---
title: "Data Visualisation Final Project"

output:
  flexdashboard::flex_dashboard:
    # storyboard: true
    orientation: columns
    source_code: embed
    social: menu
    theme:
      version: 4
      bootswatch: bootstrap
    
    
---


```{r}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  echo = FALSE,
  message = FALSE,
  warning = FALSE,
  results = FALSE,
  knitr::opts_knit$set(root.dir = getwd())
)

```



```{r figure details}

title.size <- 16
subtitle.size <- 12
axis.title.size <- 10
axis.text.size <- 8


```


```{r setup}
library(flexdashboard)
```

```{r libraries, echo=FALSE}
library(bslib)
library(skimr)
library(vroom)
library(tidyverse)
library(dplyr)
library(ggthemes)
library(gghighlight)
library(plotly)
library(patchwork)
library(countrycode)
library(jpeg)
library(png)
library(grid)
library(svglite)
library(viridis)

```

```{r echo=FALSE}

astronauts <- vroom('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2020/2020-07-14/astronauts.csv')

launches <- vroom("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2019/2019-01-15/launches.csv")

agencies <- vroom("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2019/2019-01-15/agencies.csv")

mission_success <- vroom(here::here("data","Space_Corrected.csv"))
```


```{r echo=FALSE, include=FALSE}
mission_success <- select(mission_success, -c(1,2))

mission_success <- mission_success %>% 
  janitor::clean_names() %>% 
  mutate(datum = as.Date(mission_success$Datum, format = "%a %b %d, %Y"))


launches <-  launches %>% 
  left_join(mission_success, by = c("launch_date" = "datum"))
```

```{r, echo=FALSE, include=FALSE}
country_names <- c(US = "United States",
                'F'  = "France",
                BR = "Brazil",
                CN = "China",
                I = "italy",      
                'I-ESA' = "European Space Agency",
                RU  = "Russia",
                IR = "Iran",
                IL = "Isreal",
                J = "Japan",
                IN = "India",
                KR = "North Korea",
                KP = "South Korea",
                SU = "Soviet Union",
                UK = "United Kingdom",
                CYM = "Cayman Islands",
                'I-ELDO' = "European Launcher Development Organisation")  


country_colors <- c(US = "lightblue",
                    'F'  = "skyblue",
                    BR = "limegreen",
                    CN = "red3",
                    I = "lightgreen",      
                    'I-ESA' = "plum1",
                    RU  = "tomato",
                    IR = "lightgoldenrod",
                    IL = "tan2",
                    J = "mistyrose",
                    IN = "",
                    KR = "red",
                    KP = "South Korea",
                    SU = "tomato",
                    UK = "blue",
                    CYM = "orange",
                    'I-ELDO' = "sienna")



launches <- launches %>% 
  mutate(country_name = country_names[state_code])

launches <- launches %>% 
  mutate(agency = case_when(is.na(agency) ~ state_code,
                            TRUE ~ agency))

```
# Introduction

## Column 1 

### Introduction














**To Infinity and Beyond** - Stories from Space and about Astronauts









*Authors: * *Kazmer Nagy-Betegh, Nisa Ozer, Lauren Wade, Chandrima Tolia, Nereid Kwok, Thomas Giannetti*




# Countries Launching Rockets {data-navmenu="Space Race"}

## Column 1

>Let us look at the number of launches by Country. You can see a seperation between the US and Soviet Union, launching significantly more during the cold war. These two countries kickstarted space exploration during the sixties so let us look at that weird and exciting time.

### Launches by Countries


```{r space_race1, fig.height= 5, fig.width= 11, fig.align='center'}

launches %>% 
  filter(country_name == "NA")

space_race <- launches %>% 
  # filter(state_code %in% c("US", "SU", "RU")) %>% 
  group_by(launch_year, country_name) %>% 
  summarise(state_code, country_name, num_launches = n()) %>% 
  ungroup()
  


launchs_per_year_US_SU <- space_race %>% 
  filter(state_code %in% c("US", "SU", "RU")) %>% 
  ggplot( aes(x = launch_year,
              y = num_launches))+
  geom_point(aes(color = country_name))+
  geom_line(aes(color = country_name))+
  gghighlight(state_code %in% c("US","SU","RU"))+
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "United States and Soviet Union (Russia) Space Race",
       x = "",
       y = "launches/year")+
  scale_color_manual(values = c("tomato","tomato", "lightblue"))


launchs_per_year_non_us_su <- space_race %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = launch_year,
              y = num_launches))+
  geom_point(aes(color = country_name))+
  geom_line(aes(color = country_name))+
  gghighlight(!state_code %in% c("US","SU","RU"))+
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Countries joining Space Exploration",
       x = "",
       y = "launches/year")


temp <- launchs_per_year_US_SU  | launchs_per_year_non_us_su

ggsave("figures/launches_per_country.svg", temp, height = 10, width = 12)

