score <- c(88, 83, 83, 85, 94, 88, 91, 96, 89, 83, 81, 80, 84, 89, 83, 79)
hist(score, freq = NULL, main="점수 히스토그램")boxplot(score, ylab="Score", main="상자그림")fivenum(score)## [1] 79.0 83.0 84.5 89.0 96.0
num <- c(25, 41, 35, 8, 52, 23, 32, 37, 42, 28)
t.test(num, m=32.3, alternative="two.sided")##
## One Sample t-test
##
## data: num
## t = 0, df = 9, p-value = 1
## alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 32.3
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 23.58392 41.01608
## sample estimates:
## mean of x
## 32.3
대응표본 t 검정 운동전후 체중감량 확인 결과 : 대립가설 기각 불가
before <- c(80, 56, 49, 82, 70)
after <- c(76, 55, 52, 79, 72)
t.test(before, after, alternative="less", paired=TRUE)##
## Paired t-test
##
## data: before and after
## t = 0.43994, df = 4, p-value = 0.6586
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is less than 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -Inf 3.507451
## sample estimates:
## mean of the differences
## 0.6
일원배치법 aov 적용 귀무가설 : 직업군에 따라서 월급의 평균이 다르지 않다 대립가설 : 직업군에 따라서 월급의 평균이 다르다 결과 : 귀무가설 기각
x <- c(269, 196, 254, 226, 215, 228, 251, 217, 260, 240,
320, 281, 336, 303, 294, 354, 315, 259,
283, 268, 357, 325, 288, 295, 272, 245, 275, 246, 341)
A <- c(rep(1,10), rep(2,8), rep(3,11))
aovdata <- data.frame(x, A)
aovmodel <- aov(x ~ A, data=aovdata)
summary(aovmodel)## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## A 1 15102 15102 11.26 0.00236 **
## Residuals 27 36202 1341
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
독립성 검정 귀무가설: 백신의 종류와 부작용에 관계가 없다 대립가설: 백신의 종류와 부작용의 관계가 있다 결과 : 귀무가설을 기각하지 못함
kind <- c(rep("A", 30), rep("B",30))
effect <- c(rep("Y",18),rep("N",12), rep("Y",15), rep("N",15))
chisq.test(x=kind, y=effect, correct=F)##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: kind and effect
## X-squared = 0.60606, df = 1, p-value = 0.4363
회귀분석
before <- c(72, 80, 83, 63, 66, 76, 82)
after <- c(78, 82, 82, 68, 70, 75, 88)
dat <- cbind(before, after)
dat## before after
## [1,] 72 78
## [2,] 80 82
## [3,] 83 82
## [4,] 63 68
## [5,] 66 70
## [6,] 76 75
## [7,] 82 88
plot(formula=after~before, data=dat, main="Scatter plot")cor(before, after)## [1] 0.921773
obj <- lm(after~before)
summary(obj)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = after ~ before)
##
## Residuals:
## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
## 2.57110 -0.09454 -2.59416 0.06995 -0.42967 -3.76172 4.23905
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 15.4381 11.7438 1.315 0.24572
## before 0.8332 0.1567 5.316 0.00315 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.022 on 5 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8497, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8196
## F-statistic: 28.26 on 1 and 5 DF, p-value: 0.003151