T

1 General Part

2 Special Part

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Data analysis

To describe the quantitative variables, we used arithmetic means ±standard deviation (SD) [with 95% confidence interval (CI)], as well as the extreme and median values. For the qualitative variables, we used pie or bar charts and calculated the absolute and percentual frequencies of the formed categories. Bar charts for likert-scale data was aligned around a central neutral point. When possible, likert data was also presented as ordinal data.

To study the relationships between quantitative/ordinal and binary variables, we used the and-Whitney (MW) tests. We presented the p values generated by these tests as well as the means ±SD of the groups. We graphically presented the results in the form of summary plots. To describe the relationships between the qualitative variables we used the Cramer’s V coefficient or Fisher test and Odds-Ratio (OR) with 95% CI. We graphically presented the results in the form of pie or likert bar charts.

Correlations between quantitiative / ordinal data were computed using Spearman’s correlation coefficent and presented as heatmaps (non-significant correlations were later crossed out).

We supplemented the uni variate results with regression analyses adjusting for Category, Age and Sex.

We used Microsoft Excel for database management. For all statistical analyzes and subsequent graphs we used R 3.6.2 [1]. We considered p <0.05 to be statistically significant and p <0.10 to show only a tendency towards statistical significance.

2.3 Results

2.3.1 Demographic data

A total of 199 subjects were included in the study. Of them, 83 (41.7%) were medical student / healthcare worker and 116 (58.3%) were general population. Women were the majority (n=116, 58.3%) in both groups, but slightly more prevalent in the MS/HW group (75.9% vs 65.5%). Age distribution was statistically significantly different (OR=3.06 [1.69, 5.56], p<0.001) among the two groups: 69.9% in the MS/HW group and 43.1% in the GP group were aged 17-30 years old.

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the database.

Figure 1: Age distribution, by category.

Figure 2: Gender distribution, by category.

2.3.2 Knowledge

The highest average score was found for question K8 (“What are the main Symptoms of COVID19?”), with an average of 3.77 ±0.566, which was not statistically significantly different in MS/HW compared to the general population (3.77 ±0.57 vs 3.77 ±0.565, p=0.770). None in the MS/HW group got a score of 0 in this question, and just 1 subject in the GP group got a score of 0. Question K6 was the only one where no subject in either group answered at least one of the points correctly.

We found significantly higher average scores in the MS/HW group for questions:

• K1 (“Which receptor does Sars-CoV-2 use to get into the cell?”): 2.52 ±1.88 vs 0.474 ±1.19, p<0.001;
• K2 (“Which are the main paths of transmission?”): 3.24 ±0.79 vs 2.92 ±0.934, p=0.014;
• K2 (“Which statements about droplet transmission are right?”): 3.41 ±0.75 vs 3.00 ±0.914, p<0.001;
• K7 (“How long is the median incubation period?”): 3.25 ±1.01 vs 2.89 ±1.19, p=0.033;
• K9 (“What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?”): 3.48 ±0.915 vs 2.27 ±1.54, p<0.001;
• K11 (“Which of the following statements are correct?”):
  3.47 ±0.874 vs 2.75 ±1.38, p<0.001.

The most obvious difference is in question K1, which was the most difficult question for both groups. Here, 84% in the general population got a score of 0 and 16% at least 1, compared to 34%/66% in the MS/HW group.

For no question, the average score in the general population was higher than in the HW/MS group.

Table 2: Knowledge section scores by category.

Figure 3: Knowledge section scores by category (summary statistics).

Figure 4: Knowledge section scores by category (likert plot).

Adjusting for demographics parameters (age and sex), we found category significantly associated with K1, K2, K3, K7, K9 and K11. Therefore, the adjusted average question score was higher in the MS/HW group by approximatively:

• K1: 2.05 (1.60 to 2.50), p<0.001
• K2: 0.29 (0.03 to 0.55), p=0.031
• K3: 0.36 (0.11 to 0.61), p=0.006
• K7: 0.36 (0.03 to 0.70), p=0.031
• K9: 1.21 (0.82 to 1.61), p<0.001
• K11: 0.53 (0.18 to 0.88), p=0.003

K11 in particularly interesting since sex (F vs M: beta = 0.47, 95%CI = 0.11 to 0.83, p=0.011) and Age (17-30 vs older: beta = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.87, p=0.003) were also significatly correlated with the average score.

These results confirm the univariate results discussed above.

Figure 5: Liniar models for the Knowledge section scores (dependent) by category (MS/HW: medical student / healthcare worker vs GP: general population), adjusted for Sex (F vs M) and Age (17-30 years old vs older). Estimates are exprssed as beta with 95% CIs. Only estimates for category are written. Statisticaly significant p values are marked by filled circles and the number of stars: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.

Table 3: Liniar models for the Knowledge section scores (dependent) by category (MS/HW: medical student / healthcare worker vs GP: general population), adjusted for Sex (F vs M) and Age (17-30 years old vs older). Estimates are exprssed as beta with 95% CIs.

2.3.3 Attitude

We found small but statically significant differences in the attitude section answers between MS/HW and the general population, in questions:

• A2 (“I am worried for my relatives.”): 51.8% vs 45.7% agree, 26.5% vs 43.1% neutral, 21.7% vs 11.2% disagree, Cramer’s V = 0.19 (p=0.024). Adjusting for Age and Sex, this question was not significantly associated with either group (beta = -0.05, 95%CI = -0.26 to 0.17, p=0.681).
• A4 (“The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.”): 36.1% vs 56.9% agree, 43.4% vs 31.9% neutral, 20.5% vs 11.2% disagree, V=0.21 (p=0.012). Adjusting for Age and Sex, this question showed a significant association between agreement and the general population (beta = -0.25, 95%CI = -0.47 to -0.04, p=0.019).
• A5 (“It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.”): 62.7% vs 79.3% agree, 25.3% vs 14.7% neutral, 12% vs 6% disagree, V=0.18 (p=0.034). Adjusting for Age and Sex, this question showed a significant association between agreement and the general population (beta = -0.22, 95%CI = -0.41 to -0.04, p=0.019).

Table 4: Attitude section answers by category.

Figure 6: Attitude section answers by category (likert plot).

Figure 7: Liniar models for the Attitude section scores (dependent) by Category (blue, MS/HW: medical student / healthcare worker vs GP: general population), adjusted for Sex (green, F vs M) and Age (red, 17-30 years old vs older). Estimates are exprssed as beta with 95% CIs. Only estimates for category are written. Statisticaly significant p values are marked by filled circles and the number of stars: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, and not singificnat p values between 0.1 and 0.05 are mareked by a ‘+’.