```

![](./figures/launches_per_country.svg)

# Space Race Dates {data-navmenu="Space Race"}

## Column 1

### Space race dates marked {data-height=300}

```{r space_race, fig.width=12, fig.height=3}

img <- readJPEG(here::here("data/milky.jpg"))

g <- rasterGrob(img, interpolate=TRUE)

space_race_dates <- space_race %>% 
  filter(state_code %in% c("US", "SU", "RU")) %>% 
  ggplot( aes(x = launch_year,
              y = num_launches))+
  geom_point(aes(color = country_name))+
  geom_line(aes(color = country_name))+
  scale_color_manual(values = c("tomato","tomato", "lightblue"))+
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "1957 - 1969 Space Race",
       x = "",
       y = "launches/year")+
  annotate("rect", xmin = 1957, xmax = 1969, ymin = 0, ymax = 110,
           alpha = 0.3, fill = "lemonchiffon3")+
  theme(plot.title = element_text(size = title.size),
        axis.title = element_text(size = axis.title.size),
        axis.text = element_text(size = axis.text.size))


# space_race_dates

ggsave(file="figures/space_race_dates.svg", plot=space_race_dates, width=12, height=3)
```

![](./figures/space_race_dates.svg)

### Space Race Key Dates {data-height=700}

```{r fig.width=12, fig.height=7}

space_race_mission_success_values <- launches %>% 
  group_by(launch_year, country_name, category) %>% 
  summarise(n_missions = n()) %>% 
  mutate(mission_ssuccess_rate = round(n_missions/sum(n_missions)*100,2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  filter(category == "O") %>% 
  select(-n_missions, -category)

launches <- launches %>% 
  left_join(space_race_mission_success_values, by = c("country_name" = "country_name","launch_year" = "launch_year"))

img <- readJPEG(here::here("data/laika.jpg"))

g <- rasterGrob(img, interpolate=TRUE)


img <- readJPEG(here::here("data/alex.jpg"))

g2 <- rasterGrob(img, interpolate=TRUE)

img <- readJPEG(here::here("data/moon.jpg"))

g3 <- rasterGrob(img, interpolate=TRUE)

space_race_key_dates <- launches %>% 
  filter(state_code %in% c("US", "SU", "RU")) %>% 
  filter(launch_year < 1970) %>% 
  group_by(launch_year, country_name) %>% 
  summarise(mission_ssuccess_rate, launch_year, country_name, num_launches = n()) %>% 
  ggplot( aes(x = launch_year,
              y = num_launches,
              label = mission_ssuccess_rate))+
  
  annotate("rect", xmin = 1957, xmax = 1969, ymin = 0, ymax = 180,
           alpha = 0.3, fill = "lemonchiffon3")+
  
  annotation_custom(g, xmin=1955, xmax=1959, ymin=57, ymax=80)+
  annotate("segment", x = 1957, y = 0, xend = 1957, yend = 50 ,color = "tomato")+
  annotate("text", x = 1957, y = 55, label = "Laika in Space",color = "tomato")+
  
  annotate("segment", x = 1961, y = 0, xend = 1961, yend = 70 , color = "tomato")+
  annotate("text", x = 1961, y = 75, label = "Yuri Gagarin in Space", color = "tomato")+
  
  annotate("segment", x = 1963, y = 0, xend = 1963, yend = 90 , color = "tomato")+
  annotate("text", x = 1963, y = 95, label = "Valentina Tereshkova first woman in Space", color = "tomato")+
  
  annotation_custom(g2, xmin=1964, xmax=1966, ymin=108, ymax=128)+
  annotate("segment", x = 1965, y = 0, xend = 1965, yend = 100 , color = "tomato")+
  annotate("text", x = 1965, y = 105, label = " Alexei Leonov leaves spacecrafts and has first spacewalk", color = "tomato")+
  
  annotate("segment", x = 1967, y = 0, xend = 1967, yend = 110 , color = "black")+
  annotate("text", x = 1967, y = 115, label = "Deadliest Year for both Sides", color = "black")+
  
  annotate("segment", x = 1968, y = 0, xend = 1968, yend = 130 , color = "blue")+
  annotate("text", x = 1968, y = 132, label = "Apollo 8 first human crewed spacecraft to reach the moon, orbit, and return to earth", color = "blue", hjust = .8)+
  
  annotation_custom(g3, xmin=1968, xmax=1969, ymin=142 ,ymax=172)+
  annotate("segment", x = 1969, y = 0, xend = 1969, yend = 135 , color = "blue")+
  annotate("text", x = 1969, y = 140, label = "First men to walk on the moon - American victory", color = "blue", hjust = 1)+
  
  geom_point(aes(color = country_name))+
  geom_line(aes(color = country_name))+
  # geom_text(aes(x = launch_year,
  #             y = num_launches,
  #             label = paste0(mission_ssuccess_rate,"%")),
  #           vjust = -1)+
  scale_color_manual(values = c("tomato", "lightblue"))+
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "1957 - 1969 Space Race",
       x = "",
       y = "launches/year",
       color = "")+
  xlim(1955,1972)+
  ylim(0,180)+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = scales::pretty_breaks(12))+
  theme(plot.title = element_text(size = title.size),
        axis.title = element_text(size = axis.title.size),
        axis.text = element_text(size = axis.text.size),
        plot.subtitle = element_text(size = subtitle.size))

# space_race_key_dates
  
ggsave(file="figures/space_race_key_dates.svg", plot=space_race_key_dates, width=12, height=7)

