Rodrigo Cupertino Bernardes1; Lorena Lisbetd Botina1; Renan dos Santos Araújo1*; Raul Narciso Carvalho Guedes1; Gustavo Ferreira Martins2; Maria Augusta Pereira Lima3
1Departamento de Entomologia. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
2Departamento de Biologia Geral. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
3Departamento de Biologia Animal. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
*Correspondence: R.S. Araújo E-mail: renandosantosaraujo@gmail.com
Summary of the categorization of variables sampled in the systematic review on toxicological assessment of agrochemicals in pollinators.
|
Variables |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Agrochemical_use |
Agrochemicals were categorized according to its role in crops. For instance: Insecticides are compounds used against insect pests; Herbicides are compounds used against weed control; Mixtures are when there was a mixture of two or more compounds with different types of use. |
|
Agrochemical_groups |
Based on IRAC MoA Classification Version 9.4, March 2020, using the table column “Sub-group” |
|
Active_ingredient |
The principal component of the formulation or only ingredient activate. Based on IRAC MoA Classification Version 9.4, March 2020, using the table column “exemplifying Active Ingredient” |
|
Synthetic_or_natural |
When the primary origin of the compound is biological or natural (i.e., the chemical structure of the molecule has not been synthetically modified). |
|
Pollinator_order; Pollinator_family; Pollinator_subfamily; Pollinator_tribe; Specie |
The pollinators were identified according to the taxonomic order, family, subfamily, tribe, and specie. The taxonomy of bee groups was based on: J. S. Moure, 2012. Apini Latreille, 1802. In Moure, J. S., Urban, D. & Melo, G. A. R. (Orgs). Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region - online version. Available at http://www.moure.cria.org.br/catalogue. Accessed Dec/29/2021 |
|
Experimental_set_up |
The level of social organization of the pollinators in which the study was performed. Colony: exposition of the pollinator in colony with queen laying eggs; Microcolony: exposition of a group of bee workers (usually between 4 and 12bees) isolated in a queenless environment and the workers laying eggs; Individual: exposition in the individual or small bee group without queen and work laying egg. |
|
Development_stage |
Stages of post-embryonic development of pollinators: Adult and immature (larva, pupa or nymph) |
|
Sex_caste |
Social pollinator with caste differentiation (i.e., worker, queen, and drone) |
|
Stressor_association |
When the study evaluated the toxicity of some agrochemicals associated with some other stressors: virus, bacteria, mite, protozoa, fungi, and environmental (temperature, humidity and availability of food resources) |
|
Study_system |
Lab, field, and Semi-field (greenhouse) |
|
Application |
How the agrochemical was applied to pollinators. Oral: ingested the agrochemical (e.g., ingestion of food contaminated with agrochemical); topical: application directly on the pollinator body, usually on the thorax; contact: application by spray, pulverize or pot treated were the pollinator has contact. |
|
Exposure |
Acute: Regardless of the type of application (oral, topical or contact), acute exposure was considered when the agrochemical was administered for a short period of time, and, usually, only once. We considered acute exposure when the duration of exposure represented less than 10% of the life span of the studied pollinator. Chronical: Regardless of the type of application (oral, topical or contact), chronic exposure was considered when the agrochemical was administered repeatedly for a period of time greater than 10% of the lifetime of the studied pollinator. |
|
Response_variables |
Response variables quantified in studies. Survival: lethal effect measurement considering both the survival over time and the mortality of individuals after exposure; Behavior: flight, foraging, locomotion, defensive response, number of visits, buzzing, repellence, pollination activity, learning, and Memory; Feeding: generally, amount of food ingest; Gene expression: molecular biology with specific genes, RT-PCR, genetic diversity, microsatellite markers, expression of antioxidant genes, expression of immune system related gene transcripts, HSP genes, genes Lipid metabolism, DNA damage, DNA metalation; Metabolism: enzyme activity, ATP, hemolymph carbohydrates, oxidative stress; Bioenergy; hibernation, Thorax temperature, Mitochondrial function; Reproduction: caste differentiation, new number of eggs, number of larvae, number of broods, sperm viability, population size, brood area, richness; Morphology: histology, Internal morphology (gut, brain, hypopharyngeal glands, ovary, spermatheca, mushroom bodies, immunocytochemistry, reactive oxygen species, caspase-3, antennal lobes, optic lobes), morphometric measurements from external morphology (shape body, head width, intertegular span, and wing asymmetry). Agrochemical residue: residues in pollen, wax, and honey, but necessarily it must evaluate the bee’s body treated; biomarkers (residues of heavy metals in pollinator body). Biomass: body or colony mass. Immunity: Infestation/infection (by virus, mites, fungi, bacteria), encapsulation, hemocytes, immunocompetence, heart rate, antimicrobial activity. Physiology: respiration, neuronal activity, thermoregulation, receptors, rhianodine. Microbiota: metagenomics, microbiome, gut bactéria, gut microbiota Omics: genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, transcriptome |
Database built after selection and inclusion of data in meta-analysis on toxicological assessment of agrochemicals in bees.