Table 5: Liniar models for the Attitude section scores (dependent) by category (MS/HW: medical student / healthcare worker vs GP: general population), adjusted for Sex (F vs M) and Age (17-30 years old vs older). Estimates are exprssed as beta with 95% CIs.

2.3.4 Practice

We found small but statically significant differences in the practice section answers between MS/HW and the general population, in questions:

• P8 (“If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?”): 43.4% vs 67.8% yes, 21.7% vs 12.2% sometimes, 34.9% vs 20.0% no, V=0.24 (p=0.003). Adjusting for Age and Sex, this question showed a significant association between agreement and the general population (beta = -0.38, 95%CI = -0.64 to -0.13, p=0.003).
• P13 (“Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?”): 65.9% vs 76.7% yes, 65.9% vs 76.7% sometimes, 18.3% vs 6.9% no, V=0.18 (p=0.046). Adjusting for Age and Sex, this question was not significantly associated with either group (beta = -0.19, 95%CI = -0.39 to 0.02, p=0.073). There is only a tendency for an association between agreement and the general population.

In multivariate analysis only, adjusting for age and sex, the following questions were also significantly associated with the MS/HW group:

• P9 (“Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?”): 57.8% vs 53.0% yes, 32.5% vs 31.3% sometimes, 9.6% vs 15.7% no, beta = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.43, p=0.032.
• P12 (“Do you eat healthier, considering the pandemic?”): 12.0% vs 7.8% yes, 26.5% vs 16.4% sometimes, 61.4% vs 75.9% no, beta = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.40, p=0.042.

In multivariate analysis only, adjusting for category and sex, the following questions were also significantly associated with the older group: P1, P2, P9, P10.

Table 6: Practice section answers by category.

Figure 8: Practice section answers by category (likert plot).

Figure 9: Liniar models for the Practice section scores (dependent) by Category (blue, MS/HW: medical student / healthcare worker vs GP: general population), adjusted for Sex (green, F vs M) and Age (red, 17-30 years old vs older). Estimates are exprssed as beta with 95% CIs. Only estimates for category are written. Statisticaly significant p values are marked by filled circles and the number of stars: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, and not singificnat p values between 0.1 and 0.05 are mareked by a ‘+’.

Table 7: Liniar models for the Practice section scores (dependent) by category (MS/HW: medical student / healthcare worker vs GP: general population), adjusted for Sex (F vs M) and Age (17-30 years old vs older). Estimates are exprssed as beta with 95% CIs.

2.3.5 Psychological predictors

We found small but statically significant differences in the Psychological predictors section answers between MS/HW and the general population, in questions:

• PP3 (“How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?”): 3.33 ±1.3 vs 3.69 ±1.18, p=0.035. Adjusting for Age and Sex, this question was not significantly associated with either group (beta = -0.19, 95%CI = -0.39 to 0.02, p=0.073). There is only a tendency for an association between agreement and the general population (beta =
  -0.34, 95%CI = -0.71 to 0.03, p=0.068).
• PP7 (“To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?”): 4.71 ±1.33 vs 5.10 ±1.37, p=0.017. Adjusting for Age and Sex, this question was not significantly associated with either group (beta = -0.19, 95%CI = -0.39 to 0.02, p=0.073). There is only a tendency for an association between agreement and the general population (beta = -0.37, 95%CI = -0.78 to 0.03, p=0.068).

In multivariate analysis only, adjusting for category and sex, question PP6 also significantly associated with the older group.

Table 8: Psychological predictors section answers by category.

Figure 10: Psychological predictors section scores by category (summary statistics).

Figure 11: Psychological predictors section scores by category (likert plot).

Figure 12: Liniar models for the Psychological predictors section scores (dependent) by Category (blue, MS/HW: medical student / healthcare worker vs GP: general population), adjusted for Sex (green, F vs M) and Age (red, 17-30 years old vs older). Estimates are exprssed as beta with 95% CIs. Only estimates for category are written. Statisticaly significant p values are marked by filled circles and the number of stars: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, and not singificnat p values between 0.1 and 0.05 are mareked by a ‘+’.

Table 9: Liniar models for the Psychological predictors section scores (dependent) by category (MS/HW: medical student / healthcare worker vs GP: general population), adjusted for Sex (F vs M) and Age (17-30 years old vs older). Estimates are exprssed as beta with 95% CIs.

2.3.6 Attitude vs Knowledge

The following correlations between Knowledge and Attitude were found statistically significant:

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.014); MS/HW: R=0.31, p=0.004); but not in general population: R=0.08, p=0.366); .

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘K 6: What are high risk groups?’ in general population: R=0.19, p=0.041); but not in all subjects: R=0.09, p=0.225); MS/HW: R=-0.03, p=0.770); .

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.034); general population: R=0.19, p=0.041); but not in MS/HW: R=0.21, p=0.060); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘K 2: Which are the main paths of transmission?’ in MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.036); but not in all subjects: R=0.07, p=0.310); general population: R=0.00, p=0.960); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.050); MS/HW: R=0.30, p=0.007); but not in general population: R=0.06, p=0.553); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘K 7: How long is the median incubation period?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.040); general population: R=0.19, p=0.037); but not in MS/HW: R=0.13, p=0.249); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in MS/HW: R=0.32, p=0.003); but not in all subjects: R=0.12, p=0.105); general population: R=0.11, p=0.222); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘K 3: Which statements about droplet transmission are right?’ in general population: R=0.20, p=0.030); but not in all subjects: R=0.00, p=0.966); MS/HW: R=-0.12, p=0.282); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘K 6: What are high risk groups?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.024); but not in general population: R=0.16, p=0.081); MS/HW: R=0.21, p=0.059); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘K11: Which of the following statements are correct?’ in general population: R=0.25, p=0.006); but not in all subjects: R=0.10, p=0.140); MS/HW: R=0.03, p=0.770); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘K 7: How long is the median incubation period?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.020); general population: R=0.24, p=0.010); but not in MS/HW: R=0.02, p=0.837); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.023); but not in general population: R=0.17, p=0.076); MS/HW: R=0.16, p=0.148); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘K 1: Which receptor does Sars-CoV-2 use to get into the cell?’ in all subjects: R=0.22, p=0.002); MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.013); but not in general population: R=0.13, p=0.175); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.22, p=0.002); general population: R=0.20, p=0.034); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.037); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.24, p=0.009); but not in MS/HW: R=0.20, p=0.065); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘K 1: Which receptor does Sars-CoV-2 use to get into the cell?’ in MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.015); but not in all subjects: R=0.10, p=0.157); general population: R=-0.04, p=0.674); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘K 2: Which are the main paths of transmission?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.034); but not in general population: R=0.17, p=0.067); MS/HW: R=0.13, p=0.260); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘K 3: Which statements about droplet transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.036); but not in general population: R=0.11, p=0.262); MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.091); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.010); MS/HW: R=0.26, p=0.016); but not in general population: R=0.13, p=0.165); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘K 7: How long is the median incubation period?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.020); but not in general population: R=0.16, p=0.078); MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.132); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in MS/HW: R=0.26, p=0.019); but not in all subjects: R=0.12, p=0.088); general population: R=0.05, p=0.606); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘K11: Which of the following statements are correct?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.011); general population: R=0.20, p=0.031); but not in MS/HW: R=0.15, p=0.165); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘K 1: Which receptor does Sars-CoV-2 use to get into the cell?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.048); but not in general population: R=0.17, p=0.075); MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.129); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘K 7: How long is the median incubation period?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.048); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.034); but not in general population: R=0.08, p=0.383); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in all subjects: R=0.19, p=0.008); MS/HW: R=0.22, p=0.042); but not in general population: R=0.17, p=0.069); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘K11: Which of the following statements are correct?’ in all subjects: R=0.21, p=0.003); general population: R=0.23, p=0.012); but not in MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.089); .

