 2
2542 5 1
2544 4 3
2548 3 1
2549 4 5
2553 1 1
2554 2 2
2559 2 1
2565 5 2
2566 4 2
2570 2 2
2580 5 4
2583 5 4
2585 1 1
2591 5 3
2595 1 1
2599 2 1
2602 4 1
2607 4 2
2609 2 2
2613 1 1
2614 5 1
2618 1 1
2620 3 1
2626 5 5
2627 1 1
2631 3 1
2637 1 1
2638 5 4
2640 5 3
2641 5 2
2647 3 2
2648 1 1
2653 4 2
2657 1 3
2658 1 1
2664 1 1
2669 5 3
2675 5 4
2676 1 2
2680 2 3
2681 1 1
2682 5 4
2683 1 1
2688 1 2
2689 2 1
2690 5 1
2693 1 1
2697 2 2
2698 5 4
2701 1 1
2704 1 3
2709 1 1
2710 5 2
2711 1 4
2713 1 3
2714 5 2
2718 1 1
2720 5 2
2723 5 2
2725 4 2
2734 4 2
2740 4 2
2747 5 3
2750 5 2
2753 3 1
2757 5 2
2761 1 2
2763 5 2
2767 5 3
2769 5 2
2770 1 2
2778 1 2
2783 2 1
2792 4 1
2795 5 3
2799 2 1
2804 1 1
2806 4 2
2809 1 1
2812 5 4
2813 1 1
2815 5 4
2819 1 1
2820 1 2
2822 1 2
2827 5 1
2833 1 1
2834 1 1
2836 1 1
2841 5 2
2842 5 3
2843 4 2
2844 5 1
2845 3 3
2847 5 5
2848 5 3
2854 1 1
2856 5 2
2861 5 4
2865 4 1
2875 1 1
2883 3 1
2885 2 1
2887 5 3
2890 1 2
2892 1 5
2902 4 1
2908 3 5
2910 5 2
2917 5 4
2918 2 2
2920 1 2
2921 1 2
2928 5 2
2936 5 2
2937 5 4
2938 5 2
2940 1 3
2944 4 2
2947 5 2
2948 1 2
2952 5 1
2955 2 2
2959 1 1
2969 3 2
2970 1 1
2971 3 3
2982 1 1
2990 1 1
2991 1 2
2994 2 2
2995 3 2
3001 5 2
3010 2 5
3014 1 1
3015 5 5
3020 5 2
3025 1 1
3026 2 1
3028 2 2
3029 3 3
3031 1 2
3037 5 2
3039 1 1
3043 2 1
3044 1 3
3054 5 2
3055 1 3
3060 5 2
3061 1 2
3063 3 2
3073 4 1
3080 1 2
3085 4 3
3089 2 1
3091 1 2
3096 3 3
3097 4 4
3109 5 1
3110 3 1
3111 5 2
3119 3 1
3123 1 1
3126 1 1
3129 4 1
3130 1 1
3131 5 2
3139 2 1
3140 1 1
3144 3 3
3145 1 3
3148 4 1
3151 3 3
3152 5 1
3161 1 1
3162 3 1
3164 4 3
3168 3 1
3169 5 2
3171 2 2
3174 4 1
3175 1 1
3181 5 2
3185 5 2
3187 1 1
3192 5 3
3198 5 2
3203 1 4
3205 3 2
3207 4 2
3208 1 1
3211 1 1
3212 1 3
3215 3 2
3216 1 2
3218 2 1
3221 1 2
3223 2 1
3224 5 1
3236 3 3
3237 4 3
3241 1 1
3243 4 2
3253 5 2
3260 1 1
3261 2 2
3264 1 1
3267 4 4
3277 2 1
3280 5 2
3283 2 2
3290 2 1
3295 5 5
3301 1 1
3306 1 1
3312 1 1
3318 2 3
3320 5 1
3321 5 2
3324 1 1
3329 1 3
3330 5 1
3332 5 4
3335 1 1
3343 2 5
3345 4 1
3346 4 1
3349 5 2
3351 2 3
3353 4 1
3363 1 1
3371 5 2
3378 1 3
3381 4 4
3383 2 2
3384 5 2
3387 3 2
3390 1 1
3393 1 2
3395 3 1
3396 5 2
3399 1 2
3403 3 1
3405 5 3
3407 1 1
3414 1 1
3415 5 4
3416 1 2
3423 1 1
3427 1 1
3428 5 2
3430 1 1
3438 3 2
3441 1 2
3444 4 2
3449 5 1
3450 3 2
3454 5 1
3457 5 2
3460 3 2
3462 1 3
3466 2 3
3471 3 2
3481 3 1
3488 5 2
3491 1 1
3500 3 3
3502 1 1
3505 1 2
3507 1 1
3514 5 2
3516 3 3
3525 5 3
3526 1 1
3528 2 3
3533 2 2
3536 1 2
3539 1 1
3540 5 4
3554 1 2
3556 5 2
3557 5 2
3559 1 2
3571 4 1
3585 1 1
3586 5 2
3594 1 1
3597 1 1
3609 1 2
3613 3 1
3624 3 1
3626 3 4
3629 3 3
3630 4 1
3636 3 3
3638 3 5
3645 1 1
3650 1 1
3655 1 1
3656 1 1
3659 5 2
3663 2 1
3664 1 1
3667 5 1
3678 3 4
3688 4 2
3691 1 2
3692 3 2
3696 5 4
3698 3 2
3700 1 2
3701 4 3
3707 1 1
3708 1 1
3709 3 3
3710 5 3
3719 5 2
3729 3 2
3731 5 4
3735 2 4
3737 5 4
3744 3 3
3745 1 1
3746 1 1
3747 1 1
3750 1 3
3754 2 3
3755 2 2
3760 5 5
3761 5 4
3769 5 2
3772 4 4
3774 5 1
3776 1 1
3784 5 3
3788 1 2
3789 1 2
3791 5 5
3792 5 4
3796 3 1
3805 1 3
3809 5 3
3816 2 2
3824 1 3
3831 1 1
3839 4 1
3841 1 1
3843 3 3
3844 2 1
3852 1 1
3853 5 4
3862 1 1
3864 2 1
3878 4 1
3882 1 1
3889 3 1
3892 2 2
3895 5 1
3896 5 5
3906 5 2
3909 3 2
3916 1 1
3918 1 3
3920 1 2
3929 5 5
3932 5 1
3951 2 2
3953 3 1
3955 5 5
3957 5 3
3960 1 1
3967 2 2
3968 1 1
3972 1 1
3987 5 2
3995 4 2
3996 1 2
4000 1 1
4009 1 1
4010 3 1
4013 5 2
4017 3 4
4022 1 1
4024 5 3
4026 4 1
4028 2 1
4031 5 3
4032 5 4
4038 1 1
4039 5 5
4040 2 1
4057 3 3
4059 3 3
4064 4 2
4068 1 2
4074 1 1
4082 1 2
4085 4 2
4088 1 1
4090 1 3
4098 1 1
4100 1 1
4103 5 2
4106 5 2
4107 4 3
4108 5 2
4110 1 1
4113 1 2
4120 2 5
4126 5 1
4129 1 2
4131 4 2
4134 1 2
4135 5 4
4138 1 2
4139 1 2
4140 2 3
4141 4 3
4145 1 3
4149 1 1
4152 1 2
4158 4 2
4160 4 4
4162 1 2
4168 4 2
4171 1 1
4175 5 1
4180 1 4
4182 2 2
4186 1 1
4188 1 2
4189 1 2
4192 5 2
4196 5 1
4197 1 2
4200 2 1
4203 5 2
4204 1 1
4205 5 1
4207 3 3
4208 1 3
4225 3 3
4228 5 2
4231 2 1
4241 4 1
4244 5 1
4252 3 1
4253 1 1
4255 1 1
4260 1 1
4261 1 1
4268 5 1
4274 3 1 
RawData <- select_(TAP, "caseid", "partyid5", "q9")
kable(RawData, col.names = c("Case ID", "Party ID", "Q9 Response"), align = c('c', 'c', 'c'), caption = "RAW DATA: Political Affiliation and Response to Q9 - courts should pursue alternatives to imprisonment for non-violent drug offenses") %>%
  kable_styling() %>%
  scroll_box(width = "100%", height = "400px")
Table 1: RAW DATA: Political Affiliation and Response to Q9 - courts should pursue alternatives to imprisonment for non-violent drug offenses
Case ID Party ID Q9 Response
53 Republican Strongly disagree
55 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
56 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
57 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
58 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
60 Unknown Strongly agree
62 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
64 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
67 Democrat Strongly agree
71 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
80 Republican Somewhat agree
85 Republican Somewhat agree
87 Democrat Strongly agree
93 Democrat Somewhat agree
94 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
95 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
97 Democrat Strongly agree
99 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
100 Republican Strongly disagree
102 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
106 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
111 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
112 Democrat Strongly agree
114 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly disagree
115 Republican Strongly agree
121 Republican Somewhat agree
126 Democrat Strongly agree
133 Democrat Somewhat disagree
138 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
139 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
143 Democrat Strongly agree
144 Democrat Strongly agree
146 Republican Somewhat agree
147 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
164 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
166 Republican Strongly disagree
167 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
169 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
171 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
173 Democrat Strongly agree
175 Republican Somewhat agree
178 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
181 Republican Strongly disagree
188 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
189 Democrat Somewhat disagree
190 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
191 Republican Somewhat agree
192 Democrat Strongly agree
193 Republican Somewhat agree
194 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
195 Don’t Lean/Independent/None SKIPPED ON WEB
199 Republican Somewhat disagree
207 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
208 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