```

![](./figures/space_race_key_dates.svg)

# Mission SuccessRate during Space Race {data-navmenu="Space Race"}

## Column 1

### Mission Success during the Space Race 

```{r}


space_race_mission_success <- launches %>% 
  filter(state_code %in% c("US", "SU", "RU")) %>%
  filter(launch_year < 1970) %>% 
  group_by(launch_year, country_name, category) %>% 
  summarise(n_missions = n()) %>% 
  mutate(prc_missions = round(n_missions/sum(n_missions)*100,2)) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = country_name,
              y = n_missions))+
  geom_col(aes(fill = category))+
  geom_text(aes(x = country_name,
                y = n_missions,
                label = paste0(prc_missions,"%"),
                group = category),
            position=position_stack(vjust=0.5),
            size = rel(2))+
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "1957 - 1969 Space Race success Rate",
       x = "",
       y = "launches/year",
       fill = "")+
  facet_grid(~launch_year)+
  scale_fill_manual(label = c("Failed Mission", "Succesful Mission"),
                    values = c("lightblue","dodgerblue"))+
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle= 45, ))+
  theme(plot.title = element_text(size = title.size),
        axis.title = element_text(size = axis.title.size),
        axis.text = element_text(size = axis.text.size),
        plot.subtitle = element_text(size = subtitle.size))


# space_race_mission_success

ggsave("figures/space_race_mission_success.svg", space_race_mission_success, width = 12, height = 10)
```
![](./figures/space_race_mission_success.svg)

# Astronouts Age {data-navmenu="Astronauts"}

>Lets take a look at trends between astronauts. Have they gotten younger or older over the years? Did agencies start sending up younger or older astronauts as technology has improved?

