Farmers
Age
variable Mean st.Dev Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Q22.1_Farmer age 46.04 15.25 19 35 45 59 90
Gender
Q22.2_Farmer gender Freq %
male 209 43.4
female 273 56.6
Total 482 100.0
Educational level
Q22.3_Educational level Freq %
illiterate 12 2.5
no qualification, literate 105 21.8
primary 202 41.9
secondary 116 24.1
more than secondary 47 9.8
Total 482 100.0
Household size
variable Mean st.Dev Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Q22.4_No. of household members (adults 14 or older) 3.98 2.03 1 2 4 5 15
Q22.5_No. of children (aged 3-13 years) 1.45 1.41 0 0 1 2 9
Q22.6_No. of children (aged 0-2 years) 0.31 0.58 0 0 0 1 4
Q22.T_household size 5.74 2.83 1 4 5 7 20
Emigration
[1] "Q25_Did any of the farmer’s household members emigrate to urban areas/abroad in search for a job?"
q25 Freq %
Yes 219 45.4
No 263 54.6
Total 482 100.0
Income
Q29.2_Average income Freq %
lower than average 283 58.7
somewhat lower than average 71 14.7
about average 44 9.1
somewhat higher than average 37 7.7
higher than average 47 9.8
Total 482 100.0
Q23_Is the farmer able to meet his/her household food needs? Freq %
Yes, more than enough 31 6.4
Yes, I have what we need 95 19.7
I have about what we need 93 19.3
No, I experience some difficulties 190 39.4
No, I experience serious food shortages 73 15.1
Total 482 100.0
The farm
Size
variable Mean st.Dev Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Q5.5_TOT_total size 2.61 2.18 0.25 1 2 3 20
variable Mean st.Dev Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Q5.5_TOT_total size Ha 1.06 0.88 0.1 0.4 0.81 1.21 8.09
Tenure status of the farmer’s land
Q5 Tenure status of the farmer’s land (acres) Mean st.Dev Min Q1 Median Q3 Max
Leased/Rented-in 0.09 0.41 0.00 0 0 0 3
Yours / your family property 2.51 2.21 0.00 1 2 3 20
Possessed 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0
Total 2.61 2.18 0.25 1 2 3 20
Q5 Tenure status of the farmer’s land (Ha) Mean st.Dev Min Q1 Median Q3 Max %
Leased/Rented-in 0.04 0.17 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 1.21 4.4
Yours / your family property 1.02 0.89 0.0 0.4 0.81 1.21 8.09 95.6
Possessed 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Other 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Total 1.06 0.88 0.1 0.4 0.81 1.21 8.09 100.0
Produced crops
Member of any local associations
[1] "Q1_Is the farmer a member of any local associations?"
q1 Freq %
Yes 252 52.3
No 230 47.7
Total 482 100.0
What affected the farm activities the most in last growing season?
Variable Not at a problem Minor problem Neutral Moderate problem Serious problem sum
Q11.1_Seed 9.3 4.6 7.3 27.8 51.0 100
Q11.2_Energy/fuel 38.8 13.3 12.4 17.2 18.3 100
Q11.3_Pesticides 1.7 4.4 6.0 28.8 59.1 100
Q11.4_Fertilizers 25.1 5.0 10.0 21.6 38.4 100
Q11.5_Water 5.0 3.9 7.1 19.7 64.3 100
Q11.6_Equipment/tools 27.2 18.0 19.9 20.7 14.1 100
Q11.7_Loan capital 40.9 15.6 13.5 14.3 15.8 100
Q11.8_Land 52.1 13.5 9.5 11.4 13.5 100
Q11.9_Collaboration with other farmers 58.9 14.1 16.0 8.5 2.5 100
Q11.10_Storage structures/facilities 30.1 20.3 16.8 18.3 14.5 100
Q11.11_Information on innovations 25.9 12.2 19.5 23.4 18.9 100
Q11.12_Technical assistance/extension service 28.0 12.2 14.9 21.4 23.4 100
Q11.13_Organizational issues 33.0 10.0 11.6 19.7 25.7 100
Troubles experienced by the farmer
|
Variable
|
Not at all important
|
Slightly important
|
Somewhat important
|
moderately important
|
Extremely important
|
sum
|
|
Q32.1_Food shortage/starvation
|
16.4
|
5.6
|
3.9
|
24.9
|
49.2
|
100
|
|
Q32.2_Health (disease)
|
12.0
|
24.1
|
13.1
|
28.4
|
22.4
|
100
|
|
Q32.3_Drought
|
11.2
|
2.5
|
5.4
|
16.2
|
64.7
|
100
|
|
Q32.4_Flood
|
84.0
|
5.4
|
2.3
|
2.3
|
6.0
|
100
|
|
Q32.5_Infestation/pest
|
2.7
|
7.9
|
12.7
|
24.7
|
52.1
|
100
|
|
Q32.6_Dispossession of land
|
82.0
|
5.6
|
4.1
|
3.9
|
4.4
|
100
|
|
Q32.7_Cost increase (price of fertilizer or seed)
|
9.1
|
9.5
|
18.9
|
22.4
|
