R Notebook

Арифметика в R

Давайте поговорим про арифметику.

3 + 2

## [1] 5

3 / 5

## [1] 0.6

3.0

## [1] 3

x <- 10

x = 30

x

## [1] 30

2 + 3 -> y

y

## [1] 5

vec <- c(3, 15, 30)

vec[2]

## [1] 15

vec <- c(3, 15, "Hello", 152)

vec

## [1] "3"     "15"    "Hello" "152"

vec1 <- c(3, 1, 6)
vec2 <- c(10, 15, 30)
vec1 * vec2

## [1]  30  15 180

vec <- c(10, 40, 20, 30, 40, 123)

vec[2:4]

## [1] 40 20 30

2:4

## [1] 2 3 4

vec[c(3, 1, 2, 3, 6)]

## [1]  20  10  40  20 123

3:500

##   [1]   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20
##  [19]  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  31  32  33  34  35  36  37  38
##  [37]  39  40  41  42  43  44  45  46  47  48  49  50  51  52  53  54  55  56
##  [55]  57  58  59  60  61  62  63  64  65  66  67  68  69  70  71  72  73  74
##  [73]  75  76  77  78  79  80  81  82  83  84  85  86  87  88  89  90  91  92
##  [91]  93  94  95  96  97  98  99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
## [109] 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128
## [127] 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146
## [145] 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164
## [163] 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182
## [181] 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
## [199] 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218
## [217] 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236
## [235] 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254
## [253] 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272
## [271] 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290
## [289] 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308
## [307] 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326
## [325] 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344
## [343] 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362
## [361] 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380
## [379] 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398
## [397] 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416
## [415] 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434
## [433] 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452
## [451] 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470
## [469] 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488
## [487] 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500

123

## [1] 123

c(123)

## [1] 123

vec

## [1]  10  40  20  30  40 123

vec[vec > 20]

## [1]  40  30  40 123

3 > 2

## [1] TRUE

3 == 3

## [1] TRUE

2 == 5

## [1] FALSE

TRUE

## [1] TRUE

TRUE * 2

## [1] 2

FALSE * 2

## [1] 0

vec[vec > 20]

## [1]  40  30  40 123

vec

## [1]  10  40  20  30  40 123

vec > 20

## [1] FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE

vec + 1

## [1]  11  41  21  31  41 124

vec[c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)]

## [1] 10 30 40

vec <- c(1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 4, 1, 5, 100, 123, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4)

length(vec[vec > 100]) / length(vec)

## [1] 0.0625

mean(vec > 100)

## [1] 0.0625

runif(100)

##   [1] 0.552245559 0.787726903 0.157697599 0.535713891 0.639140002 0.486349186
##   [7] 0.112313854 0.392113341 0.016923944 0.049265032 0.124447559 0.050101388
##  [13] 0.196165737 0.827857926 0.478007014 0.525407830 0.024733537 0.901494497
##  [19] 0.644225890 0.604803219 0.799837945 0.270191233 0.919299938 0.243989699
##  [25] 0.252839404 0.576766221 0.811678555 0.867892239 0.436018874 0.312383706
##  [31] 0.028737381 0.432889628 0.066272330 0.260348574 0.939231948 0.875398040
##  [37] 0.873079154 0.002008168 0.079144084 0.213067134 0.811314719 0.838832316
##  [43] 0.577326148 0.087973373 0.824942772 0.984478816 0.168401497 0.725898099
##  [49] 0.581708676 0.947999384 0.804983586 0.512498924 0.323590476 0.842070790
##  [55] 0.967554819 0.555171423 0.896250778 0.298898848 0.452607471 0.944791858
##  [61] 0.387811094 0.178484998 0.128252477 0.024564044 0.724315031 0.171634080
##  [67] 0.406797408 0.656001917 0.133786665 0.465035613 0.996734596 0.589342604
##  [73] 0.775751035 0.104799400 0.646985066 0.326416134 0.362277057 0.795496848
##  [79] 0.095923814 0.069700432 0.288256434 0.557306183 0.312658170 0.219033265
##  [85] 0.675369011 0.765914169 0.399679950 0.564874584 0.996618821 0.752514140
##  [91] 0.442872174 0.442491223 0.911460865 0.868339546 0.725272341 0.301980998
##  [97] 0.503165391 0.300117657 0.722084580 0.722866712

numbers <- runif(1000000)

rep(c(0, 1, 2), 100)

