Social Solidarity
BUSIA UHC/POPULATION HEALTH PROGRAM BASELINE SURVEY IN BUNYALA SUB-COUNTY, BUSIA
Contributors:
Jeremiah Laktabai, Co-Principal Investigator Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University jklaktabai@gmail.com
Laura Ruhl, Co-Principal Investigator Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine ljruhl@iu.edu Benjamin Andama, Co-Investigator Health Financing Manager, Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) andamabenjamin@gmail.com
Caitrin Kelly, Co-investigator Assistant Professor Department of Medicine Indiana University Department of Medicine camakell@iu.edu
Matthew Turissini, Co-Investigator Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine mturissini@gmail.com Jamil Said, Co-Investigator Assistant Lecturer, Department of Human Anatomy and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University jamilalariik@gmail.com
Becky Genberg, Co-Investigator Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Bgenberg@jhu.edu
Bishnu Thapa, PhD Student Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University, School of Public Health bishnu_thapa@brown.edu
Beryl Maritim, Co-Investigator Program Manager, Population Health Initiative, Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Berylc.maritim@gmail.com
Michael Scanlon, Co-Investigator Assistant Director of Research, Indiana University Center for Global Health mscanlon@iu.edu
Cornelius Lagat, Co-Investigator M&E/Data Assistant, Population Health Initiative, Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) corny.kip@gmail.com
Allan Kimaina, Co-Investigator Statistician, Population Health Initiative, Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH)
Elvirah Riungu Population Health Initiative, Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH)
Michael Kibiwott Population Health Initiative, Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH)
1 Backround
The Population Health Initiative is an AMPATH/MOH partnership initiated in 2016 working with county governments to develop a model for Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in Kenya. Its goal is to integrate siloed vertical services into a more comprehensive integrated system of providing care by focusing on three key strategies: (1) support economic empowerment by maximizing the power of community groups, (2) create a seamless public health care system, and (3) fully partner with NHIF to increase enrollment and retention in the insurance program. In 2019, AMPATH signed an MOU with Busia County government to design and implement the Busia UHC program. In order to provide household baseline data to inform the design and the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the program, we are conducting a cross-sectional mixed method baseline survey of households in Bunyala sub-County, Busia.
2 Objective
The objective of this study is to provide baseline data on UHC to inform the Busia UHC pilot. We plan to repeat this survey in future as funds become available in order to measure the impact of the UHC pilot in Bunyala sub-County on health service delivery, healthcare utilization, perceptions of healthcare quality in the public sector and household health spending.
Objective 1. To estimate UHC in Bunyala sub-County, Busia using an established UHC measurement framework
- Objective 1.1. To estimate the health service coverage
- Objective 1.2. To determine equity in access to preventative and curative health services
- Objective 1.3. To estimate the prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure and the proportion of the population that is impoverished by out of pocket spending
Objective 2. To describe the correlates of NHIF health insurance enrolment among the informal sector
- Objective 2.1. To evaluate the relationship between social solidarity, affordability of premiums, citizen awareness and empowerment and other factors and NHIF enrolment among the informal sector households.