209 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
214 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
219 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
222 Democrat Somewhat agree
224 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
227 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
229 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
231 Democrat Strongly agree
232 Democrat Somewhat agree
234 Democrat Strongly agree
237 Democrat Somewhat agree
238 Democrat Strongly agree
239 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
241 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
244 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
245 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
246 Democrat Strongly agree
249 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
251 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
254 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
258 Democrat Strongly agree
259 Democrat Strongly agree
260 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
264 Lean Democrat Strongly disagree
265 Democrat Strongly agree
276 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
279 Democrat Strongly agree
281 Lean Republican Strongly agree
282 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
283 Democrat Somewhat agree
284 Republican Somewhat agree
285 Democrat Strongly agree
286 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
287 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
289 Democrat Somewhat agree
294 Republican Somewhat agree
295 Republican Somewhat agree
300 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
303 Lean Republican Strongly disagree
304 Democrat Somewhat agree
307 Democrat Strongly agree
311 Democrat Strongly agree
313 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
314 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
321 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
325 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
332 Lean Republican Strongly disagree
333 Democrat Strongly agree
334 Republican Somewhat agree
335 Democrat Strongly agree
336 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
337 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
341 Democrat Strongly agree
344 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
354 Republican Somewhat disagree
355 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
360 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
368 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
369 Republican Somewhat agree
374 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
375 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
383 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
387 Republican Somewhat agree
389 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
394 Democrat Strongly agree
398 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
401 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
402 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
403 Republican Strongly disagree
406 Republican Strongly agree
410 Democrat Strongly agree
411 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
413 Republican Somewhat disagree
421 Democrat Somewhat agree
431 Republican Somewhat disagree
432 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
434 Republican Somewhat agree
435 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
436 Democrat Somewhat agree
437 Democrat Strongly agree
438 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
440 Republican Somewhat disagree
442 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
446 Republican Strongly disagree
447 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
450 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
452 Democrat Strongly agree
458 Democrat Strongly agree
462 Republican Somewhat agree
468 Democrat Strongly agree
469 Republican Somewhat agree
476 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
479 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
481 Democrat Strongly agree
500 Democrat Strongly agree
504 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
507 Republican Strongly disagree
513 Democrat Strongly agree
521 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
522 Democrat Strongly agree
524 Republican Somewhat agree
526 Republican Strongly agree
528 Democrat Strongly agree
533 Republican Strongly agree
536 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
538 Lean Republican Strongly agree
542 Republican Somewhat agree
549 Republican Strongly disagree
551 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
554 Democrat Somewhat agree
556 Lean Republican Strongly agree
563 Republican Somewhat agree
564 Unknown Strongly disagree
566 Republican Somewhat agree
568 Republican Somewhat agree
569 Democrat Somewhat agree
571 Republican Strongly agree
577 Republican Strongly agree
580 Democrat Somewhat agree
584 Democrat Somewhat agree
585 Republican Strongly disagree
588 Lean Republican Strongly agree
595 Republican Somewhat agree
596 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
603 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
604 Republican Strongly agree
609 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
613 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
615 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
624 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
629 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
630 Democrat Somewhat agree
632 Democrat Strongly agree
633 Lean Republican Strongly agree
645 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
656 Democrat Strongly agree
660 Democrat Strongly agree
663 Unknown Neither agree nor disagree
664 Democrat Strongly agree
665 Democrat Strongly agree
669 Democrat Strongly agree
673 Democrat Strongly agree
682 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
692 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
693 Republican Somewhat agree
698 Republican Somewhat agree
704 Republican Strongly agree
706 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
707 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
720 Democrat Strongly agree
724 Republican Somewhat agree
729 Democrat Strongly agree
734 Democrat Somewhat agree
741 Democrat Strongly agree
745 Republican Somewhat agree
746 Democrat Strongly disagree
747 Democrat Strongly agree
748 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
756 Democrat Somewhat agree
760 Democrat Somewhat agree
762 Republican Strongly agree
767 Democrat Somewhat agree
769 Republican Strongly agree
771 Lean Democrat Strongly disagree
773 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
774 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
779 Democrat Strongly agree
781 Republican Somewhat disagree
783 Democrat Strongly agree
789 Democrat Somewhat disagree
799 Democrat Strongly agree
801 Democrat Strongly agree
805 Democrat Strongly agree
809 Republican Somewhat agree