##   [1] 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0
##  [38] 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1
##  [75] 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
## [112] 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0
## [149] 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1
## [186] 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
## [223] 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0
## [260] 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1
## [297] 2 0 1 2

hist(numbers)

# plot(x = numbers, y = rep(0, 100))

normal_numbers <- rnorm(1000000)
hist(normal_numbers)

rnorm(10)

##  [1]  0.86798985  0.32156034  0.80068565  0.15242260  0.74862957  1.57227523
##  [7] -0.05207393  0.03190783 -0.08367133 -0.42749024

x <- runif(1)

for (i in 1:100) {
  x <- (x * 2) - floor(x * 2)
  print(x)
}

## [1] 0.01812695
## [1] 0.03625391
## [1] 0.07250781
## [1] 0.1450156
## [1] 0.2900313
## [1] 0.5800625
## [1] 0.160125
## [1] 0.32025
## [1] 0.6405001
## [1] 0.2810001
## [1] 0.5620003
## [1] 0.1240005
## [1] 0.2480011
## [1] 0.4960022
## [1] 0.9920044
## [1] 0.9840088
## [1] 0.9680176
## [1] 0.9360352
## [1] 0.8720703
## [1] 0.7441406
## [1] 0.4882812
## [1] 0.9765625
## [1] 0.953125
## [1] 0.90625
## [1] 0.8125
## [1] 0.625
## [1] 0.25
## [1] 0.5
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0
## [1] 0

2 == 2

## [1] TRUE

0.1 + 0.2 == 0.3

## [1] FALSE

0.1 + 0.2

## [1] 0.3

sprintf("%.100f", 0.3)

## [1] "0.2999999999999999888977697537484345957636833190917968750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"

0.1 + 0.2

## [1] 0.3

getwd()

## [1] "/Users/user/prj/svn.math-hse.info/repo/2021-22/nes-datascience"

dat <- read.csv("var1_mehweb.csv", encoding = 'UTF8')

Sys.setlocale("LC_ALL", locale='UTF-8')

## [1] "en_US.UTF-8/UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8"

dat$year

##   [1] 1971 1971 1971 1971 1971 1971 1971 1971 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968
##  [16] 1968 1968 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1953 1953 1953 1953
##  [31] 1953 1953 1953 1953 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 1959 1959 1959
##  [46] 1959 1959 1959 1959 1959 1959 1964 1964 1964 1964 1964 1964 1964 1964 1964
##  [61] 1979 1979 1979 1979 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1951 1951 1951 1951
##  [76] 1951 1951 1951 1951 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1969 1969
##  [91] 1985 1982 1982 1956 1958 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1960 1960
## [106] 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1934 1934 1934 1934 1934 1934 1934 1934
## [121] 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1935 1935 1935 1935 1935 1935
## [136] 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953
## [151] 1953 1953 1953 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1983 1983 1983
## [166] 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979
## [181] 1946 1946 1946 1946 1946 1946 1946 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1949 1949
## [196] 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1967 1967 1967 1967 1967 1967 1944
## [211] 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1944 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1946
## [226] 1946 1946 1946 1946 1946 1946 1946 1946 1951 1951 1951 1951 1951 1988 1988
## [241] 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1975 1975
## [256] 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1963 1963
## [271] 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1973 1973
## [286] 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1984
## [301] 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988 1988
## [316] 1988 1988 1939 1939 1990 1960 1960 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990
## [331] 1990 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962
## [346] 1962 1962 1962 1962 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1993 1993
## [361] 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1955 1955 1955 1955 1955 1955 1955 1955 1955
## [376] 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984
## [391] 1984 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970
## [406] 1970 1970 1970 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1979 1979 1979
## [421] 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1957 1957 1957
## [436] 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1936
## [451] 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1959 1959 1959 1959 1959 1959 1959 1959
## [466] 1959

as.character(dat$stimulus)[1:10]