- Objective 2.2. To measure participation in economic empowerment interventions and its association with enrolment in NHIF
3 Population GIS
3.1 Location
3.2 Busia
4 Socio-solidarity
5 Table 1: Insurance status and household characteristics of the respondents
Table 1: Insurance status and household characteristics of the respondents | ||||
| have health insurance |
| ||
Variable | Overall, N = 1,8951 | No, N = 1,6711 | Yes, N = 2241 | p-value2 |
age | <0.001 | |||
˃64 | 310.0 (100.0%) | 285.0 (91.9%) | 25.0 (8.1%) | |
<18 | 0.0 (NA%) | 0.0 (NA%) | 0.0 (NA%) | |
18-24 | 90.0 (100.0%) | 89.0 (98.9%) | 1.0 (1.1%) | |
25-44 | 834.0 (100.0%) | 729.0 (87.4%) | 105.0 (12.6%) | |
45-64 | 661.0 (100.0%) | 568.0 (85.9%) | 93.0 (14.1%) | |
sex | 0.036 | |||
Female | 1,203.0 (100.0%) | 1,075.0 (89.4%) | 128.0 (10.6%) | |
Male | 692.0 (100.0%) | 596.0 (86.1%) | 96.0 (13.9%) | |
marital status | <0.001 | |||
Divorced/separated | 155.0 (100.0%) | 142.0 (91.6%) | 13.0 (8.4%) | |
Married/ living together | 1,181.0 (100.0%) | 1,010.0 (85.5%) | 171.0 (14.5%) | |
Never married/never lived together | 131.0 (100.0%) | 124.0 (94.7%) | 7.0 (5.3%) | |
Widowed | 428.0 (100.0%) | 395.0 (92.3%) | 33.0 (7.7%) | |
ever attended school | <0.001 | |||
No | 387.0 (100.0%) | 365.0 (94.3%) | 22.0 (5.7%) | |
Yes | 1,508.0 (100.0%) | 1,306.0 (86.6%) | 202.0 (13.4%) | |
highest level education | <0.001 | |||
Adult litteracy education | 12.0 (100.0%) | 10.0 (83.3%) | 2.0 (16.7%) | |
College (middle level) | 83.0 (100.0%) | 47.0 (56.6%) | 36.0 (43.4%) | |
Lower primary | 350.0 (100.0%) | 328.0 (93.7%) | 22.0 (6.3%) | |
Nursery | 14.0 (100.0%) | 14.0 (100.0%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | |
Post primary/ vocational | 44.0 (100.0%) | 42.0 (95.5%) | 2.0 (4.5%) | |
Secondary | 266.0 (100.0%) | 221.0 (83.1%) | 45.0 (16.9%) | |
University | 24.0 (100.0%) | 7.0 (29.2%) | 17.0 (70.8%) | |
Upper primary | 715.0 (100.0%) | 637.0 (89.1%) | 78.0 (10.9%) | |
N/A | 387 | 365 | 22 | |
household size | 5.3 (3.3) | 5.3 (3.4) | 5.7 (2.8) | 0.049 |
N/A | 208 | 187 | 21 | |
occupation | <0.001 | |||
Formal employment | 46.0 (100.0%) | 9.0 (19.6%) | 37.0 (80.4%) | |
Homemakers(Stay at home) | 316.0 (100.0%) | 295.0 (93.4%) | 21.0 (6.6%) | |
Others (Specify) | 11.0 (100.0%) | 9.0 (81.8%) | 2.0 (18.2%) | |
Students | 8.0 (100.0%) | 8.0 (100.0%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | |
Unemployed/Seeking work | 117.0 (100.0%) | 108.0 (92.3%) | 9.0 (7.7%) | |
Working in informal employment(eg farmers,artisans,juakali,business etc) | 1,397.0 (100.0%) | 1,242.0 (88.9%) | 155.0 (11.1%) | |
household income per month | <0.001 | |||
Ksh 0-500 | 548.0 (100.0%) | 502.0 (91.6%) | 46.0 (8.4%) | |
Ksh 1001-2000 | 257.0 (100.0%) | 235.0 (91.4%) | 22.0 (8.6%) | |
Ksh 2001-3000 | 244.0 (100.0%) | 225.0 (92.2%) | 19.0 (7.8%) | |
Ksh 3001-5000 | 261.0 (100.0%) | 229.0 (87.7%) | 32.0 (12.3%) | |
Ksh 5001-10000 | 172.0 (100.0%) | 138.0 (80.2%) | 34.0 (19.8%) | |