• ‘A11: I am concerned about the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘K 6: What are high risk groups?’ in general population: R=-0.20, p=0.036); but not in all subjects: R=-0.13, p=0.060); MS/HW: R=-0.05, p=0.678); .

• ‘A12: It is necessary to avoid going to hospital/ clinic unless there is an emergency.’ and ‘K 1: Which receptor does Sars-CoV-2 use to get into the cell?’ in all subjects: R=-0.15, p=0.032); but not in general population: R=-0.11, p=0.247); MS/HW: R=-0.13, p=0.235); .

• ‘A12: It is necessary to avoid going to hospital/ clinic unless there is an emergency.’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=-0.16, p=0.027); but not in general population: R=-0.14, p=0.123); MS/HW: R=-0.16, p=0.146); .

• ‘A12: It is necessary to avoid going to hospital/ clinic unless there is an emergency.’ and ‘K 7: How long is the median incubation period?’ in all subjects: R=-0.18, p=0.009); general population: R=-0.26, p=0.005); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.06, p=0.578); .

• ‘A12: It is necessary to avoid going to hospital/ clinic unless there is an emergency.’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in all subjects: R=-0.21, p=0.003); MS/HW: R=-0.28, p=0.011); but not in general population: R=-0.15, p=0.105); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘K 2: Which are the main paths of transmission?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); general population: R=0.26, p=0.005); but not in MS/HW: R=0.21, p=0.055); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.038); but not in general population: R=0.14, p=0.135); MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.131); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘K 7: How long is the median incubation period?’ in MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.034); but not in all subjects: R=0.07, p=0.298); general population: R=-0.02, p=0.825); .

Figure 13: Heatmap of the correlations between Attitude and Knowledge scores (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 10: Spearman R correlations between Attitude and Knowledge scores.

Figure 14: Heatmap of the correlations between Attitude and Knowledge scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 11: Spearman R correlations between Attitude and Knowledge scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category.

Figure 15: Heatmap of the correlations between Attitude and Knowledge scores, within the general population (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 12: Spearman R correlations between Attitude and Knowledge scores, within the general population.

2.3.7 Practice vs Knowledge

The following correlations between Knowledge and Practice were found statistically significant:

• ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in general population: R=0.19, p=0.039); but not in all subjects: R=0.04, p=0.529); MS/HW: R=0.11, p=0.344); .

• ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ and ‘K 2: Which are the main paths of transmission?’ in all subjects: R=-0.23, p<0.001); general population: R=-0.21, p=0.027); MS/HW: R=-0.23, p=0.036); .

• ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in MS/HW: R=0.22, p=0.043); but not in all subjects: R=0.03, p=0.683); general population: R=-0.09, p=0.331); .

• ‘P 3: Do you regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water?’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in general population: R=0.18, p=0.048); but not in all subjects: R=0.09, p=0.211); MS/HW: R=-0.05, p=0.647); .

• ‘P 3: Do you regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water?’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in general population: R=0.23, p=0.012); but not in all subjects: R=0.13, p=0.072); MS/HW: R=0.06, p=0.585); .

• ‘P 4: Do you avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth?’ and ‘K 1: Which receptor does Sars-CoV-2 use to get into the cell?’ in MS/HW: R=0.24, p=0.032); but not in all subjects: R=0.12, p=0.100); general population: R=0.08, p=0.369); .

• ‘P 5: Do you cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze?’ and ‘K 1: Which receptor does Sars-CoV-2 use to get into the cell?’ in MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.037); but not in all subjects: R=0.11, p=0.127); general population: R=-0.07, p=0.485); .

• ‘P 5: Do you cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze?’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.21, p=0.003); general population: R=0.24, p=0.009); but not in MS/HW: R=0.13, p=0.261); .

• ‘P 5: Do you cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze?’ and ‘K 8: What are the main Symptoms of COVID19?’ in MS/HW: R=0.28, p=0.011); but not in all subjects: R=0.07, p=0.334); general population: R=-0.05, p=0.610); .

• ‘P 5: Do you cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze?’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.013); but not in general population: R=0.14, p=0.135); MS/HW: R=0.16, p=0.154); .

• ‘P 5: Do you cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze?’ and ‘K10: What are variants of the virus that causes COVID-19 are circulating globally?’ in all subjects: R=0.25, p<0.001); general population: R=0.22, p=0.023); MS/HW: R=0.32, p=0.006); .

• ‘P 5: Do you cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze?’ and ‘K11: Which of the following statements are correct?’ in MS/HW: R=0.22, p=0.046); but not in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.052); general population: R=0.08, p=0.368); .

• ‘P 6: Do you clean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly touched?’ and ‘K 2: Which are the main paths of transmission?’ in all subjects: R=-0.21, p=0.004); general population: R=-0.24, p=0.011); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.20, p=0.074); .

• ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ and ‘K 2: Which are the main paths of transmission?’ in MS/HW: R=-0.26, p=0.017); but not in all subjects: R=-0.12, p=0.104); general population: R=-0.02, p=0.863); .

• ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ and ‘K 7: How long is the median incubation period?’ in general population: R=0.25, p=0.007); but not in all subjects: R=0.11, p=0.118); MS/HW: R=-0.07, p=0.534); .

• ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ and ‘K 1: Which receptor does Sars-CoV-2 use to get into the cell?’ in all subjects: R=-0.18, p=0.010); but not in general population: R=-0.02, p=0.843); MS/HW: R=-0.12, p=0.293); .

• ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.036); but not in all subjects: R=0.09, p=0.201); general population: R=0.03, p=0.766); .

• ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ and ‘K 5: Within which distance do you have an increased risk of exposition to infectious material?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.027); general population: R=0.20, p=0.035); but not in MS/HW: R=0.11, p=0.304); .

• ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ and ‘K 6: What are high risk groups?’ in MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.012); but not in all subjects: R=0.07, p=0.317); general population: R=-0.06, p=0.506); .

• ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in all subjects: R=-0.16, p=0.023); but not in general population: R=-0.03, p=0.724); MS/HW: R=-0.03, p=0.766); .

• ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ and ‘K10: What are variants of the virus that causes COVID-19 are circulating globally?’ in MS/HW: R=-0.24, p=0.037); but not in all subjects: R=-0.01, p=0.908); general population: R=0.16, p=0.085); .

• ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); general population: R=0.31, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.09, p=0.422); .

• ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ and ‘K 7: How long is the median incubation period?’ in all subjects: R=0.22, p=0.002); general population: R=0.25, p=0.007); but not in MS/HW: R=0.16, p=0.139); .

• ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); general population: R=0.28, p=0.003); but not in MS/HW: R=0.20, p=0.064); .

• ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ and ‘K11: Which of the following statements are correct?’ in MS/HW: R=-0.23, p=0.040); but not in all subjects: R=-0.09, p=0.197); general population: R=-0.05, p=0.575); .

• ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ and ‘K 1: Which receptor does Sars-CoV-2 use to get into the cell?’ in MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.013); but not in all subjects: R=0.11, p=0.129); general population: R=0.03, p=0.786); .

• ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ and ‘K 3: Which statements about droplet transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.016); but not in general population: R=0.18, p=0.051); MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.131); .

• ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ and ‘K11: Which of the following statements are correct?’ in all subjects: R=0.19, p=0.006); general population: R=0.31, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.07, p=0.531); .

• ‘P12: Do you eat healthier, considering the pandemic?’ and ‘K 5: Within which distance do you have an increased risk of exposition to infectious material?’ in all subjects: R=-0.17, p=0.017); MS/HW: R=-0.24, p=0.027); but not in general population: R=-0.11, p=0.219); .

• ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ and ‘K 8: What are the main Symptoms of COVID19?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.039); general population: R=0.25, p=0.007); but not in MS/HW: R=0.04, p=0.706); .

• ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ and ‘K11: Which of the following statements are correct?’ in MS/HW: R=0.26, p=0.017); but not in all subjects: R=0.11, p=0.131); general population: R=0.07, p=0.465); .

Figure 16: Heatmap of the correlations between Practice and Knowledge scores (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 13: Spearman R correlations between Practice and Knowledge scores.

Figure 17: Heatmap of the correlations between Practice and Knowledge scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 14: Spearman R correlations between Practice and Knowledge scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category.

Figure 18: Heatmap of the correlations between Practice and Knowledge scores, within the general population (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 15: Spearman R correlations between Practice and Knowledge scores, within the general population.

2.3.8 Psychological predictors vs Knowledge

The following correlations between Knowledge and Psychological predictors were found statistically significant:

• ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); general population: R=0.26, p=0.005); MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.015); .

• ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ and ‘K 5: Within which distance do you have an increased risk of exposition to infectious material?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.014); but not in general population: R=0.18, p=0.051); MS/HW: R=0.16, p=0.137); .

• ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ and ‘K10: What are variants of the virus that causes COVID-19 are circulating globally?’ in general population: R=0.22, p=0.018); MS/HW: R=-0.23, p=0.043); but not in all subjects: R=0.06, p=0.423); .

• ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in MS/HW: R=0.29, p=0.008); but not in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.057); general population: R=0.06, p=0.553); .

• ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.004); general population: R=0.25, p=0.006); but not in MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.128); .

• ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ and ‘K 5: Within which distance do you have an increased risk of exposition to infectious material?’ in general population: R=0.21, p=0.021); but not in all subjects: R=0.10, p=0.151); MS/HW: R=-0.05, p=0.623); .

• ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ and ‘K 8: What are the main Symptoms of COVID19?’ in general population: R=0.19, p=0.038); but not in all subjects: R=0.06, p=0.383); MS/HW: R=-0.11, p=0.310); .

• ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in general population: R=0.23, p=0.014); but not in all subjects: R=0.10, p=0.150); MS/HW: R=0.13, p=0.257); .

• ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ and ‘K 1: Which receptor does Sars-CoV-2 use to get into the cell?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.012); MS/HW: R=0.32, p=0.003); but not in general population: R=0.10, p=0.282); .

• ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ and ‘K 6: What are high risk groups?’ in general population: R=0.20, p=0.036); but not in all subjects: R=0.07, p=0.351); MS/HW: R=-0.10, p=0.386); .

• ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ and ‘K 7: How long is the median incubation period?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.011); MS/HW: R=0.45, p<0.001); but not in general population: R=0.01, p=0.920); .

• ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.022); MS/HW: R=0.29, p=0.007); but not in general population: R=0.06, p=0.547); .

• ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.21, p=0.003); MS/HW: R=0.31, p=0.004); but not in general population: R=0.15, p=0.103); .

• ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ and ‘K 9: What are complications of a Sars-Cov-2 infection?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.021); general population: R=0.27, p=0.004); but not in MS/HW: R=0.21, p=0.060); .

• ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ and ‘K 4: Which statements about airborne transmission are right?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.045); but not in general population: R=0.17, p=0.075); MS/HW: R=0.14, p=0.192); .

• ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ and ‘K 7: How long is the median incubation period?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.033); general population: R=0.24, p=0.010); but not in MS/HW: R=0.09, p=0.414); .

• ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ and ‘K10: What are variants of the virus that causes COVID-19 are circulating globally?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.038); general population: R=0.19, p=0.041); but not in MS/HW: R=0.10, p=0.369); .

Figure 19: Heatmap of the correlations between Psychological predictors and Knowledge scores (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 16: Spearman R correlations between Psychological predictors and Knowledge scores.

Figure 20: Heatmap of the correlations between Psychological predictors and Knowledge scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 17: Spearman R correlations between Psychological predictors and Knowledge scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category.

Figure 21: Heatmap of the correlations between Psychological predictors and Knowledge scores, within the general population (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 18: Spearman R correlations between Psychological predictors and Knowledge scores, within the general population.

2.3.9 Practice vs Attitude

The following correlations between Practice and Attitude were found statistically significant:

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ in all subjects: R=0.27, p<0.001); general population: R=0.29, p=0.002); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.038); .