812 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
815 Democrat Strongly agree
825 Republican Strongly agree
826 Democrat Strongly agree
830 Republican Strongly disagree
845 Democrat Somewhat agree
846 Republican Somewhat agree
847 Democrat Somewhat agree
849 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat disagree
855 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
859 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
861 Democrat Strongly agree
862 Democrat Strongly agree
865 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
866 Democrat Strongly agree
868 Republican Somewhat agree
872 Democrat Somewhat agree
882 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
887 Democrat Strongly agree
890 Republican Somewhat agree
898 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
900 Republican Somewhat agree
903 Democrat Strongly agree
910 Democrat Strongly agree
919 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
927 Democrat Somewhat agree
929 Republican Strongly agree
933 Democrat Strongly agree
935 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
937 Democrat Strongly agree
938 Democrat Strongly agree
939 Democrat Strongly agree
941 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
944 Democrat Somewhat agree
946 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
947 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
949 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
953 Democrat Strongly agree
961 Democrat Strongly agree
965 Democrat Strongly agree
968 Democrat Strongly agree
969 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
970 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
975 Lean Republican Strongly agree
976 Republican Somewhat disagree
983 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
990 Republican Strongly agree
993 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
994 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
999 Republican Somewhat agree
1003 Democrat Strongly agree
1005 Democrat Strongly agree
1008 Democrat Strongly agree
1010 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1016 Republican Strongly agree
1018 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
1032 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
1033 Democrat Strongly agree
1040 Democrat Strongly agree
1045 Republican Somewhat agree
1071 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
1076 Democrat Strongly agree
1081 Republican Somewhat agree
1083 Republican Somewhat disagree
1084 Republican Somewhat agree
1085 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1092 Democrat Strongly agree
1095 Democrat Somewhat agree
1103 Democrat Somewhat agree
1106 Republican Somewhat agree
1107 Republican Somewhat agree
1109 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
1110 Democrat Strongly agree
1113 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1118 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1123 Democrat Strongly agree
1126 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1128 Republican Somewhat agree
1132 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
1140 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
1141 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
1143 Republican Somewhat agree
1147 Democrat Somewhat agree
1156 Democrat Somewhat agree
1157 Democrat Strongly agree
1163 Democrat Somewhat agree
1166 Democrat Strongly agree
1171 Democrat Strongly agree
1172 Republican Strongly agree
1174 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1179 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
1180 Democrat Strongly agree
1182 Republican Strongly agree
1184 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1186 Democrat Somewhat agree
1188 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
1197 Democrat Strongly agree
1203 Republican Somewhat agree
1204 Democrat Strongly agree
1217 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
1222 Democrat Strongly agree
1225 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
1234 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat disagree
1237 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1242 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1245 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1247 Unknown Neither agree nor disagree
1252 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
1257 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1258 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1259 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
1265 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
1268 Republican Strongly disagree
1269 Republican Strongly agree
1286 Republican Strongly agree
1294 Republican Somewhat agree
1298 Unknown Strongly agree
1300 Democrat Somewhat agree
1305 Republican Somewhat disagree
1306 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1311 Republican Somewhat agree
1314 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1318 Democrat Strongly agree
1325 Democrat Strongly agree
1327 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1333 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
1334 Republican Somewhat agree
1338 Republican Somewhat agree
1339 Democrat Strongly disagree
1342 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
1352 Democrat Somewhat agree
1354 Democrat Strongly agree
1359 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
1363 Republican Strongly agree
1369 Republican Somewhat agree
1371 Lean Republican Strongly agree
1372 Lean Democrat Strongly disagree
1376 Democrat Strongly agree
1384 Republican Somewhat agree
1386 Democrat Somewhat agree
1388 Republican Strongly disagree
1390 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
1391 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1392 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1393 Republican Somewhat agree
1398 Republican Strongly disagree
1403 Democrat Somewhat agree
1407 Republican Somewhat agree
1408 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1418 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1421 Democrat Somewhat agree
1423 Republican Strongly agree
1430 Democrat Strongly agree
1431 Unknown Neither agree nor disagree
1435 Democrat Somewhat agree
1438 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1447 Republican Somewhat disagree
1448 Republican Strongly agree
1454 Republican Somewhat agree
1459 Democrat Strongly agree
1460 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1471 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
1472 Lean Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
1474 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1475 Democrat SKIPPED ON WEB
1478 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1480 Democrat Strongly agree
1481 Lean Democrat Somewhat disagree
1500 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1506 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