Ksh 501-1000 | 327.0 (100.0%) | 303.0 (92.7%) | 24.0 (7.3%) | |
Ksh 10000 and above | 86.0 (100.0%) | 39.0 (45.3%) | 47.0 (54.7%) | |
member financial group chama | <0.001 | |||
No | 1,182.0 (100.0%) | 1,076.0 (91.0%) | 106.0 (9.0%) | |
Yes | 713.0 (100.0%) | 595.0 (83.5%) | 118.0 (16.5%) | |
admitted last 12m | 0.10 | |||
No | 1,767.0 (100.0%) | 1,564.0 (88.5%) | 203.0 (11.5%) | |
Yes | 128.0 (100.0%) | 107.0 (83.6%) | 21.0 (16.4%) | |
given birth last 12m | 0.2 | |||
No | 537.0 (100.0%) | 472.0 (87.9%) | 65.0 (12.1%) | |
Yes | 92.0 (100.0%) | 85.0 (92.4%) | 7.0 (7.6%) | |
N/A | 1,266 | 1,114 | 152 | |
Amount paid for contraceptive | 334.4 (4,418.2) | 42.9 (116.7) | 2,969.6 (13,970.5) | <0.001 |
N/A | 1,644 | 1,445 | 199 | |
breast examination | <0.001 | |||
No | 441.0 (100.0%) | 391.0 (88.7%) | 50.0 (11.3%) | |
Yes | 41.0 (100.0%) | 26.0 (63.4%) | 15.0 (36.6%) | |
N/A | 1,413 | 1,254 | 159 | |
diagnosis-Hypertension | 0.13 | |||
No | 1,546.0 (100.0%) | 1,372.0 (88.7%) | 174.0 (11.3%) | |
Yes | 339.0 (100.0%) | 291.0 (85.8%) | 48.0 (14.2%) | |
N/A | 10 | 8 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Diabetes | 0.048 | |||
No | 1,805.0 (100.0%) | 1,598.0 (88.5%) | 207.0 (11.5%) | |
Yes | 80.0 (100.0%) | 65.0 (81.2%) | 15.0 (18.8%) | |
N/A | 10 | 8 | 2 | |
diagnosis-HIV/AIDS | 0.4 | |||
No | 1,595.0 (100.0%) | 1,403.0 (88.0%) | 192.0 (12.0%) | |
Yes | 290.0 (100.0%) | 260.0 (89.7%) | 30.0 (10.3%) | |
N/A | 10 | 8 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Arthritis or Joint pains | 0.5 | |||
No | 1,701.0 (100.0%) | 1,498.0 (88.1%) | 203.0 (11.9%) | |
Yes | 184.0 (100.0%) | 165.0 (89.7%) | 19.0 (10.3%) | |
N/A | 10 | 8 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Peptic ulcer | <0.001 | |||
No | 1,652.0 (100.0%) | 1,480.0 (89.6%) | 172.0 (10.4%) | |
Yes | 233.0 (100.0%) | 183.0 (78.5%) | 50.0 (21.5%) | |
N/A | 10 | 8 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Cancer | 0.2 | |||
No | 1,861.0 (100.0%) | 1,644.0 (88.3%) | 217.0 (11.7%) | |
Yes | 24.0 (100.0%) | 19.0 (79.2%) | 5.0 (20.8%) | |
N/A | 10 | 8 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Chronic lung disease such as Asthma, COPD (excluding Tuberculosis) | 0.4 | |||
No | 1,851.0 (100.0%) | 1,631.0 (88.1%) | 220.0 (11.9%) | |
Yes | 34.0 (100.0%) | 32.0 (94.1%) | 2.0 (5.9%) | |
N/A | 10 | 8 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Skin disease | 0.6 | |||
No | 1,848.0 (100.0%) | 1,629.0 (88.1%) | 219.0 (11.9%) | |
Yes | 37.0 (100.0%) | 34.0 (91.9%) | 3.0 (8.1%) | |
N/A | 10 | 8 | 2 | |
1n (%); Mean (SD) | ||||
2Fisher's Exact Test for Count Data with simulated p-value | ||||
6 Table 2: Willingness to prepay and tolerance of risk cross-subsidies among the respondents
Table 2: Willingness to prepay and tolerance of risk cross-subsidies among the respondents | |||||
| willing_to_pay |
| |||
Variable | Overall, N = 1,7311 | willing though not sick now, N = 4861 | willing though poorer will use service more, N = 1,0381 | willing though sicker will use service more, N = 2071 | p-value2 |