## Column 1   

### Astronaut First Mission Age and Average Age across missions

```{r}
age <- astronauts %>% 
  mutate(age_at_mission = year_of_mission - year_of_birth) %>% 
  select(age_at_mission, year_of_mission, year_of_birth, name) %>%
  mutate(decade = case_when((year_of_mission >= 1960 & year_of_mission < 1970) ~ "1960s",
                            (year_of_mission >= 1970 & year_of_mission < 1980) ~ "1970s",
                            (year_of_mission >= 1980 & year_of_mission < 1990) ~ "1980s",
                            (year_of_mission >= 1990 & year_of_mission < 2000) ~ "1990s",
                            (year_of_mission >= 2000 & year_of_mission < 2010) ~ "2000s",
                            (year_of_mission >= 2010 & year_of_mission < 2020) ~ "2010s"))

age_first <- age %>% 
  group_by(name) %>% 
  summarise(age_at_mission = min(age_at_mission), decade)

#age at their first mission, when they become astronauts
age_first_plot <- age_first %>% 
  ggplot(aes( x = age_at_mission, fill=decade )) +
  geom_histogram()+
  labs(title = "Astronauts Have Started Their Career Later Overtime",
       subtitle = "Age taken for each astronaut at the time of their first mission",
       x="Age at Mission",
       y="Number of Austronauts") +
  facet_wrap(~decade)+
  theme_minimal()+
  scale_fill_viridis(discrete = TRUE)+
  theme(plot.title = element_text(size = title.size),
        axis.title = element_text(size = axis.title.size),
        axis.text = element_text(size = axis.text.size),
        plot.subtitle = element_text(size = subtitle.size))


#general age distribution in the industry
age_plot <- age %>% 
  ggplot(aes( x = age_at_mission, fill=decade )) +
  geom_histogram() +
  labs(title = "Astronauts Have Gotten Older Overtime",
       subtitle = "Age taken for each astronaut at time of every mission",
        x="Age at Mission",
       y="Number of Austronauts") +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_fill_viridis(discrete = TRUE)+
  facet_wrap(~decade)+
  theme(plot.title = element_text(size = title.size),
        axis.title = element_text(size = axis.title.size),
        axis.text = element_text(size = axis.text.size),
        plot.subtitle = element_text(size = subtitle.size))
 
temp <- age_first_plot / age_plot

# temp

ggsave("figures/astronout_ages.svg", temp, width = 12, height = 10)

```
![](./figures/astronout_ages.svg)

## Column 2 {data-width=200}


### Observations 

 - It looks like the amount of astronauts is increasing until the 2000s and then decreases substantially in 2010. This is most likely due to the decrease in budgets for space travel, which we will go into more detail about later. 
 
 - Other explanation is that being an astronout was at peek coolnes during late 70s 80s as those kids became the astronouts of the 90s.


# Gender Distribution of Astronouts {data-navmenu="Astronauts"}


## Column 1

### Gender Distribution Across the Years

```{r }

gender_count <- astronauts %>% 
    group_by(sex, year_of_mission) %>% 
    count(year_of_mission)

female_male <- gender_count %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = year_of_mission, y = n, fill = sex)) +
  geom_col() +
  labs(title = "Women Start Going to Space in the 80s",
       subtitle = "Data taken for each austronaut at time of every mission",
       x="Year of Mission",
       y="Number of Austronauts")+
  theme_minimal()

female_male_annotated <- female_male + 
  annotate("text", x = 1965, y = 25, label = "Valentina Tereshkova", size = 3) + 
  annotate("segment", x = 1965, xend = 1963, y = 23,  yend = 6, colour = "black", size = 0.5 , arrow = arrow() )

female_male_annotated <- female_male_annotated + 
  scale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(1960,2020,5)) + 
  geom_text(aes(label = n), 
            position=position_stack(vjust=0.5), 
            size =rel(2))+
  theme(plot.title = element_text(size = title.size),
        axis.title = element_text(size = axis.title.size),
        axis.text = element_text(size = axis.text.size),
        plot.subtitle = element_text(size = subtitle.size))+
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("wheat", "slategray2"))

# female_male_annotated
    
ggsave("figures/female_male_annotated.svg", female_male_annotated, width = 12, height = 10)
```
![](./figures/female_male_annotated.svg)


## Column 2 {data-width=200}

### Observations

 - The first woman to go into space was a Russian woman named Valentina Tereshkova in 1963. Looking at the graph we can see another woman did not travel into space until 1982 almost 20 years later. In the 80s the number of women astronauts increased consistently but then decreased along with the number of astronauts as a whole.
 
 - Where Russians ahead of the curve of gender equality or just needed a point during the space race?


# Space Walks {data-navmenu="Astronauts"}

>Interestingly some of these records have not been broken within the past 2 decades. 

## Column 1

### Most Hours Spent Space Walking

```{r space walk record holders, fig.align='center', fig.height= 5, fig.width= 11, echo=FALSE}

space_walk <- astronauts %>% 
  group_by(name) %>% 
  distinct(nationality, total_eva_hrs) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  slice_max(order_by = total_eva_hrs, n=15, with_ties = TRUE) %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_col(aes(x = total_eva_hrs,
             y = reorder(name,total_eva_hrs),
             fill = nationality))+
  geom_text(aes(x = total_eva_hrs,
             y = reorder(name,total_eva_hrs),
             label = total_eva_hrs),
            hjust = 2)+
  theme_minimal()+
  labs(title = "Most Hours Spent Space Walking",
       y = "",
       x = "hours")+
  scale_fill_manual(values = c( "lightblue", "tomato"))

ggsave("figures/space_walk.svg", space_walk, width = 12, height = 10)

```

![](./figures/space_walk.svg)

## Column 2 {data-width=200}

### Observation

 - Connecting back the number of launches and the space race it is blatant that the US astronauts spent more time space walking (being outside a space vehicle) than the USSR, but the astronaut with the most hours walking in space was Russian.

