library(Matrix)
library(pracma)
##
## Attaching package: 'pracma'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:Matrix':
##
## expm, lu, tril, triu
a <- matrix(c(1,2,1,0,1,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,3,1,0,1),nrow = 4, byrow=T)
a
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 2 1 0
## [2,] 1 0 1 0
## [3,] 2 1 1 0
## [4,] 3 1 0 1
A<-charpoly(a)
A
## [1] 1 -3 -2 2 2
\[P(\lambda)=\lambda^4 -3\lambda^3-2\lambda^2+2\lambda+2\]