统计区简述
体系一：行政区域
- 存在层级关系，覆盖所有地区。目前美国共有 3,143 个郡，分布于美国50个州和哥伦比亚特区。
- 国家Nation -> 州States -> 郡Counties
- 城市 (City) ：城市是一个特殊的行政区域，不可以跨州，但是可以跨郡，且随着人口活动边界延展或缩小，每个州的划分方式和定义都不尽相同。
- City of San Francisco 等同于 County of San Francisco，没有区别
- City of San Jose 和另外13个城市（Palo Alto, Sunnyvale, Cupertino 等）位于 County of Santa Clara ，分别由独立的市政府管辖。白色部分为 unincorporated areas，由 Santa Clara County Commision 直接管理。
- City of Boston 和另外三个城市位于 Suffolk County, MA，分别由独立的市政府管辖。Suffolk County 没有 unincorporated areas。
体系二：统计区域
美国大都市区不是一个行政概念，而是一个联邦统计标准。由美国行政管理和预算局（Office of Management and Budget）定义，不定期根据人口、社会经济活动的变化修订。美国联邦和州政府机构应宪法的要求都基于大都市区分配项目资金、制定项目标准和实施项目等。目前美国大都市区的重要性和使用频率要远远超过城市的行政地域概念和城市的实体地域概念。
本次交付物的定义以 March 2020 版本为准。
大都市区由郡 (County) 作为基本单元组成，但是不覆盖所有的郡，也可以跨州组合。
大都市区 (CBSA， CSA)
- Core based statistical areas (CBSA)
- Metropolitan statistical areas (MSA): A metropolitan statistical area must have at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more inhabitants.
- Micropolitan statistical areas: A micropolitan statistical area must have at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 population
- Combined statistical areas (CSA): A group of adjacent multiple metro-/micropolitan areas.
- Core based statistical areas (CBSA)
数据
- 旧金山湾区
| CSA Title | cbsa_name | st_name | stco_name |
|---|---|---|---|
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | Merced, CA | California | Merced County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | Modesto, CA | California | Stanislaus County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | Napa, CA | California | Napa County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA | California | Alameda County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA | California | Contra Costa County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA | California | San Francisco County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA | California | San Mateo County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA | California | Marin County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | California | San Benito County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | California | Santa Clara County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA | California | Santa Cruz County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA | California | Sonoma County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | Stockton, CA | California | San Joaquin County |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA | Vallejo, CA | California | Solano County |
- 波士顿湾区
| CSA Title | cbsa_name | st_name | stco_name |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Barnstable Town, MA | Massachusetts | Barnstable County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | Massachusetts | Norfolk County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | Massachusetts | Plymouth County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | Massachusetts | Suffolk County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | Massachusetts | Essex County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | Massachusetts | Middlesex County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | New Hampshire | Rockingham County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | New Hampshire | Strafford County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Concord, NH | New Hampshire | Merrimack County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Laconia, NH | New Hampshire | Belknap County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Manchester-Nashua, NH | New Hampshire | Hillsborough County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Providence-Warwick, RI-MA | Massachusetts | Bristol County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Providence-Warwick, RI-MA | Rhode Island | Bristol County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Providence-Warwick, RI-MA | Rhode Island | Kent County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Providence-Warwick, RI-MA | Rhode Island | Newport County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Providence-Warwick, RI-MA | Rhode Island | Providence County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Providence-Warwick, RI-MA | Rhode Island | Washington County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Worcester, MA-CT | Connecticut | Windham County |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT | Worcester, MA-CT | Massachusetts | Worcester County |
美国湾区定义讨论
- 确定统计口径 (County, CBSA, CSA)
- 确定统计范围
数据可用性
- CBSA 是较为主流的统计口径，可用的数据更多
- CBSA 覆盖区域更广。IPEDS数据中以2020年为例，有6440 schools，其中288所没有CBSA code，有1466所没有CSA code。
主流报告的通用定义
- 世界湾区发展指数研究报告（深圳社科院）将湾区定义为以下5个MSA区域，包括10个Counties
- San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA
- San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA
- Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA
- Napa, CA
- Vallejo-Fairfield, CA
美国湾区定义推荐
推荐以 CBSA 为最小单元进行组合，可以分开统计，亦可合并统计，便于数据的获取、整合、对标。以美国湾区为例：
- 狭义的定义为两个 MSA：San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA 和 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA；
- 广义的定义可以依照深圳社科院的定义，再加上 Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA、Napa, CA，和 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA，但这几个区域的人口和经济活动在湾区中的占比都非常小，也没有重要的高校。