1515 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
1518 Democrat Strongly agree
1530 Democrat Strongly agree
1533 Republican Somewhat agree
1538 Democrat Strongly agree
1544 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1551 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
1552 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
1554 Democrat Somewhat agree
1558 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1559 Democrat Strongly agree
1560 Democrat Strongly agree
1561 Republican Somewhat agree
1563 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1570 Republican Somewhat disagree
1572 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1573 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly disagree
1575 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1584 Democrat Strongly agree
1585 Democrat Somewhat agree
1593 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1598 Democrat Somewhat agree
1600 Democrat Strongly agree
1605 Democrat Somewhat agree
1606 Democrat Strongly agree
1607 Democrat Strongly agree
1610 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
1613 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
1615 Republican Strongly agree
1616 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1619 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly disagree
1620 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1623 Lean Democrat Strongly disagree
1632 Democrat Somewhat disagree
1635 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
1638 Democrat Strongly agree
1644 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1645 Democrat Strongly agree
1649 Republican Somewhat disagree
1650 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
1654 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
1657 Republican Strongly disagree
1663 Democrat Somewhat agree
1664 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1666 Democrat Somewhat agree
1668 Democrat Strongly agree
1671 Republican Strongly agree
1673 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1674 Democrat Strongly agree
1675 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
1676 Republican Somewhat agree
1678 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1680 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
1684 Democrat Strongly agree
1688 Democrat Strongly agree
1689 Democrat Strongly agree
1693 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1697 Democrat Strongly agree
1700 Lean Republican Strongly agree
1703 Democrat Somewhat agree
1705 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1706 Republican Somewhat agree
1714 Republican Somewhat agree
1715 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1718 Democrat Strongly agree
1722 Democrat Strongly disagree
1723 Democrat Strongly agree
1725 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1730 Lean Democrat Strongly disagree
1731 Republican Strongly agree
1732 Republican Somewhat agree
1734 Democrat Strongly agree
1735 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1742 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
1743 Democrat Strongly agree
1744 Democrat Somewhat agree
1745 Lean Republican Strongly agree
1750 Republican Somewhat agree
1769 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1771 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1773 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
1783 Lean Republican Strongly agree
1784 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1787 Republican Strongly agree
1790 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1791 Democrat Somewhat agree
1795 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
1796 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1801 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
1803 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1804 Republican Somewhat agree
1806 Democrat Somewhat agree
1809 Democrat Strongly agree
1810 Democrat Somewhat agree
1811 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
1815 Republican Strongly agree
1820 Lean Republican Strongly agree
1823 Democrat Somewhat agree
1824 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1826 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1827 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
1829 Republican Strongly disagree
1832 Democrat Strongly agree
1834 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1836 Republican Strongly disagree
1840 Republican Somewhat agree
1843 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1848 Lean Republican Strongly agree
1852 Democrat Strongly agree
1855 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
1856 Democrat Strongly agree
1859 Republican Somewhat agree
1861 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
1876 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
1882 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly disagree
1888 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
1889 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
1890 Democrat Strongly agree
1893 Republican Somewhat disagree
1895 Republican Strongly disagree
1899 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat disagree
1901 Republican Somewhat disagree
1908 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
1909 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
1912 Democrat Strongly agree
1913 Republican Somewhat agree
1914 Democrat Strongly agree
1916 Republican Somewhat disagree
1921 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
1922 Republican Somewhat agree
1923 Democrat Somewhat agree
1925 Democrat Strongly agree
1926 Democrat Strongly agree
1927 Democrat Somewhat agree
1928 Lean Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
1933 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1934 Republican Strongly agree
1935 Lean Republican Strongly agree
1938 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1946 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
1949 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1953 Republican Somewhat agree
1958 Republican Strongly agree
1962 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
1965 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
1966 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1967 Republican Somewhat agree
1968 Democrat Somewhat agree
1969 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
1975 Democrat Strongly agree
1977 Democrat Somewhat agree
1980 Republican Strongly disagree
1982 Democrat Strongly agree
1983 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
1984 Lean Republican Strongly agree
1985 Democrat Somewhat agree
1986 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
1989 Democrat Strongly agree
1993 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
1999 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2003 Republican Strongly disagree
2005 Democrat Strongly agree
2008 Republican Somewhat agree