age | 0.031 | ||||
˃64 | 242.0 (100.0%) | 70.0 (28.9%) | 153.0 (63.2%) | 19.0 (7.9%) | |
<18 | 0.0 (NA%) | 0.0 (NA%) | 0.0 (NA%) | 0.0 (NA%) | |
18-24 | 86.0 (100.0%) | 31.0 (36.0%) | 39.0 (45.3%) | 16.0 (18.6%) | |
25-44 | 783.0 (100.0%) | 224.0 (28.6%) | 465.0 (59.4%) | 94.0 (12.0%) | |
45-64 | 620.0 (100.0%) | 161.0 (26.0%) | 381.0 (61.5%) | 78.0 (12.6%) | |
sex | 0.022 | ||||
Female | 1,085.0 (100.0%) | 320.0 (29.5%) | 624.0 (57.5%) | 141.0 (13.0%) | |
Male | 646.0 (100.0%) | 166.0 (25.7%) | 414.0 (64.1%) | 66.0 (10.2%) | |
marital status | 0.5 | ||||
Divorced/separated | 145.0 (100.0%) | 44.0 (30.3%) | 84.0 (57.9%) | 17.0 (11.7%) | |
Married/ living together | 1,105.0 (100.0%) | 299.0 (27.1%) | 662.0 (59.9%) | 144.0 (13.0%) | |
Never married/never lived together | 116.0 (100.0%) | 32.0 (27.6%) | 72.0 (62.1%) | 12.0 (10.3%) | |
Widowed | 365.0 (100.0%) | 111.0 (30.4%) | 220.0 (60.3%) | 34.0 (9.3%) | |
ever attended school | 0.2 | ||||
No | 317.0 (100.0%) | 99.0 (31.2%) | 187.0 (59.0%) | 31.0 (9.8%) | |
Yes | 1,414.0 (100.0%) | 387.0 (27.4%) | 851.0 (60.2%) | 176.0 (12.4%) | |
highest level education | 0.021 | ||||
Adult litteracy education | 12.0 (100.0%) | 3.0 (25.0%) | 9.0 (75.0%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | |
College (middle level) | 77.0 (100.0%) | 14.0 (18.2%) | 53.0 (68.8%) | 10.0 (13.0%) | |
Lower primary | 318.0 (100.0%) | 77.0 (24.2%) | 200.0 (62.9%) | 41.0 (12.9%) | |
Nursery | 12.0 (100.0%) | 8.0 (66.7%) | 4.0 (33.3%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | |
Post primary/ vocational | 40.0 (100.0%) | 9.0 (22.5%) | 28.0 (70.0%) | 3.0 (7.5%) | |
Secondary | 255.0 (100.0%) | 75.0 (29.4%) | 149.0 (58.4%) | 31.0 (12.2%) | |
University | 24.0 (100.0%) | 2.0 (8.3%) | 21.0 (87.5%) | 1.0 (4.2%) | |
Upper primary | 676.0 (100.0%) | 199.0 (29.4%) | 387.0 (57.2%) | 90.0 (13.3%) | |
N/A | 317 | 99 | 187 | 31 | |
household size | 5.4 (3.4) | 5.0 (2.8) | 5.6 (3.7) | 5.4 (2.7) | 0.004 |
N/A | 181 | 38 | 128 | 15 | |
occupation | 0.043 | ||||
Formal employment | 46.0 (100.0%) | 7.0 (15.2%) | 36.0 (78.3%) | 3.0 (6.5%) | |
Homemakers(Stay at home) | 276.0 (100.0%) | 98.0 (35.5%) | 146.0 (52.9%) | 32.0 (11.6%) | |
Others (Specify) | 8.0 (100.0%) | 2.0 (25.0%) | 4.0 (50.0%) | 2.0 (25.0%) | |
Students | 7.0 (100.0%) | 1.0 (14.3%) | 5.0 (71.4%) | 1.0 (14.3%) | |
Unemployed/Seeking work | 105.0 (100.0%) | 27.0 (25.7%) | 62.0 (59.0%) | 16.0 (15.2%) | |
Working in informal employment(eg farmers,artisans,juakali,business etc) | 1,289.0 (100.0%) | 351.0 (27.2%) | 785.0 (60.9%) | 153.0 (11.9%) | |
household income per month | 0.022 | ||||
Ksh 0-500 | 464.0 (100.0%) | 126.0 (27.2%) | 276.0 (59.5%) | 62.0 (13.4%) | |
Ksh 1001-2000 | 234.0 (100.0%) | 66.0 (28.2%) | 133.0 (56.8%) | 35.0 (15.0%) | |
Ksh 2001-3000 | 226.0 (100.0%) | 58.0 (25.7%) | 140.0 (61.9%) | 28.0 (12.4%) | |
