Log Transformations are used to transform skewed datasets to nearly normal distributions by comparing log(x) against y.
To do a log transformation of a single vector, we just add 1 to the vector and use the log() function
logVector <- c(100, 40, 44, 21, 32, 8)
print(logVector)
## [1] 100 40 44 21 32 8
log(logVector + 1)
## [1] 4.615121 3.713572 3.806662 3.091042 3.496508 2.197225
For more information on this topic, see https://rpubs.com/marvinlemos/log-transformation