2012 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2016 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
2018 Lean Republican Strongly agree
2022 Lean Republican Strongly agree
2025 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
2035 Lean Republican Strongly agree
2036 Democrat Strongly agree
2038 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
2043 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2045 Democrat Strongly agree
2048 Democrat Strongly agree
2049 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2052 Democrat Somewhat agree
2058 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2061 Republican Strongly agree
2063 Republican Somewhat agree
2064 Democrat Somewhat disagree
2066 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
2067 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
2068 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
2071 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2072 Republican Somewhat disagree
2075 Unknown Somewhat agree
2078 Democrat Strongly agree
2079 Democrat Somewhat agree
2082 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2084 Democrat Somewhat agree
2086 Democrat Somewhat agree
2088 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
2093 Democrat Somewhat agree
2094 Democrat Somewhat agree
2104 Democrat Strongly agree
2108 Republican Strongly agree
2112 Republican SKIPPED ON WEB
2113 Republican Strongly agree
2115 Democrat Strongly agree
2122 Republican Somewhat disagree
2124 Democrat Strongly agree
2126 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2134 Democrat Strongly agree
2135 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
2140 Republican Somewhat agree
2141 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2143 Democrat Strongly agree
2144 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
2148 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2155 Democrat Somewhat agree
2157 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2162 Lean Democrat Somewhat disagree
2163 Democrat Strongly agree
2177 Democrat Strongly agree
2182 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
2191 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
2194 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2197 Democrat Strongly agree
2201 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2215 Democrat Somewhat disagree
2218 Republican Somewhat disagree
2219 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
2222 Democrat Strongly agree
2223 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2231 Democrat Somewhat agree
2238 Republican Strongly agree
2253 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
2256 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
2260 Democrat Strongly agree
2262 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2266 Democrat Strongly agree
2279 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
2280 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2281 Democrat Somewhat agree
2284 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2285 Republican Strongly disagree
2286 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2287 Democrat Somewhat agree
2290 Democrat Strongly agree
2293 Lean Republican Strongly agree
2295 Democrat Somewhat agree
2297 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2299 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2307 Democrat Strongly agree
2308 Republican Somewhat agree
2312 Democrat Strongly agree
2317 Republican Somewhat agree
2318 Republican Somewhat agree
2320 Republican Somewhat agree
2321 Democrat Strongly agree
2326 Republican Strongly agree
2329 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
2334 Democrat Strongly agree
2336 Unknown Somewhat agree
2342 Democrat Strongly agree
2343 Democrat Somewhat agree
2345 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
2346 Republican Strongly disagree
2355 Democrat Somewhat agree
2358 Republican SKIPPED ON WEB
2360 Republican Somewhat agree
2365 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2369 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2377 Democrat Strongly agree
2381 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2388 Republican Strongly agree
2392 Republican Strongly agree
2393 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
2396 Republican Somewhat agree
2398 Republican Somewhat disagree
2401 Democrat Strongly agree
2402 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2405 Republican Strongly agree
2406 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly disagree
2415 Republican Somewhat agree
2418 Democrat Somewhat agree
2420 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2424 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2432 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2433 Democrat Strongly agree
2436 Democrat Strongly agree
2441 Lean Republican SKIPPED ON WEB
2442 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
2446 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly disagree
2450 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
2452 Democrat Somewhat agree
2457 Democrat Strongly agree
2459 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
2463 Republican Somewhat agree
2469 Republican Somewhat disagree
2483 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
2484 Democrat Somewhat agree
2495 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
2499 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
2504 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2507 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2513 Democrat Strongly agree
2516 Democrat Somewhat disagree
2517 Democrat Strongly agree
2519 Republican Somewhat agree
2522 Democrat Strongly agree
2525 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
2529 Democrat Strongly agree
2533 Democrat Strongly agree
2536 Republican Strongly disagree
2537 Republican Somewhat agree
2542 Republican Strongly agree
2544 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2548 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
2549 Lean Republican Strongly disagree
2553 Democrat Strongly agree
2554 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
2559 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2565 Republican Somewhat agree
2566 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2570 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
2580 Republican Somewhat disagree
2583 Republican Somewhat disagree
2585 Democrat Strongly agree
2591 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2595 Democrat Strongly agree
2599 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2602 Lean Republican Strongly agree
2607 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2609 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
2613 Democrat Strongly agree
2614 Republican Strongly agree
2618 Democrat Strongly agree
2620 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
2626 Republican Strongly disagree
2627 Democrat Strongly agree