  - Space walks are usually done with the objective of fixing satellites and space-telescopes. 


# Privatisation of Space 

>US State Launches Falls while Private Launches Rise


## Column 1

### Privatisation of Space, State vs Private Launches

```{r }
 state_vs_private <- launches %>% 
  filter(state_code == "US") %>% 
  mutate(agency_type = ifelse(as.character(agency_type) == "startup", "private", as.character(agency_type))) %>%  # combine startup and private
  group_by(launch_year,agency_type,category) %>% 
  count() %>% 
  unite('type_category',agency_type:category,remove=FALSE) %>% 
  mutate(type_category = case_when(type_category=="state_F" ~ "State - Failure",
                                   type_category=="state_O" ~ "State - Success",
                                   type_category=="private_F" ~ "Private - Failure",
                                   type_category=="private_O" ~ "Private - Success")) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=launch_year,y=n,fill = type_category))+
  geom_col(width = 0.8)+
  geom_segment(aes(x = 1966, y = 106, xend = 1966, yend = 98),color = "royalblue",
                  arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.15, "cm")))+
  geom_segment(aes(x = 1986, y = 38, xend = 1986, yend = 15),color = "indianred",
                  arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.15, "cm")))+
  geom_segment(aes(x = 1989, y = 64, xend = 1989, yend = 30),color = "grey40",
                  arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.15, "cm")))+
  geom_segment(aes(x = 2012, y = 42, xend = 2012, yend = 20),color = "royalblue",
                  arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.15, "cm")))+
  annotate("text", x=1966, y=110, label= "1966: Highest State Launches",size=3.5, color="royalblue3") +
  annotate("text", x=1986, y=48, label= "1986:\n Challenger \n Explosion",size=3.5, color="indianred3") +
  annotate("text", x=1989, y=68, label= "1989: Private Launches Begins",size=3.5, color="grey30") +
  annotate("text", x=2012, y=46, label= "2012: State Launches Faded",size=3.5, color="royalblue3") +
  annotate("text", x=1958, y=69, label= "High failure rates \n in early years",size=3.5,color="lightblue4") +
  labs(title = "US State Launches Falls while Private Launches Rises",
       subtitle = "US State and Private Launches by Success",
       x="Year",
       y="Launches",
       fill="Agency Success")+
  theme_minimal()+
  scale_fill_manual("Agency Success", 
                    values = c("State - Failure" = "lightblue", 
                               "State - Success" = "dodgerblue",
                               "Private - Failure" = "grey", 
                               "Private - Success" = "black"))+
  theme(plot.title = element_text(size = title.size),
        axis.title = element_text(size = axis.title.size),
        axis.text = element_text(size = axis.text.size),
        plot.subtitle = element_text(size = subtitle.size),
        legend.background = element_rect(color = NA))

ggsave("figures/state_vs_private.svg", state_vs_private, width = 12, height = 10)

```

![](./figures/state_vs_private.svg)

## Column 2 {data-width=200}

### Observation

 - 1966: Peaked state launches 1986: Challenger Explosion

 - 1989: Private commercial Launches starts
  
 - 2012: Barely any state launches
  
 - We can also see a decrease across the board overtime in failed launches and that private launches tend to have a little but of a lower success rate, but quicker iteration time which brings costs down.

 - Our hypothesis was that this was due to the budget that goes into private vs state launches and so we will explore the Nasa budget more on the next slide. 

# NASA Budget
> Under budget during Space Race. Over budget after lauching missions pauses as NASA focus on other projects.

