library(RCurl)
library(psych)
library(ggplot2)##
## Attaching package: 'ggplot2'## The following objects are masked from 'package:psych':
##
## %+%, alphagit_guns <- getURL("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cfalvarez36/MSDS_R_Programming/main/Guns.csv")
guns <- read.csv(text = git_guns)summary(guns)## X year violent murder
## Min. : 1 Min. :1977 Min. : 47.0 Min. : 0.200
## 1st Qu.: 294 1st Qu.:1982 1st Qu.: 283.1 1st Qu.: 3.700
## Median : 587 Median :1988 Median : 443.0 Median : 6.400
## Mean : 587 Mean :1988 Mean : 503.1 Mean : 7.665
## 3rd Qu.: 880 3rd Qu.:1994 3rd Qu.: 650.9 3rd Qu.: 9.800
## Max. :1173 Max. :1999 Max. :2921.8 Max. :80.600
## robbery prisoners afam cauc
## Min. : 6.4 Min. : 19.0 Min. : 0.2482 Min. :21.78
## 1st Qu.: 71.1 1st Qu.: 114.0 1st Qu.: 2.2022 1st Qu.:59.94
## Median : 124.1 Median : 187.0 Median : 4.0262 Median :65.06
## Mean : 161.8 Mean : 226.6 Mean : 5.3362 Mean :62.95
## 3rd Qu.: 192.7 3rd Qu.: 291.0 3rd Qu.: 6.8507 3rd Qu.:69.20
## Max. :1635.1 Max. :1913.0 Max. :26.9796 Max. :76.53
## male population income density
## Min. :12.21 Min. : 0.4027 Min. : 8555 Min. : 0.000707
## 1st Qu.:14.65 1st Qu.: 1.1877 1st Qu.:11935 1st Qu.: 0.031911
## Median :15.90 Median : 3.2713 Median :13402 Median : 0.081569
## Mean :16.08 Mean : 4.8163 Mean :13725 Mean : 0.352038
## 3rd Qu.:17.53 3rd Qu.: 5.6856 3rd Qu.:15271 3rd Qu.: 0.177718
## Max. :22.35 Max. :33.1451 Max. :23647 Max. :11.102120
## state law
## Length:1173 Length:1173
## Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
## violent - violent crime rate (incidents per 100,000 members of the population).
murder - murder rate (incidents per 100,000).
robbery - robbery rate (incidents per 100,000).
prisoners - incarceration rate in the state in the previous year (sentenced prisoners per 100,000 residents; value for the previous year).
afam - percent of state population that is African-American, ages 10 to 64.
cauc - percent of state population that is Caucasian, ages 10 to 64.
male - percent of state population that is male, ages 10 to 29.
population - state population, in millions of people.
income - real per capita personal income in the state (US dollars).
density - population per square mile of land area, divided by 1,000.
gun_edit <- setNames(guns, c("Index","Year","Violence", "Murder", "Theft", "Prisoners", "African_American", "Caucasian", "Male", "Population", "Income", "Density", "State", "Carry_Law"))
head(gun_edit)## Index Year Violence Murder Theft Prisoners African_American Caucasian
## 1 1 1977 414.4 14.2 96.8 83 8.384873 55.12291
## 2 2 1978 419.1 13.3 99.1 94 8.352101 55.14367
## 3 3 1979 413.3 13.2 109.5 144 8.329575 55.13586
## 4 4 1980 448.5 13.2 132.1 141 8.408386 54.91259
## 5 5 1981 470.5 11.9 126.5 149 8.483435 54.92513
## 6 6 1982 447.7 10.6 112.0 183 8.514000 54.89621
## Male Population Income Density State Carry_Law
## 1 18.17441 3.780403 9563.148 0.0745524 Alabama no
## 2 17.99408 3.831838 9932.000 0.0755667 Alabama no
## 3 17.83934 3.866248 9877.028 0.0762453 Alabama no
## 4 17.73420 3.900368 9541.428 0.0768288 Alabama no
## 5 17.67372 3.918531 9548.351 0.0771866 Alabama no
## 6 17.51052 3.925229 9478.919 0.0773185 Alabama noopen_carry <- subset(gun_edit, Carry_Law == "yes")
no_carry <- subset(gun_edit, Carry_Law == "no")gun_robbery_OC_mean <- mean(open_carry$Theft)
gun_robbery_OC_median <- median(open_carry$Theft)
gun_theft_NC_mean <- mean(no_carry$Theft)
gun_theft_NC_median <- median(no_carry$Theft)mean_median_df = data.frame(gun_robbery_OC_mean, gun_robbery_OC_median, gun_theft_NC_mean, gun_theft_NC_median)
