Probability and Statistics Project
Patrick Bussett, Josh Dowd, Javier Heinsen
Tuesday, May 26, 2015
3: Data in R
3.1: Reading Data into R and Using a Script File
read.table("SmokingData.CSV",sep=",")## V1 V2 V3 V4
## 1 AgeIn1974 SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## 2 56 No Dead Middle
## 3 65 No Dead Oldest
## 4 53 No Alive Youngest
## 5 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 6 64 Yes Dead Middle
## 7 52 No Alive Youngest
## 8 69 No Dead Oldest
## 9 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 10 48 No Alive Youngest
## 11 67 Yes Dead Oldest
## 12 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 13 69 No Dead Oldest
## 14 66 No Dead Oldest
## 15 45 No Alive Youngest
## 16 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 17 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 18 68 No Alive Oldest
## 19 57 No Alive Middle
## 20 70 No Dead Oldest
## 21 73 Yes Dead Oldest
## 22 56 No Alive Middle
## 23 61 No Alive Middle
## 24 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 25 68 No Dead Oldest
## 26 63 No Dead Middle
## 27 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 28 54 No Alive Youngest
## 29 54 No Alive Youngest
## 30 70 Yes Dead Oldest
## 31 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 32 73 Yes Dead Oldest
## 33 45 Yes Dead Youngest
## 34 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 35 67 No Dead Oldest
## 36 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 37 69 No Dead Oldest
## 38 51 No Alive Youngest
## 39 46 Yes Dead Youngest
## 40 73 No Alive Oldest
## 41 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 42 49 Yes Dead Youngest
## 43 74 No Alive Oldest
## 44 49 No Dead Youngest
## 45 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 46 67 Yes Alive Oldest
## 47 56 No Dead Middle
## 48 64 No Alive Middle
## 49 49 No Alive Youngest
## 50 50 Yes Alive Youngest
## 51 52 Yes Dead Youngest
## 52 45 No Alive Youngest
## 53 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 54 58 No Alive Middle
## 55 68 No Alive Oldest
## 56 62 No Alive Middle
## 57 60 No Alive Middle
## 58 65 No Dead Oldest
## 59 55 Yes Dead Middle
## 60 53 No Dead Youngest
## 61 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 62 74 No Alive Oldest
## 63 72 No Dead Oldest
## 64 72 Yes Dead Oldest
## 65 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 66 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 67 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 68 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 69 57 No Alive Middle
## 70 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 71 51 No Alive Youngest
## 72 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 73 58 No Dead Middle
## 74 67 Yes Dead Oldest
## 75 55 No Alive Middle
## 76 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 77 62 No Alive Middle
## 78 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 79 67 No Dead Oldest
## 80 60 No Alive Middle
## 81 46 No Alive Youngest
## 82 67 No Dead Oldest
## 83 69 No Dead Oldest
## 84 52 Yes Dead Youngest
## 85 63 No Alive Middle
## 86 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 87 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 88 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 89 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 90 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 91 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 92 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 93 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 94 60 Yes Dead Middle
## 95 68 No Dead Oldest
## 96 54 No Alive Youngest
## 97 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 98 58 No Alive Middle
## 99 73 No Dead Oldest
## 100 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 101 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 102 65 No Dead Oldest
## 103 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 104 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 105 65 No Dead Oldest
## 106 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 107 60 No Dead Middle
## 108 58 No Alive Middle
## 109 50 No Alive Youngest
## 110 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 111 56 No Dead Middle
## 112 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 113 72 No Dead Oldest
## 114 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 115 56 No Dead Middle
## 116 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 117 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 118 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 119 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 120 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 121 55 No Dead Middle
## 122 60 No Alive Middle
## 123 51 Yes Dead Youngest
## 124 73 No Dead Oldest
## 125 64 No Alive Middle
## 126 66 No Dead Oldest
## 127 70 No Dead Oldest
## 128 65 No Alive Oldest
## 129 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 130 64 No Alive Middle
## 131 62 No Alive Middle
## 132 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 133 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 134 47 No Alive Youngest
## 135 73 Yes Dead Oldest
## 136 59 No Alive Middle
## 137 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 138 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 139 47 Yes Dead Youngest
## 140 50 No Alive Youngest
## 141 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 142 49 No Alive Youngest
## 143 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 144 67 No Dead Oldest
## 145 50 No Alive Youngest
## 146 56 No Dead Middle
## 147 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 148 67 No Alive Oldest
## 149 67 No Dead Oldest
## 150 71 Yes Alive Oldest
## 151 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 152 47 No Dead Youngest
## 153 61 Yes Dead Middle
## 154 55 Yes Dead Middle
## 155 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 156 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 157 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 