Russia-China Mutual Perceptions
August 22, 2022
Geographic distribution
China, Russia
Asia: Pakistan, Vietnam
Eurasia: Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine
Europe: Hungary, Italy, Serbia
Middle East: Egypt, Turkey
Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa
Latin America: Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela
Frequency Distributions / Graphs
Articles About Russian and Chinese Activities in Each Country
| CHN | RUS | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CHN | 0 | 126752 | 126752 |
| RUS | 119631 | 0 | 119631 |
| PAK | 93016 | 20070 | 113086 |
| VNM | 50586 | 13914 | 64500 |
| KGZ | 8089 | 12522 | 20611 |
| UKR | 6010 | 267583 | 273593 |
| HUN | 4417 | 6401 | 10818 |
| ITA | 19225 | 13997 | 33222 |
| SRB | 5444 | 11447 | 16891 |
| EGY | 12646 | 37792 | 50438 |
| TUR | 13369 | 165461 | 178830 |
| ETH | 5061 | 740 | 5801 |
| KEN | 11488 | 691 | 12179 |
| ZAF | 4539 | 1290 | 5829 |
| BOL | 951 | 1306 | 2257 |
| BRA | 15554 | 3875 | 19429 |
| VEN | 6860 | 19142 | 26002 |
| Total | 376886 | 702983 | 1079869 |
Total N for this analysis = 1.08 million.
376,886 news articles about Chinese activities.
702,983 news articles about Russian activities.
Nearly twice as many articles about Russian activities compared to Chinese activities in our data.
Articles About Russian and Chinese Activities in Each Geographic region
| CHN | RUS | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 0 | 126752 | 126752 |
| Russia | 119631 | 0 | 119631 |
| Asia | 143602 | 33984 | 177586 |
| Eurasia | 14099 | 280105 | 294204 |
| Europe | 29086 | 31845 | 60931 |
| Middle East | 26015 | 203253 | 229268 |
| Africa | 21088 | 2721 | 23809 |
| Latin America | 23365 | 24323 | 47688 |
| Total | 376886 | 702983 | 1079869 |
Frequency of Articles by News Sources
Chinese Activities by News Sources
| Chinese Media | Domestic Media | Russian Media | Western Media | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RUS | 30000 | 0 | 10572 | 79059 | 119631 |
| PAK | 14820 | 49134 | 827 | 28235 | 93016 |
| VNM | 12801 | 13086 | 350 | 24349 | 50586 |
| KGZ | 3605 | 2354 | 183 | 1947 | 8089 |
| UKR | 2000 | 970 | 120 | 2920 | 6010 |
| HUN | 2387 | 472 | 13 | 1545 | 4417 |
| ITA | 8187 | 1153 | 196 | 9689 | 19225 |
| SRB | 2899 | 1156 | 42 | 1347 | 5444 |
| EGY | 7840 | 1657 | 54 | 3095 | 12646 |
| TUR | 4542 | 557 | 314 | 7956 | 13369 |
| ETH | 2998 | 462 | 4 | 1597 | 5061 |
| KEN | 5894 | 3610 | 24 | 1960 | 11488 |
| ZAF | 1786 | 1909 | 15 | 829 | 4539 |
| BOL | 387 | 0 | 11 | 553 | 951 |
| BRA | 5395 | 252 | 102 | 9805 | 15554 |
| VEN | 1544 | 258 | 353 | 4705 | 6860 |
| Total | 107085 | 77030 | 13180 | 179591 | 376886 |
Russian Activities by News Sources
| Chinese Media | Domestic Media | Russian Media | Western Media | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHN | 26804 | 0 | 13052 | 86896 | 126752 |
| PAK | 1795 | 8728 | 3845 | 5702 | 20070 |
| VNM | 802 | 7269 | 881 | 4962 | 13914 |
| KGZ | 866 | 4308 | 1340 | 6008 | 12522 |
| UKR | 5343 | 49750 | 31047 | 181443 | 267583 |
| HUN | 163 | 670 | 711 | 4857 | 6401 |
| ITA | 567 | 1045 | 2297 | 10088 | 13997 |
| SRB | 109 | 2321 | 1068 | 7949 | 11447 |
| EGY | 1322 | 4520 | 2810 | 29140 | 37792 |
| TUR | 8490 | 7523 | 19033 | 130415 | 165461 |
| ETH | 113 | 80 | 69 | 478 | 740 |
| KEN | 5 | 287 | 47 | 352 | 691 |
| ZAF | 77 | 684 | 115 | 414 | 1290 |
| BOL | 47 | 5 | 184 | 1070 | 1306 |
| BRA | 744 | 200 | 414 | 2517 | 3875 |
| VEN | 1126 | 276 | 2605 | 15135 | 19142 |
| Total | 48373 | 87666 | 79518 | 487426 | 702983 |
Most Positive and Negative Outlets
V-Dem: Aggregrate (version 1)
V-Dem: Aggregrate (version 2)
Same as above, but x and y-axes are flipped:
FDI: Inward Flows
Data taken from World Bank.
Note: Most recent year for this data is 2019 (For 2020, I imputed my own values based on the 10-year trend).
Example data source (for Pakistan):
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?locations=PK
NOTE - The Eurasia/Europe figure above is noticeably different compared to everywhere else. It has a different y-axis and wilder fluctuations between the years.
Results: Media perception of Chinese and Russian activities in 15 countries
CONTROL VARIABLES:
- V-dem: Liberal Democracy & Electoral Democracy
- V-dem: Freedom of Expression
- Foreign Direct Investment, as % of GDP
The plots below visualize the OLS regression results from all individual dyads.
Changes from previous results
Results are ROBUST to the following control variables:
V-dem Democracy and Freedom of Press Indices
FDI data
Patterns:
Chinese media consistently positive
Russian media has a LOT of variation
Western media consistently negative, but MORE negative about Russian activities compared to Chinese activities
Interesting changes in results after we include the control variables. For eg, coefficient for Vietnam and KGZ goes down substantially in Russian plot
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