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘P 4: Do you avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.043); but not in general population: R=0.12, p=0.205); MS/HW: R=0.18, p=0.107); .

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.006); general population: R=0.30, p=0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.07, p=0.559); .

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ in general population: R=0.18, p=0.050); but not in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.055); MS/HW: R=0.08, p=0.485); .

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.006); general population: R=0.25, p=0.007); but not in MS/HW: R=0.13, p=0.237); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ in all subjects: R=0.28, p<0.001); general population: R=0.25, p=0.006); MS/HW: R=0.33, p=0.003); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ in all subjects: R=0.27, p<0.001); general population: R=0.27, p=0.003); MS/HW: R=0.28, p=0.010); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘P 4: Do you avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.26, p=0.005); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.041); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘P 6: Do you clean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly touched?’ in all subjects: R=0.28, p<0.001); general population: R=0.38, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.16, p=0.146); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); general population: R=0.35, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.10, p=0.360); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.005); general population: R=0.24, p=0.010); but not in MS/HW: R=0.14, p=0.209); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p<0.001); general population: R=0.34, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.11, p=0.323); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); general population: R=0.36, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.14, p=0.191); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in all subjects: R=0.22, p=0.001); general population: R=0.28, p=0.002); but not in MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.094); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.006); but not in general population: R=0.18, p=0.054); MS/HW: R=0.21, p=0.054); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ in all subjects: R=0.43, p<0.001); general population: R=0.43, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.41, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ in all subjects: R=0.39, p<0.001); general population: R=0.45, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.29, p=0.008); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘P 4: Do you avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.015); general population: R=0.23, p=0.012); but not in MS/HW: R=0.10, p=0.357); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘P 6: Do you clean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly touched?’ in all subjects: R=0.31, p<0.001); general population: R=0.32, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.31, p=0.004); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); general population: R=0.41, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.03, p=0.816); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ in all subjects: R=0.31, p<0.001); general population: R=0.38, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.24, p=0.030); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ in all subjects: R=0.29, p<0.001); general population: R=0.29, p=0.002); MS/HW: R=0.29, p=0.007); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ in all subjects: R=0.28, p<0.001); general population: R=0.37, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.16, p=0.156); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in all subjects: R=0.37, p<0.001); general population: R=0.48, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.24, p=0.029); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); general population: R=0.25, p=0.007); MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.016); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ in general population: R=0.20, p=0.030); but not in all subjects: R=0.13, p=0.075); MS/HW: R=-0.07, p=0.539); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ in all subjects: R=0.19, p=0.008); MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.014); but not in general population: R=0.17, p=0.063); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.010); general population: R=0.27, p=0.003); but not in MS/HW: R=0.06, p=0.569); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘P12: Do you eat healthier, considering the pandemic?’ in MS/HW: R=0.24, p=0.031); but not in all subjects: R=0.01, p=0.844); general population: R=-0.12, p=0.189); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.22, p=0.020); but not in MS/HW: R=0.22, p=0.051); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ in all subjects: R=0.34, p<0.001); general population: R=0.27, p=0.004); MS/HW: R=0.39, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.26, p=0.006); but not in MS/HW: R=0.18, p=0.107); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘P 3: Do you regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.038); but not in general population: R=0.14, p=0.138); MS/HW: R=0.16, p=0.150); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘P 6: Do you clean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly touched?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.038); general population: R=0.20, p=0.036); but not in MS/HW: R=0.12, p=0.264); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.020); general population: R=0.22, p=0.017); but not in MS/HW: R=0.10, p=0.358); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.004); general population: R=0.20, p=0.028); but not in MS/HW: R=0.14, p=0.195); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.049); general population: R=0.25, p=0.008); but not in MS/HW: R=0.04, p=0.710); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); MS/HW: R=0.31, p=0.004); but not in general population: R=0.15, p=0.102); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ in all subjects: R=0.27, p<0.001); general population: R=0.39, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.15, p=0.180); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in all subjects: R=0.22, p=0.002); general population: R=0.37, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.04, p=0.697); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ in all subjects: R=0.30, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.46, p<0.001); but not in general population: R=0.14, p=0.150); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ in all subjects: R=0.44, p<0.001); general population: R=0.47, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.45, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ in all subjects: R=0.36, p<0.001); general population: R=0.39, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.34, p=0.002); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘P 3: Do you regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water?’ in MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.015); but not in all subjects: R=0.13, p=0.078); general population: R=0.03, p=0.747); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘P 4: Do you avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.25, p=0.008); MS/HW: R=0.24, p=0.026); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘P 6: Do you clean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly touched?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.022); but not in general population: R=0.13, p=0.163); MS/HW: R=0.21, p=0.062); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); general population: R=0.24, p=0.009); MS/HW: R=0.22, p=0.042); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ in all subjects: R=0.27, p<0.001); general population: R=0.29, p=0.001); MS/HW: R=0.22, p=0.049); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ in all subjects: R=0.25, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.40, p<0.001); but not in general population: R=0.15, p=0.109); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ in all subjects: R=0.30, p<0.001); general population: R=0.40, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.15, p=0.189); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.27, p=0.003); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.034); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ in all subjects: R=0.35, p<0.001); general population: R=0.24, p=0.009); MS/HW: R=0.50, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ in all subjects: R=0.29, p<0.001); general population: R=0.21, p=0.022); MS/HW: R=0.38, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ in all subjects: R=0.21, p=0.004); general population: R=0.23, p=0.013); but not in MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.132); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P 3: Do you regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water?’ in all subjects: R=0.30, p<0.001); general population: R=0.27, p=0.003); MS/HW: R=0.35, p=0.001); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P 4: Do you avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth?’ in all subjects: R=0.29, p<0.001); general population: R=0.31, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.28, p=0.011); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P 6: Do you clean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly touched?’ in all subjects: R=0.31, p<0.001); general population: R=0.27, p=0.004); MS/HW: R=0.36, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ in all subjects: R=0.31, p<0.001); general population: R=0.26, p=0.005); MS/HW: R=0.37, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ in all subjects: R=0.30, p<0.001); general population: R=0.32, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.26, p=0.016); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.28, p=0.002); but not in MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.077); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ in all subjects: R=0.28, p<0.001); general population: R=0.31, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.24, p=0.031); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P12: Do you eat healthier, considering the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.19, p=0.007); general population: R=0.19, p=0.045); but not in MS/HW: R=0.20, p=0.067); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.026); but not in general population: R=0.13, p=0.154); MS/HW: R=0.18, p=0.108); .

