Introduction
Each person has his own unique microbiome.
Trillions of bacteria cells (microbiota) inhabit the human gut and growing evidence suggests that the rich array of intestinal microbiota helps us process nutrients in the foods we eat, bolsters the immune system, and maintain healthy conditions.
Gut microbial ecosystem has consequences that extend far beyond the intestinal tract, affecting everything from allergies and inflammation, metabolic diseases like diabetes and obesity, even mental health conditions such as autism, Parkinson’s disease, depression and anxiety. Recent data also suggest that the gut microbiome augment a personal response to medication including cancer therapy.
Uncovering the unknown on microbial composition by way of research provides the potential of a breakthrough and enables us to map out our plan of action on how to prevent, heal and improve a health and disease states.
Your sample have been analyzed through our gut microbial characterization pipeline, and we be compared to a predefined cohort of healthy Israelli adults (analyzed in the same way) that is constantly being updated. Results shown in your report are relative to this overall healthy cohort. In this report, we will tell you where you are positioned within this cohort of healthy adults.
Comparisons
We used different populations from different cohorts and calculated distances (similarity) to the defined group tested. The red colored histogram represents the distance of samples in our Israeli cohort of healthy individuals compared to those specific conditions defined in the indicated study. The vertical line represents the median of the distances in the Israeli adult cohort. The blue and green colored histograms represent the similarities (distance) of those conditions in the original cohort. Your dot indicates your distance (similarities) to those conditions. The closer the dot is to the colored histogram condition, the more similar it is.
Food
Your sample seems more similar to Paleo group.1
Your sample seems more similar to Few vegetables group.2 Consider to consume little bit more vegetables.
Your sample seem more similar to Rich Fruits group.2
Your sample seems more similar to No gluten group.2
General Health Index
The General Health Index combines many bacteria that have been shown to be associated with a non-disease state. We developed this composite score after looking at different disease and control cohorts from around the world, characterizing those bacteria more frequently seen in higher abundance in healthy controls and less frequently in diverse disease conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson’s disease and others. This score has been shown (reference) to be lower in people with various diseases compared to healthy people. Importantly, those bacterial compositions show only anti-correlations with different diseases, and there is no current evidence that the microbiome composition affects the disease or rather just reflects the disease state. Also there is variability of the score within healthy people and sick people, and therefore disease state cannot be reliably predicted on the individual level.
Your General Health Index is: 7.27. Within our healthy adult cohort, there are 46.32% of people with a General Health Index lower than you, and Your score is above 74.58% of the sick persons in our cohort. The blue dot represent your score in comparison to other healthy individuals in our cohort.
Alpha Diversity
Here we examine how diverse your gut microbiota is, or in other words how many different bacterial variants you have. In general, higher variance is linked to more healthy state. In the first bar graph, we show you where you are positioned in terms of diversity within the Israeli health cohort. The black dot represent your score in comparison to other healthy individuals in our cohort.
In the second graph we indicate your diversity (using Faith Phylogenetic Diversity), along the different ages of our Israeli cohort. Please note that the most dynamic period (most changes in diversity) take place during childhood, where the gut microbiome matures into its adult form. The enlarged dot represents your diversity. The black line indicates the median level of diversity seen for the indicate age, along the life span shown.
Your alpha diversity score (Faith) is: 13.7. This number is above 42% of Israeli healthy individuals .
Taxonomy information
Community structure
The bacterial in the gut live as a community that affect and interacts each other bacteria but also have constant interaction with the human host. To be able to characterize this community we need classifications. We use taxonomic classification, where the bacterial Kingdom is divided to several main phylum. In this circle chart we show Phyla distribution in the overall cohort and specifically in your gut bacteria community.
To have more specific classification, Phylum are further divided to classes. Class is divided to order, and this continues trough families > genus > species > bacterial stain.
In the graph below we indicate specific abundance of taxa and ratio previously linked with specific conditions.
Bacteroidetes / Firmicutes ratio
Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are the most abundant phylum, and some people associated their ratio to obesity and inflammation, but more research is needed to validate or dispute this. We present your Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes abundance and indicate that your Bacteroidetes / Firmicutes ratio is: 1.63 , and that of the general cohort is 1.63.
Read more:5
Bacteroides / Prevotella ratio
Bacteroides genus was previously linked with diets rich in animal protein and saturated fat. On the other hand, Prevotella genus was linked with diet rich in starch, fiber, and plant protein, and low in fat and animal protein. We present your Bacteroides and Prevotella abundance and indicate that your Bacteroides / Prevotella ratio is: 0.04 , and that of the general cohort is: 1.07.
Specific bacteria
Here you can find the prevalence of the bacteria in your gut. For comparison you can see the mean percentage for each bacteria in other people that have the same specific bacteria.
Most prevelant bacteria
Unique bacteria
In this table you can find your most special bacteria. The bacteria in this list are very rare in the Israeli healthy cohort. You can learn about each of them in the dbBact database in the link on the table.
| Phyla | Class | Order | Family | Genus | Species | Prevelance (%) | link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Prevotellaceae | Prevotella | 2.3 | dbBact | |
| Proteobacteria | Deltaproteobacteria | Desulfovibrionales | Desulfovibrionaceae | 3.1 | dbBact | ||
| Actinobacteria | Actinobacteria | Bifidobacteriales | Bifidobacteriaceae | Scardovia | 3.1 | dbBact | |
| Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | 3.9 | dbBact | |||
| Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Prevotellaceae | Prevotella | stercorea | 3.9 | dbBact |
| Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Oxalobacteraceae | Oxalobacter | formigenes | 3.9 | dbBact |
| Firmicutes | Clostridia | Clostridiales | 3.9 | dbBact | |||
| Firmicutes | Clostridia | Clostridiales | Lachnospiraceae | Shuttleworthia | 3.9 | dbBact | |
| Actinobacteria | Coriobacteriia | Coriobacteriales | Coriobacteriaceae | Adlercreutzia | 3.9 | dbBact | |
| Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Prevotellaceae | Prevotella | copri | 4.7 | dbBact |
| Bacteroidetes | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales | Prevotellaceae | 4.7 | dbBact |
Here you can see full taxonomy of your results in all different taxonomy levels. k = Kingdom, p = Phyla, c = class, o = Order, f = Family, g = Genus, s = Species
You can download the full data by click the button.
Bibliography
1. Turnbaugh PJ, Bäckhed F, Fulton L, Gordon JI. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell host & microbe 2008; 3:213–23.
2. McDonald D, Hyde E, Debelius JW, Morton JT, Gonzalez A, Ackermann G, Aksenov AA, Behsaz B, Brennan C, Chen Y, et al. American gut: An open platform for citizen science microbiome research. Msystems 2018; 3:e00031–18.
3. Kaplan RC, Wang Z, Usyk M, Sotres-Alvarez D, Daviglus ML, Schneiderman N, Talavera GA, Gellman MD, Thyagarajan B, Moon J-Y, et al. Gut microbiome composition in the hispanic community health study/study of latinos is shaped by geographic relocation, environmental factors, and obesity. Genome biology 2019; 20:1–21.
4. Jha AR, Davenport ER, Gautam Y, Bhandari D, Tandukar S, Ng KM, Fragiadakis GK, Holmes S, Gautam GP, Leach J, et al. Gut microbiome transition across a lifestyle gradient in himalaya. PLoS biology 2018; 16:e2005396.
5. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Human gut microbes associated with obesity. nature 2006; 444:1022–3.