40.0
|
100
|
|
Q32.8_Loss of off-farm job
|
51.0
|
13.3
|
12.4
|
11.4
|
11.8
|
100
|
|
Q32.9_Income reduction
|
8.9
|
11.2
|
17.2
|
21.8
|
40.9
|
100
|
|
Q32.10_Social problems (violence or crime)
|
62.2
|
12.7
|
11.8
|
9.1
|
4.1
|
100
|
|
Q32.11_Other
|
12.5
|
25.0
|
0.0
|
25.0
|
37.5
|
100
|
Worries regarding the near future
|
Variable
|
Not at all important
|
Slightly important
|
Somewhat important
|
moderately important
|
Extremely important
|
sum
|
|
Q33.1_Food shortage/starvation
|
7.5
|
5.2
|
7.3
|
20.7
|
59.3
|
100
|
|
Q33.2_Health (disease)
|
10.6
|
22.0
|
14.9
|
21.8
|
30.7
|
100
|
|
Q33.3_Drought
|
9.3
|
2.5
|
5.8
|
18.5
|
63.9
|
100
|
|
Q33.4_Flood
|
75.7
|
7.9
|
3.1
|
3.1
|
10.2
|
100
|
|
Q33.5_Infestation/pest
|
3.5
|
7.1
|
13.3
|
27.4
|
48.8
|
100
|
|
Q33.6_Dispossession of land
|
79.5
|
7.7
|
3.7
|
3.7
|
5.4
|
100
|
|
Q33.7_Cost increase (price of fertilizer or seed)
|
7.7
|
10.4
|
19.9
|
21.8
|
40.2
|
100
|
|
Q33.8_Loss of off-farm job
|
46.9
|
13.5
|
12.4
|
11.0
|
16.2
|
100
|
|
Q33.9_Income reduction
|
8.1
|
11.0
|
17.4
|
23.0
|
40.5
|
100
|
|
Q33.10_Social problems (violence or crime)
|
58.3
|
12.2
|
9.8
|
9.5
|
10.2
|
100
|
|
Q33.11_Other
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
20.0
|
40.0
|
40.0
|
100
|
Propensity for innovation
|
Q8_To what extent would the farmer consider introducing the presented technology in his/her farm?
|
Freq
|
%
|
|
he/she would not be interested
|
11
|
2.3
|
|
he/she would be interested in adopting if more than half of the farmers adopt
|
15
|
3.1
|
|
he/she would be interested in adopting if at least half of the farmers adopt
|
28
|
5.8
|
|
he/she would be interested in adopting if at least some of the farmers adopt
|
123
|
25.5
|
|
he/she would volunteer to be one of the first in my village
|
305
|
63.3
|
|
Total
|
482
|
100.0
|
|
Q12_To what extent would the farmer consider introducing the presented technology in his/her farm?
|
Freq
|
%
|
|
Not at all interested
|
13
|
2.7
|
|
Slightly interested
|
15
|
3.1
|
|
Somewhat interested
|
42
|
8.7
|
|
Moderately interested
|
98
|
20.3
|
|
Extremely interested
|
314
|
65.1
|
|
Total
|
482
|
100.0
|
|
Variable
|
Completely disagree
|
Somehow disagree
|
Neither agree nor disagree
|
Somehow agree
|
Completely agree
|
sum
|
|
Q13.1_I like to try new ways of producing on my farm
|
2.3
|
2.1
|
3.7
|
16.6
|
75.3
|
100
|
|
Q13.2_I prefer to avoid taking risks when it comes to managing my farm interests
|
16.8
|
10.2
|
17.8
|
24.1
|
31.1
|
100
|
|
Q13.3_Most organisations promoting innovations in agriculture can be trusted
|
4.1
|
9.5
|
23.7
|
23.9
|
38.8
|
100
|
row %
|
|
Q132.I prefer to avoid taking risks
|
|
Q12.propension to introduce the presented technology
|
Completely disagree
|
Somehow disagree
|
Neither agree nor disagree
|
Somehow agree
|
Completely agree
|
Sum
|
|
Not at all interested
|
7.69
|
7.69
|
7.69
|
15.38
|
61.54
|
100
|
|
Slightly interested
|
26.67
|
13.33
|
33.33
|
13.33
|
13.33
|
100
|
|
Somewhat interested
|
4.76
|
16.67
|
35.71
|
28.57
|
14.29
|
100
|
|
Moderately interested
|
9.18
|
12.24
|
28.57
|
33.67
|
16.33
|
100
|
|
Extremely interested
|
20.70
|
8.60
|
11.78
|
21.34
|
37.58
|
100
|
|
Sum
|
16.80
|
10.17
|
17.84
|
24.07
|
31.12
|
100
|
total %
|
|
Q132.I prefer to avoid taking risks
|
|
Q12.propension to introduce the presented technology
|
Completely disagree
|
Somehow disagree
|
Neither agree nor disagree
|
Somehow agree
|
Completely agree
|
Sum
|
|
Not at all interested
|
0.21
|
0.21
|
0.21
|
0.41
|
1.66
|
2.70
|
|
Slightly interested
|
0.83
|
0.41
|
1.04
|
0.41
|
0.41
|
3.11
|
|
Somewhat interested
|
0.41
|
1.45
|
3.11
|
2.49
|
1.24
|
8.71
|
|
Moderately interested
|
1.87
|
2.49
|
5.81
|
6.85
|
3.32
|
20.33
|
|
Extremely interested
|
13.49
|
5.60
|
7.68
|
13.90
|
24.48
|
65.15
|
|
Sum
|
16.80
|
10.17
|
17.84
|
24.07
|
31.12
|
100.00
|
|
Q18_Choosing between keeping a current technology (A) or adopting a new technology (B).