• ‘A 7: It is important to wash hands and face after coming from outside.’ and ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.37, p<0.001); but not in general population: R=0.16, p=0.081); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.021); general population: R=0.19, p=0.038); but not in MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.132); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ in all subjects: R=0.19, p=0.009); general population: R=0.25, p=0.008); but not in MS/HW: R=0.06, p=0.569); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.010); but not in general population: R=0.18, p=0.055); MS/HW: R=0.20, p=0.073); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in MS/HW: R=0.24, p=0.028); but not in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.050); general population: R=0.10, p=0.293); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.019); general population: R=0.20, p=0.032); but not in MS/HW: R=0.15, p=0.190); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.041); general population: R=0.19, p=0.036); but not in MS/HW: R=0.09, p=0.403); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘P 5: Do you cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze?’ in MS/HW: R=0.30, p=0.007); but not in all subjects: R=0.08, p=0.253); general population: R=-0.03, p=0.751); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ in general population: R=0.21, p=0.026); but not in all subjects: R=0.12, p=0.098); MS/HW: R=0.03, p=0.776); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ in general population: R=0.23, p=0.014); but not in all subjects: R=0.13, p=0.071); MS/HW: R=-0.03, p=0.789); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.019); but not in general population: R=0.18, p=0.056); MS/HW: R=0.16, p=0.162); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ in all subjects: R=0.60, p<0.001); general population: R=0.58, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.63, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in all subjects: R=0.27, p<0.001); general population: R=0.37, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.16, p=0.155); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.30, p=0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.122); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ in all subjects: R=0.27, p<0.001); general population: R=0.31, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.24, p=0.029); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ in all subjects: R=0.29, p<0.001); general population: R=0.24, p=0.009); MS/HW: R=0.37, p<0.001); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘P 4: Do you avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.011); but not in general population: R=0.18, p=0.057); MS/HW: R=0.18, p=0.095); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘P 6: Do you clean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly touched?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.042); but not in general population: R=0.11, p=0.254); MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.080); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ in general population: R=0.21, p=0.026); but not in all subjects: R=0.12, p=0.082); MS/HW: R=0.01, p=0.924); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ in all subjects: R=0.21, p=0.003); general population: R=0.26, p=0.005); but not in MS/HW: R=0.13, p=0.239); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ in all subjects: R=0.22, p=0.002); MS/HW: R=0.28, p=0.011); but not in general population: R=0.18, p=0.057); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ in all subjects: R=0.39, p<0.001); general population: R=0.39, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.39, p<0.001); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in all subjects: R=0.32, p<0.001); general population: R=0.30, p=0.001); MS/HW: R=0.37, p<0.001); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.004); MS/HW: R=0.31, p=0.005); but not in general population: R=0.13, p=0.179); .

• ‘A11: I am concerned about the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ in all subjects: R=-0.38, p<0.001); general population: R=-0.39, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=-0.38, p<0.001); .

• ‘A11: I am concerned about the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in all subjects: R=-0.18, p=0.014); general population: R=-0.23, p=0.015); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.13, p=0.257); .

• ‘A12: It is necessary to avoid going to hospital/ clinic unless there is an emergency.’ and ‘P 3: Do you regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water?’ in MS/HW: R=-0.25, p=0.022); but not in all subjects: R=-0.12, p=0.091); general population: R=-0.02, p=0.827); .

• ‘A12: It is necessary to avoid going to hospital/ clinic unless there is an emergency.’ and ‘P 4: Do you avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth?’ in general population: R=0.19, p=0.046); but not in all subjects: R=0.10, p=0.176); MS/HW: R=-0.03, p=0.818); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.023); but not in general population: R=0.14, p=0.130); MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.123); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.010); MS/HW: R=0.25, p=0.023); but not in general population: R=0.12, p=0.203); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.047); general population: R=0.29, p=0.002); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.05, p=0.632); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ in general population: R=0.25, p=0.006); but not in all subjects: R=0.06, p=0.427); MS/HW: R=-0.19, p=0.085); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.045); but not in general population: R=0.15, p=0.097); MS/HW: R=0.13, p=0.258); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); general population: R=0.36, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.07, p=0.544); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ in general population: R=0.20, p=0.030); but not in all subjects: R=0.07, p=0.301); MS/HW: R=-0.09, p=0.421); .

Figure 22: Heatmap of the correlations between Practice and Attitude scores (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 19: Spearman R correlations between Practice and Attitude scores.

Figure 23: Heatmap of the correlations between Practice and Attitude scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 20: Spearman R correlations between Practice and Attitude scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category.

Figure 24: Heatmap of the correlations between Practice and Attitude scores, within the general population (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 21: Spearman R correlations between Practice and Attitude scores, within the general population.

2.3.10 Psychological predictors vs Attitude

The following correlations between Psychological predictors and Attitude were found statistically significant:

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.28, p=0.003); but not in MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.135); .

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.27, p<0.001); general population: R=0.21, p=0.024); MS/HW: R=0.38, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.020); general population: R=0.31, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.04, p=0.694); .

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.27, p<0.001); general population: R=0.24, p=0.010); MS/HW: R=0.32, p=0.004); .

• ‘A 1: An Infection with Sars-Cov-V-2 is more severe than an influenza virus infection.’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.016); general population: R=0.27, p=0.003); but not in MS/HW: R=0.01, p=0.904); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.025); but not in general population: R=0.15, p=0.114); MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.090); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.031); but not in general population: R=0.16, p=0.085); MS/HW: R=0.16, p=0.161); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.19, p=0.008); but not in general population: R=0.18, p=0.053); MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.081); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); general population: R=0.19, p=0.039); MS/HW: R=0.34, p=0.002); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in all subjects: R=0.21, p=0.003); general population: R=0.19, p=0.040); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.039); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.32, p<0.001); general population: R=0.25, p=0.008); MS/HW: R=0.42, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 2: I am worried for my relatives.’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); general population: R=0.26, p=0.006); MS/HW: R=0.25, p=0.024); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.36, p<0.001); general population: R=0.34, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.38, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); general population: R=0.29, p=0.002); but not in MS/HW: R=0.21, p=0.058); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.45, p<0.001); general population: R=0.45, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.42, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.34, p<0.001); general population: R=0.34, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.33, p=0.003); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in all subjects: R=0.19, p=0.007); general population: R=0.20, p=0.030); but not in MS/HW: R=0.15, p=0.175); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.50, p<0.001); general population: R=0.49, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.51, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 3: The measures taken by the government are justified.’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.47, p<0.001); general population: R=0.52, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.36, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.005); general population: R=0.30, p=0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.01, p=0.959); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.44, p<0.001); general population: R=0.41, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.46, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.029); but not in general population: R=0.18, p=0.058); MS/HW: R=0.09, p=0.437); .