2631 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
2637 Democrat Strongly agree
2638 Republican Somewhat disagree
2640 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2641 Republican Somewhat agree
2647 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
2648 Democrat Strongly agree
2653 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2657 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
2658 Democrat Strongly agree
2664 Democrat Strongly agree
2669 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2675 Republican Somewhat disagree
2676 Democrat Somewhat agree
2680 Lean Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
2681 Democrat Strongly agree
2682 Republican Somewhat disagree
2683 Democrat Strongly agree
2688 Democrat Somewhat agree
2689 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2690 Republican Strongly agree
2693 Democrat Strongly agree
2697 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
2698 Republican Somewhat disagree
2701 Democrat Strongly agree
2704 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
2709 Democrat Strongly agree
2710 Republican Somewhat agree
2711 Democrat Somewhat disagree
2713 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
2714 Republican Somewhat agree
2718 Democrat Strongly agree
2720 Republican Somewhat agree
2723 Republican Somewhat agree
2725 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2734 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2740 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2747 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2750 Republican Somewhat agree
2753 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
2757 Republican Somewhat agree
2761 Democrat Somewhat agree
2763 Republican Somewhat agree
2767 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2769 Republican Somewhat agree
2770 Democrat Somewhat agree
2778 Democrat Somewhat agree
2783 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2792 Lean Republican Strongly agree
2795 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2799 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2804 Democrat Strongly agree
2806 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2808 Democrat SKIPPED ON WEB
2809 Democrat Strongly agree
2812 Republican Somewhat disagree
2813 Democrat Strongly agree
2815 Republican Somewhat disagree
2819 Democrat Strongly agree
2820 Democrat Somewhat agree
2822 Democrat Somewhat agree
2827 Republican Strongly agree
2833 Democrat Strongly agree
2834 Democrat Strongly agree
2836 Democrat Strongly agree
2841 Republican Somewhat agree
2842 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2843 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2844 Republican Strongly agree
2845 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
2847 Republican Strongly disagree
2848 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2854 Democrat Strongly agree
2856 Republican Somewhat agree
2861 Republican Somewhat disagree
2865 Lean Republican Strongly agree
2875 Democrat Strongly agree
2883 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
2885 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
2887 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
2890 Democrat Somewhat agree
2892 Democrat Strongly disagree
2902 Lean Republican Strongly agree
2908 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly disagree
2910 Republican Somewhat agree
2917 Republican Somewhat disagree
2918 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
2920 Democrat Somewhat agree
2921 Democrat Somewhat agree
2928 Republican Somewhat agree
2936 Republican Somewhat agree
2937 Republican Somewhat disagree
2938 Republican Somewhat agree
2940 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
2944 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
2947 Republican Somewhat agree
2948 Democrat Somewhat agree
2952 Republican Strongly agree
2955 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
2959 Democrat Strongly agree
2969 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
2970 Democrat Strongly agree
2971 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
2982 Democrat Strongly agree
2983 Unknown Somewhat agree
2990 Democrat Strongly agree
2991 Democrat Somewhat agree
2994 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
2995 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3001 Republican Somewhat agree
3010 Lean Democrat Strongly disagree
3014 Democrat Strongly agree
3015 Republican Strongly disagree
3020 Republican Somewhat agree
3025 Democrat Strongly agree
3026 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
3028 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
3029 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3031 Democrat Somewhat agree
3037 Republican Somewhat agree
3039 Democrat Strongly agree
3043 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
3044 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3054 Republican Somewhat agree
3055 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3060 Republican Somewhat agree
3061 Democrat Somewhat agree
3063 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3073 Lean Republican Strongly agree
3080 Democrat Somewhat agree
3085 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
3089 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
3091 Democrat Somewhat agree
3096 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3097 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
3109 Republican Strongly agree
3110 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3111 Republican Somewhat agree
3119 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3123 Democrat Strongly agree
3126 Democrat Strongly agree
3129 Lean Republican Strongly agree
3130 Democrat Strongly agree
3131 Republican Somewhat agree
3139 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
3140 Democrat Strongly agree
3144 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3145 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3148 Lean Republican Strongly agree
3151 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3152 Republican Strongly agree
3161 Democrat Strongly agree
3162 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3164 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
3168 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3169 Republican Somewhat agree
3171 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
3174 Lean Republican Strongly agree
3175 Democrat Strongly agree
3181 Republican Somewhat agree
3185 Republican Somewhat agree
3187 Democrat Strongly agree
3192 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
3198 Republican Somewhat agree
3203 Democrat Somewhat disagree
3205 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3207 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
3208 Democrat Strongly agree
3211 Democrat Strongly agree
3212 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3215 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3216 Democrat Somewhat agree