##  [1] "вилы"       "лестница"   "кошка"      "шкура"      "пуля"      
##  [6] "кобыла"     "палец_ноги" "лиса"       "змея"       "вилы"

as.numeric("123")

## [1] 123

dat[2,]

dat[1:10, c("speaker", "year")]

dat[1:10, c(1, 5)]

dat[dat$year > 1970, "speaker"]

##   [1] md01 md01 md01 md01 md01 md01 md01 md01 md03 md03 md03 md03 md03 md03 md03
##  [16] md03 md03 md08 md08 md08 md08 md09 md09 md09 md09 md09 md09 md09 nd03 nd04
##  [31] nd04 nd07 nd07 nd07 nd07 nd07 nd07 nd07 nd07 nd16 nd16 nd16 nd16 nd16 nd16
##  [46] nd16 nd16 nd16 nd18 nd18 nd18 nd18 nd18 nd18 nd18 nd18 nd18 nd19 nd19 nd19
##  [61] nd19 nd19 nd19 nd19 nd19 nd19 vi01 vi01 vi01 vi01 vi01 vi01 vi01 vi01 vi01
##  [76] vi10 vi10 vi10 vi10 vi10 vi10 vi10 vi10 vi11 vi11 vi11 vi11 vi11 vi11 vi11
##  [91] vi12 vi12 vi12 vi12 vi12 vi12 vi12 vi13 vi13 vi13 vi13 vi13 vi13 vi13 vi13
## [106] vi15 vi15 vi15 vi15 vi15 vi15 vi15 vi16 vi16 vi16 vi16 vi16 vi16 vi16 vi17
## [121] vi17 vi17 vi17 vi17 vi17 vi17 vi17 vi17 vi18 vi18 vi18 vi18 vi18 vi18 vi18
## [136] vi18 vi18 vi19 vi19 vi19 vi19 vi19 vi19 vi19 vi19 vi19 zm04 zm09 zm09 zm09
## [151] zm09 zm09 zm09 zm09 zm09 zm09 zm12 zm12 zm12 zm12 zm12 zm12 zm12 zm12 zm12
## [166] zm13 zm13 zm13 zm13 zm13 zm13 zm13 zm13 zm15 zm15 zm15 zm15 zm15 zm15 zm15
## [181] zm15 zm16 zm16 zm16 zm16 zm16 zm16 zm16 zm16 zm17 zm17 zm17 zm17 zm17 zm17
## [196] zm17 zm17 zm19 zm19 zm19 zm19 zm19 zm19 zm19 zm19 zm19 zm20 zm20 zm20 zm20
## [211] zm20 zm20 zm20 zm20 zm21 zm21 zm21 zm21 zm21 zm21 zm21 zm23 zm23 zm23 zm23
## [226] zm23 zm23 zm23 zm23 zm23
## 64 Levels: md01 md02 md03 md04 md05 md06 md07 md08 md09 md10 md11 nd02 ... zm26

dat$age <- 2022 - dat$year

vec <- c(1, 100, 15)
vec1 <- vec
vec[2] <- 10000
vec1

## [1]   1 100  15

dat[1, 1] <- 'zzs'

## Warning in `[<-.factor`(`*tmp*`, iseq, value = "zzs"): invalid factor level, NA
## generated

dat$speaker <- as.character(dat$speaker)

dat[1, 1] <- 'zzs'

dat[1:10,]