Ksh 3001-5000 | 250.0 (100.0%) | 72.0 (28.8%) | 158.0 (63.2%) | 20.0 (8.0%) | |
Ksh 5001-10000 | 167.0 (100.0%) | 51.0 (30.5%) | 101.0 (60.5%) | 15.0 (9.0%) | |
Ksh 501-1000 | 307.0 (100.0%) | 102.0 (33.2%) | 167.0 (54.4%) | 38.0 (12.4%) | |
Ksh 10000 and above | 83.0 (100.0%) | 11.0 (13.3%) | 63.0 (75.9%) | 9.0 (10.8%) | |
member financial group chama | 0.2 | ||||
No | 1,062.0 (100.0%) | 314.0 (29.6%) | 624.0 (58.8%) | 124.0 (11.7%) | |
Yes | 669.0 (100.0%) | 172.0 (25.7%) | 414.0 (61.9%) | 83.0 (12.4%) | |
admitted last 12m | 0.024 | ||||
No | 1,612.0 (100.0%) | 462.0 (28.7%) | 965.0 (59.9%) | 185.0 (11.5%) | |
Yes | 119.0 (100.0%) | 24.0 (20.2%) | 73.0 (61.3%) | 22.0 (18.5%) | |
given birth last 12m | 0.054 | ||||
No | 503.0 (100.0%) | 155.0 (30.8%) | 284.0 (56.5%) | 64.0 (12.7%) | |
Yes | 84.0 (100.0%) | 22.0 (26.2%) | 43.0 (51.2%) | 19.0 (22.6%) | |
N/A | 1,144 | 309 | 711 | 124 | |
Amount paid for contraceptive | 345.0 (4,518.3) | 1,061.2 (8,549.9) | 66.7 (201.8) | 71.2 (196.5) | 0.3 |
N/A | 1,491 | 419 | 898 | 174 | |
breast examination | 0.094 | ||||
No | 408.0 (100.0%) | 120.0 (29.4%) | 231.0 (56.6%) | 57.0 (14.0%) | |
Yes | 37.0 (100.0%) | 6.0 (16.2%) | 28.0 (75.7%) | 3.0 (8.1%) | |
N/A | 1,286 | 360 | 779 | 147 | |
diagnosis-Hypertension | 0.2 | ||||
No | 1,416.0 (100.0%) | 408.0 (28.8%) | 833.0 (58.8%) | 175.0 (12.4%) | |
Yes | 305.0 (100.0%) | 76.0 (24.9%) | 197.0 (64.6%) | 32.0 (10.5%) | |
N/A | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | |
diagnosis-Diabetes | 0.2 | ||||
No | 1,648.0 (100.0%) | 470.0 (28.5%) | 979.0 (59.4%) | 199.0 (12.1%) | |
Yes | 73.0 (100.0%) | 14.0 (19.2%) | 51.0 (69.9%) | 8.0 (11.0%) | |
N/A | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | |
diagnosis-HIV/AIDS | 0.11 | ||||
No | 1,457.0 (100.0%) | 418.0 (28.7%) | 857.0 (58.8%) | 182.0 (12.5%) | |
Yes | 264.0 (100.0%) | 66.0 (25.0%) | 173.0 (65.5%) | 25.0 (9.5%) | |
N/A | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | |
diagnosis-Arthritis or Joint pains | 0.11 | ||||
No | 1,574.0 (100.0%) | 451.0 (28.7%) | 930.0 (59.1%) | 193.0 (12.3%) | |
Yes | 147.0 (100.0%) | 33.0 (22.4%) | 100.0 (68.0%) | 14.0 (9.5%) | |
N/A | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | |
diagnosis-Peptic ulcer | >0.9 | ||||
No | 1,507.0 (100.0%) | 426.0 (28.3%) | 900.0 (59.7%) | 181.0 (12.0%) | |
Yes | 214.0 (100.0%) | 58.0 (27.1%) | 130.0 (60.7%) | 26.0 (12.1%) | |
N/A | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | |
diagnosis-Cancer | 0.028 | ||||
No | 1,698.0 (100.0%) | 482.0 (28.4%) | 1,010.0 (59.5%) | 206.0 (12.1%) | |
Yes | 23.0 (100.0%) | 2.0 (8.7%) | 20.0 (87.0%) | 1.0 (4.3%) | |
N/A | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | |
diagnosis-Chronic lung disease such as Asthma, COPD (excluding Tuberculosis) | 0.2 | ||||
No | 1,688.0 (100.0%) | 479.0 (28.4%) | 1,005.0 (59.5%) | 204.0 (12.1%) | |
Yes | 33.0 (100.0%) | 5.0 (15.2%) | 25.0 (75.8%) | 3.0 (9.1%) | |
N/A | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | |
diagnosis-Skin disease | 0.2 | ||||
No | 1,689.0 (100.0%) | 477.0 (28.2%) | 1,006.0 (59.6%) | 206.0 (12.2%) | |
Yes | 32.0 (100.0%) | 7.0 (21.9%) | 24.0 (75.0%) | 1.0 (3.1%) | |
N/A | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0 | |
1n (%); Mean (SD) | |||||
2Fisher's Exact Test for Count Data with simulated p-value | |||||
7 Table 3: Percentage of respondents who expressed willingness to tolerate income cross-subsidies by respondent characteristics
Table 3: Percentage of respondents who expressed willingness to tolerate income cross-subsidies by respondent characteristics | ||||||
| preference_payment_type |
| ||||
Variable | Overall, N = 1,8951 | Progressive, N = 4331 | Progressive but the poor don’t pay at all, N = 7921 | Proportional, N = 5781 | Same flat amount, N = 921 | p-value2 |
age | <0.001 | |||||
˃64 | 310.0 (100.0%) | 76.0 (24.5%) | 158.0 (51.0%) | 61.0 (19.7%) | 15.0 (4.8%) | |
<18 | 0.0 (NA%) | 0.0 (NA%) | 0.0 (NA%) | 0.0 (NA%) | 0.0 (NA%) | |
18-24 | 90.0 (100.0%) | 15.0 (16.7%) | 37.0 (41.1%) | 33.0 (36.7%) | 5.0 (5.6%) | |
25-44 | 834.0 (100.0%) | 192.0 (23.0%) | 303.0 (36.3%) | 295.0 (35.4%) | 44.0 (5.3%) | |
45-64 | 661.0 (100.0%) | 150.0 (22.7%) | 294.0 (44.5%) | 189.0 (28.6%) | 28.0 (4.2%) | |
sex | 0.019 | |||||
Female | 1,203.0 (100.0%) | 283.0 (23.5%) | 507.0 (42.1%) | 344.0 (28.6%) | 69.0 (5.7%) | |
Male | 692.0 (100.0%) | 150.0 (21.7%) | 285.0 (41.2%) | 234.0 (33.8%) | 23.0 (3.3%) | |
marital status | <0.001 | |||||
Divorced/separated | 155.0 (100.0%) | 28.0 (18.1%) | 69.0 (44.5%) | 44.0 (28.4%) | 14.0 (9.0%) | |
Married/ living together | 1,181.0 (100.0%) | 277.0 (23.5%) | 451.0 (38.2%) | 399.0 (33.8%) | 54.0 (4.6%) | |
Never married/never lived together | 131.0 (100.0%) | 22.0 (16.8%) | 60.0 (45.8%) | 42.0 (32.1%) | 7.0 (5.3%) | |
Widowed | 428.0 (100.0%) | 106.0 (24.8%) | 212.0 (49.5%) | 93.0 (21.7%) | 17.0 (4.0%) | |
ever attended school | <0.001 | |||||
No | 387.0 (100.0%) | 103.0 (26.6%) | 197.0 (50.9%) | 71.0 (18.3%) | 16.0 (4.1%) | |
Yes | 1,508.0 (100.0%) | 330.0 (21.9%) | 595.0 (39.5%) | 507.0 (33.6%) | 76.0 (5.0%) | |
highest level education | 0.004 | |||||
Adult litteracy education | 12.0 (100.0%) | 2.0 (16.7%) | 6.0 (50.0%) | 3.0 (25.0%) | 1.0 (8.3%) | |
College (middle level) | 83.0 (100.0%) | 19.0 (22.9%) | 27.0 (32.5%) | 31.0 (37.3%) | 6.0 (7.2%) | |
Lower primary | 350.0 (100.0%) | 78.0 (22.3%) | 168.0 (48.0%) | 87.0 (24.9%) | 17.0 (4.9%) | |
Nursery | 14.0 (100.0%) | 5.0 (35.7%) | 7.0 (50.0%) | 2.0 (14.3%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | |
Post primary/ vocational | 44.0 (100.0%) | 12.0 (27.3%) | 18.0 (40.9%) | 14.0 (31.8%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | |
Secondary | 266.0 (100.0%) | 42.0 (15.8%) | 109.0 (41.0%) | 100.0 (37.6%) | 15.0 (5.6%) | |
University | 24.0 (100.0%) | 5.0 (20.8%) | 6.0 (25.0%) | 13.0 (54.2%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | |
Upper primary | 715.0 (100.0%) | 167.0 (23.4%) | 254.0 (35.5%) | 257.0 (35.9%) | 37.0 (5.2%) | |
N/A | 387 | 103 | 197 | 71 | 16 | |
household size | 5.3 (3.3) | 5.6 (2.9) | 5.1 (2.7) | 5.5 (4.2) | 4.3 (2.7) | <0.001 |
N/A | 208 | 52 | 68 | 63 | 25 | |
occupation | <0.001 | |||||
Formal employment | 46.0 (100.0%) | 12.0 (26.1%) | 13.0 (28.3%) | 16.0 (34.8%) | 5.0 (10.9%) | |
Homemakers(Stay at home) | 316.0 (100.0%) | 54.0 (17.1%) | 165.0 (52.2%) | 79.0 (25.0%) | 18.0 (5.7%) | |
Others (Specify) | 11.0 (100.0%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | 6.0 (54.5%) | 4.0 (36.4%) | 1.0 (9.1%) | |
Students | 8.0 (100.0%) | 1.0 (12.5%) | 2.0 (25.0%) | 5.0 (62.5%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | |
Unemployed/Seeking work | 117.0 (100.0%) | 22.0 (18.8%) | 45.0 (38.5%) | 47.0 (40.2%) | 3.0 (2.6%) | |
Working in informal employment(eg farmers,artisans,juakali,business etc) | 1,397.0 (100.0%) | 344.0 (24.6%) | 561.0 (40.2%) | 427.0 (30.6%) | 65.0 (4.7%) | |
household income per month | <0.001 | |||||
Ksh 0-500 | 548.0 (100.0%) | 88.0 (16.1%) | 284.0 (51.8%) | 153.0 (27.9%) | 23.0 (4.2%) | |
Ksh 1001-2000 | 257.0 (100.0%) | 64.0 (24.9%) | 102.0 (39.7%) | 76.0 (29.6%) | 15.0 (5.8%) | |
Ksh 2001-3000 | 244.0 (100.0%) | 59.0 (24.2%) | 107.0 (43.9%) | 68.0 (27.9%) | 10.0 (4.1%) | |
Ksh 3001-5000 | 261.0 (100.0%) | 64.0 (24.5%) | 85.0 (32.6%) | 98.0 (37.5%) | 14.0 (5.4%) | |
Ksh 5001-10000 | 172.0 (100.0%) | 48.0 (27.9%) | 53.0 (30.8%) | 66.0 (38.4%) | 5.0 (2.9%) | |
Ksh 501-1000 | 327.0 (100.0%) | 91.0 (27.8%) | 129.0 (39.4%) | 87.0 (26.6%) | 20.0 (6.1%) | |
Ksh 10000 and above | 86.0 (100.0%) | 19.0 (22.1%) | 32.0 (37.2%) | 30.0 (34.9%) | 5.0 (5.8%) | |
member financial group chama | 0.2 | |||||
No | 1,182.0 (100.0%) | 261.0 (22.1%) | 516.0 (43.7%) | 353.0 (29.9%) | 52.0 (4.4%) | |
Yes | 713.0 (100.0%) | 172.0 (24.1%) | 276.0 (38.7%) | 225.0 (31.6%) | 40.0 (5.6%) | |
admitted last 12m | 0.087 | |||||
No | 1,767.0 (100.0%) | 394.0 (22.3%) | 737.0 (41.7%) | 549.0 (31.1%) | 87.0 (4.9%) | |
Yes | 128.0 (100.0%) | 39.0 (30.5%) | 55.0 (43.0%) | 29.0 (22.7%) | 5.0 (3.9%) | |
given birth last 12m | 0.7 | |||||
No | 537.0 (100.0%) | 118.0 (22.0%) | 208.0 (38.7%) | 182.0 (33.9%) | 29.0 (5.4%) | |
Yes | 92.0 (100.0%) | 23.0 (25.0%) | 32.0 (34.8%) | 30.0 (32.6%) | 7.0 (7.6%) | |
N/A | 1,266 | 292 | 552 | 366 | 56 | |
Amount paid for contraceptive | 334.4 (4,418.2) | 41.2 (93.8) | 77.9 (237.2) | 786.7 (7,216.4) | 25.0 (80.3) | 0.5 |
N/A | 1,644 | 392 | 690 | 484 | 78 | |
breast examination | 0.3 | |||||
No | 441.0 (100.0%) | 101.0 (22.9%) | 169.0 (38.3%) | 145.0 (32.9%) | 26.0 (5.9%) | |
Yes | 41.0 (100.0%) | 13.0 (31.7%) | 14.0 (34.1%) | 14.0 (34.1%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | |
N/A | 1,413 | 319 | 609 | 419 | 66 | |
diagnosis-Hypertension | 0.003 | |||||
No | 1,546.0 (100.0%) | 347.0 (22.4%) | 634.0 (41.0%) | 498.0 (32.2%) | 67.0 (4.3%) | |
Yes | 339.0 (100.0%) | 82.0 (24.2%) | 157.0 (46.3%) | 77.0 (22.7%) | 23.0 (6.8%) | |