mean_median_df## gun_robbery_OC_mean gun_robbery_OC_median gun_theft_NC_mean
## 1 97.8986 86.6 182.3356
## gun_theft_NC_median
## 1 133.85Does having an Open Carry law represent higher crime rates in the United States?
Each case represents a year’s worth of statistics for a state, and each state has 23 records. There are 1173 observations, each with 13 variables.
Guns is a balanced panel of data on 50 US states, plus the District of Columbia (for a total of 51 states), by year for 1977–1999. Dataset taken from https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/index.html
Observational, since we aren’t trying to intervene with the data.
Data was taken from:https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cfalvarez36/MSDS_R_Programming/main/Guns.csv Factors explained: https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/doc/AER/Guns.html
https://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/cjsc/prof10/formulas.pdf Will be used to calculate crime rate for more analysis.
What is the response variable, and what type is it (numerical/categorical)? The response variable is levels of crime and it will be numerical.
The explanatory variables will be population, Violence murder and theft counts, with additional analysis on income and prisoner status. These are all numerical.
The general statistics for the entire dataset. This will be broken down into respective states!
describe(gun_edit)## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min
## Index 1 1173 587.00 338.76 587.00 587.00 434.40 1.00
## Year 2 1173 1988.00 6.64 1988.00 1988.00 8.90 1977.00
## Violence 3 1173 503.07 334.28 443.00 464.50 266.42 47.00
## Murder 4 1173 7.67 7.52 6.40 6.72 4.30 0.20
## Theft 5 1173 161.82 170.51 124.10 133.84 91.18 6.40
## Prisoners 6 1173 226.58 178.89 187.00 202.38 123.06 19.00
## African_American 7 1173 5.34 4.89 4.03 4.53 3.14 0.25
## Caucasian 8 1173 62.95 9.76 65.06 64.48 6.68 21.78
## Male 9 1173 16.08 1.73 15.90 16.04 2.09 12.21
## Population 10 1173 4.82 5.25 3.27 3.78 3.20 0.40
## Income 11 1173 13724.80 2554.54 13401.55 13549.54 2406.96 8554.88
## Density 12 1173 0.35 1.36 0.08 0.12 0.09 0.00
## State* 13 1173 26.00 14.73 26.00 26.00 19.27 1.00
## Carry_Law* 14 1173 1.24 0.43 1.00 1.18 0.00 1.00
## max range skew kurtosis se
## Index 1173.00 1172.00 0.00 -1.20 9.89
## Year 1999.00 22.00 0.00 -1.21 0.19
## Violence 2921.80 2874.80 2.54 11.85 9.76
## Murder 80.60 80.40 5.78 45.41 0.22
## Theft 1635.10 1628.70 3.88 21.28 4.98
## Prisoners 1913.00 1894.00 3.88 25.99 5.22
## African_American 26.98 26.73 2.35 6.69 0.14
## Caucasian 76.53 54.75 -2.22 6.05 0.29
## Male 22.35 10.14 0.27 -0.57 0.05
## Population 33.15 32.74 2.43 7.31 0.15
## Income 23646.71 15091.83 0.73 0.64 74.59
## Density 11.10 11.10 6.69 44.21 0.04
## State* 51.00 50.00 0.00 -1.20 0.43
## Carry_Law* 2.00 1.00 1.20 -0.57 0.01