158 61 No Alive Middle
## 159 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 160 52 No Alive Youngest
## 161 54 No Alive Youngest
## 162 62 No Dead Middle
## 163 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 164 58 No Alive Middle
## 165 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 166 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 167 57 No Alive Middle
## 168 58 No Dead Middle
## 169 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 170 74 No Dead Oldest
## 171 67 No Dead Oldest
## 172 73 No Dead Oldest
## 173 74 Yes Dead Oldest
## 174 73 No Alive Oldest
## 175 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 176 48 No Dead Youngest
## 177 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 178 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 179 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 180 66 No Alive Oldest
## 181 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 182 60 Yes Dead Middle
## 183 51 No Alive Youngest
## 184 72 Yes Dead Oldest
## 185 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 186 62 No Alive Middle
## 187 61 No Dead Middle
## 188 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 189 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 190 67 No Alive Oldest
## 191 69 No Dead Oldest
## 192 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 193 48 No Alive Youngest
## 194 65 No Dead Oldest
## 195 51 No Alive Youngest
## 196 72 No Dead Oldest
## 197 71 No Dead Oldest
## 198 52 Yes Dead Youngest
## 199 71 No Dead Oldest
## 200 65 No Dead Oldest
## 201 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 202 69 No Dead Oldest
## 203 59 Yes Alive Middle
## 204 64 No Alive Middle
## 205 66 No Dead Oldest
## 206 62 No Alive Middle
## 207 72 No Dead Oldest
## 208 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 209 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 210 67 No Dead Oldest
## 211 55 No Alive Middle
## 212 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 213 58 Yes Dead Middle
## 214 58 No Dead Middle
## 215 56 No Dead Middle
## 216 71 No Dead Oldest
## 217 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 218 61 No Alive Middle
## 219 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 220 69 Yes Alive Oldest
## 221 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 222 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 223 58 No Alive Middle
## 224 48 No Dead Youngest
## 225 62 No Dead Middle
## 226 67 No Alive Oldest
## 227 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 228 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 229 48 No Alive Youngest
## 230 68 No Dead Oldest
## 231 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 232 67 No Dead Oldest
## 233 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 234 55 No Alive Middle
## 235 57 No Alive Middle
## 236 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 237 55 No Alive Middle
## 238 58 No Dead Middle
## 239 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 240 68 No Alive Oldest
## 241 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 242 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 243 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 244 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 245 48 No Alive Youngest
## 246 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 247 71 No Dead Oldest
## 248 59 No Dead Middle
## 249 65 No Alive Oldest
## 250 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 251 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 252 72 No Alive Oldest
## 253 67 No Alive Oldest
## 254 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 255 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 256 63 No Alive Middle
## 257 55 No Alive Middle
## 258 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 259 47 Yes Dead Youngest
## 260 55 Yes Dead Middle
## 261 66 No Dead Oldest
## 262 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 263 64 Yes Dead Middle
## 264 51 No Alive Youngest
## 265 65 No Dead Oldest
## 266 73 No Alive Oldest
## 267 67 No Dead Oldest
## 268 74 No Dead Oldest
## 269 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 270 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 271 73 No Dead Oldest
## 272 65 No Dead Oldest
## 273 56 No Alive Middle
## 274 58 No Alive Middle
## 275 73 No Dead Oldest
## 276 62 No Alive Middle
## 277 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 278 54 No Alive Youngest
## 279 66 No Alive Oldest
## 280 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 281 56 No Dead Middle
## 282 66 No Dead Oldest
## 283 45 No Alive Youngest
## 284 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 285 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 286 46 Yes Dead Youngest
## 287 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 288 71 No Alive Oldest
## 289 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 290 68 Yes Dead Oldest
## 291 72 No Dead Oldest
## 292 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 293 71 Yes Dead Oldest
## 294 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 295 59 No Alive Middle
## 296 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 297 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 298 59 No Alive Middle
## 299 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 300 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 301 61 No Alive Middle
## 302 58 No Dead Middle
## 303 70 No Dead Oldest
## 304 72 Yes Dead Oldest
## 305 63 No Alive Middle
## 306 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 307 60 Yes Alive Middle
## 308 56 No Alive Middle
## 309 63 No Alive Middle
## 310 69 Yes Alive Oldest
## 311 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 312 72 No Alive Oldest
## 313 73 No Dead Oldest
## 314 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 315 64 No Alive Middle
## 316 66 No Dead Oldest
## 317 47 Yes Dead Youngest
## 318 55 Yes Alive Middle
## 319 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 320 