• ‘A 4: The health care system of my country is able to manage the pandemic well.’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.41, p<0.001); general population: R=0.34, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.48, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.28, p<0.001); general population: R=0.28, p=0.002); MS/HW: R=0.26, p=0.018); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.046); MS/HW: R=0.26, p=0.018); but not in general population: R=0.07, p=0.457); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.028); general population: R=0.27, p=0.004); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.04, p=0.687); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.22, p=0.002); general population: R=0.21, p=0.021); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.033); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); general population: R=0.24, p=0.011); MS/HW: R=0.25, p=0.024); .

• ‘A 5: It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities.’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.019); general population: R=0.29, p=0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.07, p=0.540); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); general population: R=0.27, p=0.003); but not in MS/HW: R=0.18, p=0.109); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.014); MS/HW: R=0.28, p=0.010); but not in general population: R=0.12, p=0.192); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.015); general population: R=0.24, p=0.011); but not in MS/HW: R=0.10, p=0.378); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); general population: R=0.30, p=0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.12, p=0.280); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.38, p<0.001); general population: R=0.44, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.29, p=0.008); .

• ‘A 6: It is important to use a face mask in crowded places.’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.30, p<0.001); general population: R=0.39, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.128); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.27, p<0.001); general population: R=0.29, p=0.001); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.033); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.049); general population: R=0.19, p=0.044); but not in MS/HW: R=0.11, p=0.328); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.19, p=0.008); general population: R=0.23, p=0.013); but not in MS/HW: R=0.13, p=0.239); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.009); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.033); but not in general population: R=0.17, p=0.064); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); general population: R=0.27, p=0.004); but not in MS/HW: R=0.18, p=0.101); .

• ‘A 8: COVID-19 is a vaccine preventable disease.’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.29, p=0.001); MS/HW: R=0.22, p=0.043); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.30, p<0.001); general population: R=0.36, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.21, p=0.061); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.25, p<0.001); general population: R=0.25, p=0.008); MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.015); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.28, p<0.001); general population: R=0.35, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.093); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.41, p<0.001); general population: R=0.44, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.35, p=0.001); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in all subjects: R=0.32, p<0.001); general population: R=0.24, p=0.011); MS/HW: R=0.44, p<0.001); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.28, p<0.001); general population: R=0.34, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.20, p=0.067); .

• ‘A 9: It is important to get vaccinated when possible.’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.31, p<0.001); general population: R=0.38, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.091); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.31, p<0.001); general population: R=0.33, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.29, p=0.008); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.28, p<0.001); general population: R=0.26, p=0.006); MS/HW: R=0.33, p=0.002); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.27, p<0.001); general population: R=0.31, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.21, p=0.052); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.37, p<0.001); general population: R=0.38, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.35, p=0.001); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.26, p=0.005); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.038); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.33, p<0.001); general population: R=0.24, p=0.009); MS/HW: R=0.48, p<0.001); .

• ‘A10: Social distancing is crucial in unvaccinated groups of people.’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.36, p<0.001); general population: R=0.35, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.37, p<0.001); .

• ‘A11: I am concerned about the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=-0.28, p<0.001); general population: R=-0.27, p=0.004); MS/HW: R=-0.29, p=0.009); .

• ‘A11: I am concerned about the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=-0.14, p=0.042); MS/HW: R=-0.22, p=0.045); but not in general population: R=-0.10, p=0.295); .

• ‘A11: I am concerned about the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=-0.15, p=0.037); general population: R=-0.19, p=0.037); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.12, p=0.301); .

• ‘A11: I am concerned about the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=-0.32, p<0.001); general population: R=-0.32, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=-0.32, p=0.004); .

• ‘A11: I am concerned about the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in all subjects: R=-0.22, p=0.002); general population: R=-0.20, p=0.033); MS/HW: R=-0.27, p=0.016); .

• ‘A11: I am concerned about the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=-0.17, p=0.019); general population: R=-0.22, p=0.019); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.13, p=0.249); .

• ‘A12: It is necessary to avoid going to hospital/ clinic unless there is an emergency.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=-0.14, p=0.049); general population: R=-0.23, p=0.013); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.02, p=0.864); .

• ‘A12: It is necessary to avoid going to hospital/ clinic unless there is an emergency.’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=-0.15, p=0.041); but not in general population: R=-0.12, p=0.192); MS/HW: R=-0.18, p=0.103); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); general population: R=0.35, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.04, p=0.715); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.010); general population: R=0.27, p=0.004); but not in MS/HW: R=0.06, p=0.560); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.31, p<0.001); general population: R=0.25, p=0.007); MS/HW: R=0.39, p<0.001); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in all subjects: R=0.25, p<0.001); general population: R=0.26, p=0.004); MS/HW: R=0.22, p=0.041); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.21, p=0.002); general population: R=0.30, p=0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.10, p=0.386); .

• ‘A13: I am more concerned about a possible Corona infection than the side effects of the vaccination.’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.29, p<0.001); general population: R=0.33, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.20, p=0.064); .

Figure 25: Heatmap of the correlations between Psychological predictors and Attitude scores (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 22: Spearman R correlations between Psychological predictors and Attitude scores.

Figure 26: Heatmap of the correlations between Psychological predictors and Attitude scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 23: Spearman R correlations between Psychological predictors and Attitude scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category.

Figure 27: Heatmap of the correlations between Psychological predictors and Attitude scores, within the general population (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 24: Spearman R correlations between Psychological predictors and Attitude scores, within the general population.

2.3.11 Psychological predictors vs Practice

The following correlations between Psychological predictors and Practice were found statistically significant:

• ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.19, p=0.008); general population: R=0.20, p=0.032); but not in MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.127); .

• ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.030); but not in general population: R=0.14, p=0.123); MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.134); .

• ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); general population: R=0.34, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.12, p=0.295); .

• ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.40, p<0.001); general population: R=0.40, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.38, p<0.001); .

• ‘P 1: Do you make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people?’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.25, p<0.001); general population: R=0.28, p=0.003); but not in MS/HW: R=0.15, p=0.174); .

• ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in MS/HW: R=0.26, p=0.019); but not in all subjects: R=0.12, p=0.103); general population: R=0.02, p=0.843); .

• ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.36, p<0.001); general population: R=0.38, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.35, p=0.001); .

• ‘P 2: Do you avoid spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact?’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); general population: R=0.25, p=0.007); but not in MS/HW: R=0.14, p=0.191); .

• ‘P 4: Do you avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth?’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.012); general population: R=0.18, p=0.048); but not in MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.089); .

• ‘P 4: Do you avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth?’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.048); general population: R=0.20, p=0.035); but not in MS/HW: R=0.07, p=0.532); .