## Column 1

### NASA Budget

```{r}
# Import and clean Nasa Spending Data
nasa_spending <- vroom(here::here("data","nasa_budget.csv"))
nasa_spending <- nasa_spending %>% 
  select(1:6) %>%  # select non empty rows
  janitor::clean_names() %>% 
  mutate(request = as.numeric(request),
         actual = as.numeric(actual))

# Graph of NASA actual vs budget spending
nasa_budget <- nasa_spending %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=fiscal_year))+
  geom_line(data=subset(nasa_spending, fiscal_year>=2021),aes(y=request),linetype=2,color="royalblue",size=1) +
  geom_line(data=subset(nasa_spending, fiscal_year<=2021),aes(y=request),linetype=1,color="orchid") +
  geom_line(aes(y=actual),size=1,color="royalblue")+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 2012,color="grey50",linetype="dashed")+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 1959,color="grey50",linetype="dashed")+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 1969,color="grey50",linetype="dashed")+
  geom_ribbon(aes(ymin=request, ymax=pmax(actual,request)),fill="red", alpha = 0.3) +
  geom_ribbon(aes(ymin=pmin(actual,request), ymax=request), fill="turquoise4", alpha = 0.3)+
  annotate("rect", xmin = 1959, xmax = 1969, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, fill = "grey", alpha = 0.1) +
  annotate("rect", xmin = 2021, xmax = 2026, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, fill = "wheat", alpha = 0.3)+
  annotate("text", x=2023.6, y=3550, label= "Forecasted \n Budget",size=3.1, color="royalblue3") +
  annotate("text", x=2012.1, y=500, label= " NASA paused \n self-launching \n missions from 2012",size=3.1, color="grey20",hjust = 0) +
  annotate("text", x=1964, y=270, label= "US-USSR Space Race",size=3.1, color="grey20") +
  labs(title = "NASA Budget vs Actual Spending",
       subtitle = "NASA Spending Compared to Budget (Inflation Adjusted)",
       x="Year",
       y="USD (Million)")+
  theme_minimal()


ggsave("figures/nasa_budget.svg",nasa_budget, width = 12, height = 10)
```

![](./figures/nasa_budget.svg)

## Column 2 {data-width=200}

### Observation

 - When NASA paused self-launching missions in 2012, NASA started to spend over the budget. We can see that NASA moved from launching missions to other projects such as focusing on Mars exploration (40% of total spending from 2021).

 - NASA's forecasted budget continues to increase, and the expected spending is expected to be higher than the Space Race period. The future projects in the coming 5 years will be focused on Mars Sample Return (less of exploration) and other planetary discovery and explorations.
  


```{r linear-model}

# Data exploration for potential model development

astronauts %>% 
  count(occupation)

astronauts <- astronauts %>% 
  mutate(occupation = replace(occupation, occupation == "Flight engineer", "flight engineer"),
         occupation = replace(occupation, occupation == "Pilot", "pilot"),
         occupation = replace(occupation, occupation == "Space tourist", "Other (space tourist)"),
         occupation = replace(occupation, occupation == "Other (Space tourist)", "Other (space tourist)"),
         occupation = replace(occupation, occupation == "spaceflight participant", "Other (space tourist)"))


astronauts %>% 
  count(occupation)

astronauts %>% 
  count(sex)

astronauts %>% 
  count(military_civilian)


astronauts %>% 
  count(ascend_shuttle) %>% 
  arrange(desc(n))


astronauts %>% 
  count(in_orbit) %>% 
  arrange(desc(n))

astronauts %>% 
  count(descend_shuttle) %>% 
  arrange(desc(n))


model <- lm(hours_mission ~ occupation*military_civilian*sex ,
            data = astronauts
            )


summary(model)

```

# Data Sources

## Column 1

### Data Source, Methods Used


**Methods Used:**


 - The Data was checked for inconsistencies and missing values then cleaned
 - For each visualisation the necessary calculations were conducted to summarise, transform or filter the data. It is all visible through the Source Code button within the dashboard.
 - Apart from exploratory analyses modelling was tried on the data, but the dataset doesn't lend itself great for predictions. A linear regression does reveal signifcant correlation between time spent increased time spent on missions and being a flight mechanic
 - The plotting methods used are mainly column charts, scatter plots combined with line charts and histograms.









**Data Sources:**


[Data is from tiny tuesday challenge](https://github.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/tree/master/data/2020/2020-07-14)

[astronauts dataset](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2020/2020-07-14/astronauts.csv)

[launches dataset](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2019/2019-01-15/launches.csv)

[agencies dataset](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2019/2019-01-15/agencies.csv)

[mission success](https://www.kaggle.com/agirlcoding/all-space-missions-from-1957)

[NASA budget dataset](https://www.planetary.org/space-policy/planetary-exploration-budget-dataset)