3218 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
3221 Democrat Somewhat agree
3223 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
3224 Republican Strongly agree
3236 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3237 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
3241 Democrat Strongly agree
3243 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
3253 Republican Somewhat agree
3260 Democrat Strongly agree
3261 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
3264 Democrat Strongly agree
3267 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
3277 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
3280 Republican Somewhat agree
3283 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
3290 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
3295 Republican Strongly disagree
3301 Democrat Strongly agree
3306 Democrat Strongly agree
3312 Democrat Strongly agree
3318 Lean Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3320 Republican Strongly agree
3321 Republican Somewhat agree
3324 Democrat Strongly agree
3329 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3330 Republican Strongly agree
3332 Republican Somewhat disagree
3335 Democrat Strongly agree
3343 Lean Democrat Strongly disagree
3345 Lean Republican Strongly agree
3346 Lean Republican Strongly agree
3349 Republican Somewhat agree
3351 Lean Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3353 Lean Republican Strongly agree
3363 Democrat Strongly agree
3371 Republican Somewhat agree
3378 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3381 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
3383 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
3384 Republican Somewhat agree
3387 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3390 Democrat Strongly agree
3393 Democrat Somewhat agree
3395 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3396 Republican Somewhat agree
3399 Democrat Somewhat agree
3403 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3405 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
3407 Democrat Strongly agree
3414 Democrat Strongly agree
3415 Republican Somewhat disagree
3416 Democrat Somewhat agree
3423 Democrat Strongly agree
3427 Democrat Strongly agree
3428 Republican Somewhat agree
3430 Democrat Strongly agree
3438 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3441 Democrat Somewhat agree
3444 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
3449 Republican Strongly agree
3450 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3454 Republican Strongly agree
3457 Republican Somewhat agree
3460 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3462 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3466 Lean Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3471 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3481 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3488 Republican Somewhat agree
3491 Democrat Strongly agree
3500 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3502 Democrat Strongly agree
3505 Democrat Somewhat agree
3507 Democrat Strongly agree
3514 Republican Somewhat agree
3516 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3525 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
3526 Democrat Strongly agree
3528 Lean Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3533 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
3536 Democrat Somewhat agree
3539 Democrat Strongly agree
3540 Republican Somewhat disagree
3554 Democrat Somewhat agree
3556 Republican Somewhat agree
3557 Republican Somewhat agree
3559 Democrat Somewhat agree
3571 Lean Republican Strongly agree
3585 Democrat Strongly agree
3586 Republican Somewhat agree
3594 Democrat Strongly agree
3597 Democrat Strongly agree
3609 Democrat Somewhat agree
3613 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3624 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3626 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat disagree
3629 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3630 Lean Republican Strongly agree
3636 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3638 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly disagree
3645 Democrat Strongly agree
3650 Democrat Strongly agree
3655 Democrat Strongly agree
3656 Democrat Strongly agree
3659 Republican Somewhat agree
3663 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
3664 Democrat Strongly agree
3667 Republican Strongly agree
3678 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat disagree
3688 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
3691 Democrat Somewhat agree
3692 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3696 Republican Somewhat disagree
3698 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3700 Democrat Somewhat agree
3701 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
3707 Democrat Strongly agree
3708 Democrat Strongly agree
3709 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3710 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
3719 Republican Somewhat agree
3729 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3731 Republican Somewhat disagree
3735 Lean Democrat Somewhat disagree
3737 Republican Somewhat disagree
3744 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3745 Democrat Strongly agree
3746 Democrat Strongly agree
3747 Democrat Strongly agree
3750 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3754 Lean Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3755 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
3760 Republican Strongly disagree
3761 Republican Somewhat disagree
3769 Republican Somewhat agree
3772 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
3774 Republican Strongly agree
3776 Democrat Strongly agree
3784 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
3788 Democrat Somewhat agree
3789 Democrat Somewhat agree
3791 Republican Strongly disagree
3792 Republican Somewhat disagree
3796 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3805 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3809 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
3816 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
3824 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3831 Democrat Strongly agree
3839 Lean Republican Strongly agree
3841 Democrat Strongly agree
3843 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
3844 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
3852 Democrat Strongly agree
3853 Republican Somewhat disagree
3862 Democrat Strongly agree
3864 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
3878 Lean Republican Strongly agree
3882 Democrat Strongly agree
3889 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3892 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
3895 Republican Strongly agree
3896 Republican Strongly disagree
3906 Republican Somewhat agree
3909 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree
3916 Democrat Strongly agree
3918 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
3920 Democrat Somewhat agree
3929 Republican Strongly disagree
3932 Republican Strongly agree
3951 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
3953 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
3955 Republican Strongly disagree
3957 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
3960 Democrat Strongly agree
3967 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
3968 Democrat Strongly agree
3972 Democrat Strongly agree
3987 Republican Somewhat agree
3995 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
3996 Democrat Somewhat agree
4000 Democrat Strongly agree
4009 Democrat Strongly agree
4010 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
4013 Republican Somewhat agree
4017 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat disagree
4022 Democrat Strongly agree
4024 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
4026 Lean Republican Strongly agree
4028 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
4031 Republican Neither agree nor disagree
4032 Republican Somewhat disagree
4038 Democrat Strongly agree
4039 Republican Strongly disagree
4040 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
4057 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
4059 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
4064 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
4068 Democrat Somewhat agree
4074 Democrat Strongly agree
4082 Democrat Somewhat agree
4085 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
4088 Democrat Strongly agree
4090 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
4098 Democrat Strongly agree
4100 Democrat Strongly agree
4103 Republican Somewhat agree
4106 Republican Somewhat agree
4107 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
4108 Republican Somewhat agree
4110 Democrat Strongly agree
4113 Democrat Somewhat agree
4120 Lean Democrat Strongly disagree
4126 Republican Strongly agree
4129 Democrat Somewhat agree
4131 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
4134 Democrat Somewhat agree
4135 Republican Somewhat disagree
4138 Democrat Somewhat agree
4139 Democrat Somewhat agree
4140 Lean Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
4141 Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree
4145 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
4149 Democrat Strongly agree
4152 Democrat Somewhat agree
4158 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
4160 Lean Republican Somewhat disagree
4162 Democrat Somewhat agree
4168 Lean Republican Somewhat agree
4171 Democrat Strongly agree
4175 Republican Strongly agree
4180 Democrat Somewhat disagree
4182 Lean Democrat Somewhat agree
4186 Democrat Strongly agree
4188 Democrat Somewhat agree
4189 Democrat Somewhat agree
4192 Republican Somewhat agree
4196 Republican Strongly agree
4197 Democrat Somewhat agree
4200 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
4203 Republican Somewhat agree
4204 Democrat Strongly agree
4205 Republican Strongly agree
4207 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
4208 Democrat Neither agree nor disagree
4225 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree
4228 Republican Somewhat agree
4231 Lean Democrat Strongly agree
4241 Lean Republican Strongly agree
4244 Republican Strongly agree
4252 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree
4253 Democrat Strongly agree
4255 Democrat Strongly agree
4260 Democrat Strongly agree
4261 Democrat Strongly agree
4268 Republican Strongly agree
4274 Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree 
RawData %>%
  group_by(partyid5) %>%
  summarise(counts = n())

# A tibble: 6 x 2
  partyid5                    counts
  <chr>                        <int>
1 Democrat                       431
2 Don't Lean/Independent/None    146
3 Lean Democrat                  139
4 Lean Republican                121
5 Republican                     313
6 Unknown                          9
RawData %>%
  group_by(q9) %>%
  summarise(counts = n())

# A tibble: 6 x 2
  q9                         counts
  <chr>                       <int>
1 Neither agree nor disagree    172
2 SKIPPED ON WEB                  6
3 Somewhat agree                383
4 Somewhat disagree              74
5 Strongly agree                468
6 Strongly disagree              56
counts <- RawData %>%
  filter(!str_detect(partyid5, "Unknown")) %>%
  filter(!str_detect(q9, "SKIPPED ON WEB")) %>%
  group_by(partyid5, q9) %>%
  summarise(counts = n())

kable(counts, col.names = c("Party ID", "Q9 Response", "Counts"), caption = "Frequency of Responses to Q9 (support for alternatives to imprisonment) by Political ID") %>%
  kable_styling() %>%
  scroll_box(width = "100%", height = "400px")
Table 2: Frequency of Responses to Q9 (support for alternatives to imprisonment) by Political ID
Party ID Q9 Response Counts
Democrat Neither agree nor disagree 47
Democrat Somewhat agree 113
Democrat Somewhat disagree 10
Democrat Strongly agree 255
Democrat Strongly disagree 4
Don’t Lean/Independent/None Neither agree nor disagree 37
Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat agree 50
Don’t Lean/Independent/None Somewhat disagree 6
Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly agree 44
Don’t Lean/Independent/None Strongly disagree 8
Lean Democrat Neither agree nor disagree 9
Lean Democrat Somewhat agree 46
Lean Democrat Somewhat disagree 3
Lean Democrat Strongly agree 73
Lean Democrat Strongly disagree 8
Lean Republican Neither agree nor disagree 28
Lean Republican Somewhat agree 41
Lean Republican Somewhat disagree 13
Lean Republican Strongly agree 35
Lean Republican Strongly disagree 3
Republican Neither agree nor disagree 48
Republican Somewhat agree 130
Republican Somewhat disagree 42
Republican Strongly agree 59
Republican Strongly disagree 32 
counts$q9[counts$q9 == "Neither agree nor disagree"] <- "Neither"

responses <- c("Strongly disagree", "Somewhat disagree", "Neither", "Somewhat agree", "Strongly agree")
ggplot(data = counts, mapping = aes(x = q9, y = counts, fill = partyid5)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = position_dodge()) +
  labs(title = "Responses to Q9 (support alternatives to imprisonment for non-violent drug offenses)", 
       subtitle = "by Political Identity", x = "Response", y = "Response Counts", xlab(c("Not Tough Enough", "About Right", "Too Tough", "No Opinion"))) +
  scale_x_discrete(limits = responses) +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set2") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 30, vjust = .3, hjust = .3))

Based on the initial bargraph (not considering any control variables), most Democrats appear to be supportive to alternatives to imprisonment for non-violent drug offenses and out of those strongly agreeing with the Q9 concept, most are Democrats, while Republicans are more spread out across support/not support of the concept.