• ‘P 5: Do you cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze?’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in general population: R=0.23, p=0.014); but not in all subjects: R=0.11, p=0.128); MS/HW: R=-0.11, p=0.345); .

• ‘P 5: Do you cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze?’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in MS/HW: R=-0.26, p=0.016); but not in all subjects: R=-0.06, p=0.373); general population: R=0.07, p=0.466); .

• ‘P 6: Do you clean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly touched?’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in general population: R=0.18, p=0.048); but not in all subjects: R=0.07, p=0.305); MS/HW: R=-0.07, p=0.528); .

• ‘P 6: Do you clean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly touched?’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.24, p<0.001); general population: R=0.21, p=0.023); MS/HW: R=0.28, p=0.009); .

• ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.015); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.039); but not in general population: R=0.15, p=0.111); .

• ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in general population: R=0.20, p=0.036); but not in all subjects: R=0.08, p=0.277); MS/HW: R=-0.10, p=0.360); .

• ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.27, p<0.001); general population: R=0.34, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.125); .

• ‘P 7: If you feel unwell do you stay at home and self-isolate even if you have minor symptoms such as cough, headache, mild fever?’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.006); general population: R=0.33, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.01, p=0.919); .

• ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.037); but not in general population: R=0.12, p=0.188); MS/HW: R=0.17, p=0.132); .

• ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.038); general population: R=0.24, p=0.009); but not in MS/HW: R=-0.01, p=0.894); .

• ‘P 8: If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, do you seek medical attention immediately?’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.032); general population: R=0.20, p=0.036); but not in MS/HW: R=0.04, p=0.727); .

• ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.019); but not in general population: R=0.17, p=0.069); MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.090); .

• ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.31, p<0.001); general population: R=0.36, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.014); .

• ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.042); but not in general population: R=0.18, p=0.053); MS/HW: R=0.09, p=0.394); .

• ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in general population: R=0.20, p=0.035); but not in all subjects: R=0.11, p=0.109); MS/HW: R=0.02, p=0.871); .

• ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.35, p<0.001); general population: R=0.41, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.014); .

• ‘P 9: Do you keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities?’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.26, p<0.001); general population: R=0.28, p=0.002); MS/HW: R=0.27, p=0.014); .

• ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.037); but not in all subjects: R=0.10, p=0.151); general population: R=0.02, p=0.831); .

• ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in general population: R=0.19, p=0.045); but not in all subjects: R=0.09, p=0.220); MS/HW: R=-0.04, p=0.730); .

• ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.019); MS/HW: R=0.35, p=0.001); but not in general population: R=0.03, p=0.788); .

• ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in all subjects: R=0.16, p=0.028); but not in general population: R=0.12, p=0.195); MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.084); .

• ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.25, p<0.001); general population: R=0.30, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.082); .

• ‘P10: Do you reduce unnecessary traveling?’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.18, p=0.010); general population: R=0.26, p=0.004); but not in MS/HW: R=0.07, p=0.531); .

• ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.21, p=0.003); general population: R=0.21, p=0.021); but not in MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.088); .

• ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.005); general population: R=0.28, p=0.002); but not in MS/HW: R=0.10, p=0.386); .

• ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ and ‘PP5: How much do you trust medical doctors and nurses?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.005); MS/HW: R=0.28, p=0.011); but not in general population: R=0.13, p=0.172); .

• ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.28, p<0.001); general population: R=0.27, p=0.004); MS/HW: R=0.30, p=0.006); .

• ‘P11: Did you, or will you get vaccinated?’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.23, p=0.001); general population: R=0.32, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.08, p=0.469); .

• ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.21, p=0.002); general population: R=0.23, p=0.012); but not in MS/HW: R=0.18, p=0.113); .

• ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.21, p=0.004); general population: R=0.18, p=0.049); MS/HW: R=0.24, p=0.027); .

• ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.31, p<0.001); general population: R=0.29, p=0.002); MS/HW: R=0.30, p=0.007); .

• ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.015); general population: R=0.33, p<0.001); but not in MS/HW: R=0.00, p=0.996); .

• ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.38, p<0.001); general population: R=0.33, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.42, p<0.001); .

• ‘P13: Do you obey all government rules related to the COVID?’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.40, p<0.001); general population: R=0.40, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.38, p<0.001); .

• ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ and ‘PP1: To what extent do you think scientists have a good understanding of the coronavirus/COVID-19?’ in all subjects: R=0.20, p=0.004); general population: R=0.21, p=0.026); but not in MS/HW: R=0.19, p=0.086); .

• ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ and ‘PP2: To what extent do you think it’s important to do things for the benefit of others and society even if they have some costs to you personally?’ in all subjects: R=0.22, p=0.002); general population: R=0.26, p=0.005); but not in MS/HW: R=0.16, p=0.164); .

• ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ and ‘PP3: How much do you trust the country’s politicians to deal effectively with the pandemic?’ in all subjects: R=0.17, p=0.019); but not in general population: R=0.17, p=0.067); MS/HW: R=0.15, p=0.178); .

• ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ and ‘PP4: How much do you trust scientists?’ in all subjects: R=0.14, p=0.046); general population: R=0.19, p=0.038); but not in MS/HW: R=0.08, p=0.496); .

• ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ and ‘PP6: To what extent do you feel that the personal actions you are taking to try to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.29, p<0.001); general population: R=0.33, p<0.001); MS/HW: R=0.23, p=0.037); .

• ‘P14: Do you maintain social distance or home quarantine if needed?’ and ‘PP7: To what extent do you feel the actions that your country is taking to limit the spread of coronavirus make a difference?’ in all subjects: R=0.15, p=0.031); general population: R=0.24, p=0.011); but not in MS/HW: R=0.04, p=0.715); .

Figure 28: Heatmap of the correlations between Psychological predictors and Practice scores (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 22: Spearman R correlations between Psychological predictors and Attitude scores.

Figure 29: Heatmap of the correlations between Psychological predictors and Practice scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 25: Spearman R correlations between Psychological predictors and Practice scores, within the medical student / healthcare worker category.

Figure 30: Heatmap of the correlations between Psychological predictors and Practice scores, within the general population (Spearman R coefficients). Crossed-out pairs were not statistically signifficant.

Table 26: Spearman R correlations between Psychological predictors and Practice scores, within the general population.

2.4 Discussions

2.5 Conclusions

.

3 Extra

3.0.1 Attitude vs Knowledge

3.0.2 Practice vs Knowledge

3.0.3 Psychological predictors vs Knowledge

3.0.4 Practice vs Attitude

3.0.5 Psychological predictors vs Attitude

3.0.6 Practice vs Psychological predictors

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