N/A | 10 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Diabetes | 0.6 | |||||
No | 1,805.0 (100.0%) | 407.0 (22.5%) | 760.0 (42.1%) | 550.0 (30.5%) | 88.0 (4.9%) | |
Yes | 80.0 (100.0%) | 22.0 (27.5%) | 31.0 (38.8%) | 25.0 (31.2%) | 2.0 (2.5%) | |
N/A | 10 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
diagnosis-HIV/AIDS | 0.14 | |||||
No | 1,595.0 (100.0%) | 351.0 (22.0%) | 666.0 (41.8%) | 499.0 (31.3%) | 79.0 (5.0%) | |
Yes | 290.0 (100.0%) | 78.0 (26.9%) | 125.0 (43.1%) | 76.0 (26.2%) | 11.0 (3.8%) | |
N/A | 10 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Arthritis or Joint pains | 0.022 | |||||
No | 1,701.0 (100.0%) | 380.0 (22.3%) | 714.0 (42.0%) | 532.0 (31.3%) | 75.0 (4.4%) | |
Yes | 184.0 (100.0%) | 49.0 (26.6%) | 77.0 (41.8%) | 43.0 (23.4%) | 15.0 (8.2%) | |
N/A | 10 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Peptic ulcer | 0.4 | |||||
No | 1,652.0 (100.0%) | 376.0 (22.8%) | 683.0 (41.3%) | 512.0 (31.0%) | 81.0 (4.9%) | |
Yes | 233.0 (100.0%) | 53.0 (22.7%) | 108.0 (46.4%) | 63.0 (27.0%) | 9.0 (3.9%) | |
N/A | 10 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Cancer | 0.7 | |||||
No | 1,861.0 (100.0%) | 422.0 (22.7%) | 780.0 (41.9%) | 569.0 (30.6%) | 90.0 (4.8%) | |
Yes | 24.0 (100.0%) | 7.0 (29.2%) | 11.0 (45.8%) | 6.0 (25.0%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | |
N/A | 10 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Chronic lung disease such as Asthma, COPD (excluding Tuberculosis) | 0.3 | |||||
No | 1,851.0 (100.0%) | 418.0 (22.6%) | 781.0 (42.2%) | 563.0 (30.4%) | 89.0 (4.8%) | |
Yes | 34.0 (100.0%) | 11.0 (32.4%) | 10.0 (29.4%) | 12.0 (35.3%) | 1.0 (2.9%) | |
N/A | 10 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
diagnosis-Skin disease | 0.7 | |||||
No | 1,848.0 (100.0%) | 421.0 (22.8%) | 773.0 (41.8%) | 564.0 (30.5%) | 90.0 (4.9%) | |
Yes | 37.0 (100.0%) | 8.0 (21.6%) | 18.0 (48.6%) | 11.0 (29.7%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | |
N/A | 10 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
1n (%); Mean (SD) | ||||||
2Fisher's Exact Test for Count Data with simulated p-value | ||||||
8 Plots
8.1 Respondents who agreed most with statement (can be presented in a bar graph plot)
8.2 Others
9 Appendix
9.1 Ordinal Data analisis
As we know that Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test can often be used provided the two independent samples are drawn from populations with an ordinal distribution.
For ordinal data, we are assuming a significance level of α = 0.05. We have a paired data over here.So,We can do hypothesis testing (two Tailed Test) to identify the given research proposition:
Hypothesis:
Null Hypothesis, Ho, MedianDifference = 0
Alternative Hypothesis, Ha, MedianDifference ≠ 0
Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test For paired data set with ties,
WilcoxonRankSumtest was used for ordinal cohttps://rpubs.com/mominulislam2329/WilcoxonRankSumtest