|
Freq
|
%
|
|
A:current technology
|
38
|
7.9
|
|
B:new technology
|
444
|
92.1
|
|
Total
|
482
|
100.0
|
Propensity to introduce new productions
|
Variable
|
Not at all interested
|
Slightly interested
|
Somewhat interested
|
Moderately interested
|
Extremely interested
|
sum
|
|
Q19_Willingness of the farmer to sell jointly his/her production.
|
4.6
|
3.7
|
10.8
|
23.7
|
57.3
|
100
|
|
Q20_Willingness of the farmer to introduce a higher nutritional crop.
|
4.6
|
6.0
|
9.1
|
23.9
|
56.4
|
100
|
|
Q21_Willingness of the farmer to introduce a more profitable crop.
|
4.6
|
5.2
|
8.9
|
26.8
|
54.6
|
100
|
Cluster analysis
variables used for cluster building:
variables
1 Q8_To what extent would the farmer consider introducing the presented technology in his/her farm?
2 Q12_To what extent would the farmer consider introducing the presented technology in his/her farm?
3 Q13.1_I like to try new ways of producing on my farm
4 Q13.2_I prefer to avoid taking risks when it comes to managing my farm interests
5 Q13.3_Most organisations promoting innovations in agriculture can be trusted
6 Q20_Willingness of the farmer to introduce a higher nutritional crop.
7 Q21_Willingness of the farmer to introduce a more profitable crop.
8 Q18_Choosing between keeping a current technology (A) or adopting a new technology (B).
The Gower distance was used to calculate the distance matrix and the silhouette width was used to determine the optimal number of clusters.
Mean of quantitative variables by cluster
|
Variables
|
cl.1
|
cl.2
|
cl.3
|
cl.4
|
cl.5
|
Overall
|
|
Q12_To what extent would the farmer consider introducing the presented technology in his/her farm?
|
3.69
|
4.24
|
4.79
|
3.15
|
3.51
|
4.42
|
|
Q13.1_I like to try new ways of producing on my farm
|
4.47
|
4.51
|
4.82
|
3.00
|
4.22
|
4.61
|
|
Q13.2_I prefer to avoid taking risks when it comes to managing my farm interests
|
3.89
|
3.48
|
3.28
|
4.25
|
3.51
|
3.43
|
|
Q13.3_Most organisations promoting innovations in agriculture can be trusted
|
4.19
|
3.64
|
4.00
|
3.25
|
3.14
|
3.84
|
|
Q20_Willingness of the farmer to introduce a higher nutritional crop.
|
3.31
|
4.08
|
4.73
|
1.45
|
3.05
|
4.22
|
|
Q21_Willingness of the farmer to introduce a more profitable crop.
|
3.19
|
4.04
|
4.74
|
1.40
|
3.24
|
4.22
|
Q8 by cluster - count
|
|
cl.1
|
cl.2
|
cl.3
|
cl.4
|
cl.5
|
Sum
|
|
he/she would not be interested
|
0
|
5
|
1
|
5
|
0
|
11
|
|
he/she would be interested in adopting if more than half of the farmers adopt
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
14
|
15
|
|
he/she would be interested in adopting if at least half of the farmers adopt
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
23
|
28
|
|
he/she would be interested in adopting if at least some of the farmers adopt
|
14
|
102
|
0
|
7
|
0
|
123
|
|
he/she would volunteer to be one of the first in my village
|
16
|
0
|
281
|
8
|
0
|
305
|
|
Sum
|
36
|
107
|
282
|
20
|
37
|
482
|
|
Q18 by cluster - count
|
|
cl.1
|
cl.2
|
cl.3
|
cl.4
|
cl.5
|
Sum
|
|
A:current technology
|
36
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
38
|
|
B:new technology
|
0
|
107
|
282
|
18
|
37
|
444
|
|
Sum
|
36
|
107
|
282
|
20
|
37
|
482
|
|