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 321 73 No Dead Oldest
## 322 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 323 54 No Alive Youngest
## 324 70 No Dead Oldest
## 325 50 Yes Dead Youngest
## 326 66 No Dead Oldest
## 327 62 No Alive Middle
## 328 50 Yes Alive Youngest
## 329 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 330 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 331 59 No Alive Middle
## 332 46 No Dead Youngest
## 333 72 No Dead Oldest
## 334 68 Yes Dead Oldest
## 335 57 No Dead Middle
## 336 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 337 47 No Alive Youngest
## 338 45 No Alive Youngest
## 339 67 Yes Dead Oldest
## 340 74 Yes Dead Oldest
## 341 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 342 52 Yes Dead Youngest
## 343 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 344 49 Yes Dead Youngest
## 345 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 346 56 No Alive Middle
## 347 72 No Alive Oldest
## 348 62 No Alive Middle
## 349 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 350 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 351 67 No Dead Oldest
## 352 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 353 63 No Alive Middle
## 354 50 Yes Alive Youngest
## 355 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 356 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 357 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 358 61 No Dead Middle
## 359 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 360 66 No Dead Oldest
## 361 63 No Alive Middle
## 362 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 363 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 364 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 365 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 366 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 367 71 No Dead Oldest
## 368 74 No Dead Oldest
## 369 73 No Dead Oldest
## 370 45 No Alive Youngest
## 371 61 Yes Dead Middle
## 372 59 Yes Alive Middle
## 373 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 374 56 No Alive Middle
## 375 60 No Alive Middle
## 376 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 377 60 No Dead Middle
## 378 53 No Alive Youngest
## 379 68 No Dead Oldest
## 380 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 381 65 No Dead Oldest
## 382 71 Yes Dead Oldest
## 383 60 No Alive Middle
## 384 61 No Alive Middle
## 385 62 No Dead Middle
## 386 47 No Dead Youngest
## 387 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 388 45 Yes Dead Youngest
## 389 71 No Dead Oldest
## 390 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 391 50 No Alive Youngest
## 392 65 No Dead Oldest
## 393 68 Yes Dead Oldest
## 394 60 No Dead Middle
## 395 56 No Dead Middle
## 396 71 No Dead Oldest
## 397 59 Yes Alive Middle
## 398 61 No Dead Middle
## 399 72 No Dead Oldest
## 400 46 No Alive Youngest
## 401 51 No Alive Youngest
## 402 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 403 67 Yes Alive Oldest
## 404 49 No Alive Youngest
## 405 61 Yes Dead Middle
## 406 62 No Alive Middle
## 407 47 No Alive Youngest
## 408 74 No Dead Oldest
## 409 50 Yes Alive Youngest
## 410 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 411 65 No Dead Oldest
## 412 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 413 69 No Alive Oldest
## 414 59 No Alive Middle
## 415 74 No Dead Oldest
## 416 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 417 54 No Alive Youngest
## 418 73 No Alive Oldest
## 419 74 No Dead Oldest
## 420 56 No Alive Middle
## 421 73 No Dead Oldest
## 422 68 No Dead Oldest
## 423 49 No Alive Youngest
## 424 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 425 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 426 57 No Alive Middle
## 427 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 428 55 Yes Dead Middle
## 429 46 Yes Dead Youngest
## 430 69 No Dead Oldest
## 431 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 432 67 No Dead Oldest
## 433 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 434 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 435 48 Yes Dead Youngest
## 436 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 437 71 No Dead Oldest
## 438 61 No Alive Middle
## 439 72 No Dead Oldest
## 440 56 No Dead Middle
## 441 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 442 70 No Dead Oldest
## 443 51 No Alive Youngest
## 444 69 No Dead Oldest
## 445 52 Yes Dead Youngest
## 446 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 447 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 448 72 No Alive Oldest
## 449 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 450 48 No Alive Youngest
## 451 72 No Dead Oldest
## 452 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 453 52 No Alive Youngest
## 454 55 No Alive Middle
## 455 55 Yes Alive Middle
## 456 72 No Dead Oldest
## 457 55 No Dead Middle
## 458 71 No Alive Oldest
## 459 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 460 74 Yes Dead Oldest
## 461 45 No Alive Youngest
## 462 55 No Alive Middle
## 463 60 Yes Alive Middle
## 464 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 465 46 No Alive Youngest
## 466 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 467 46 No Alive Youngest
## 468 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 469 69 No Dead Oldest
## 470 55 No Alive Middle
## 471 52 No Alive Youngest
## 472 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 473 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 474 73 No Dead Oldest
## 475 66 No Dead Oldest
## 476 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 477 56 No Dead Middle
## 478 74 Yes Alive Oldest
## 479 52 No Alive Youngest
## 480 50 No Dead Youngest
## 481 61 Yes Dead Middle
## 482 55 No Alive Middle
## 483 66 No Alive Oldest
## 484 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 485 65 No Dead Oldest
## 486 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 487 64 No Alive Middle
## 488 61 No Alive Middle
## 489 60 No Dead Middle
## 490 72 No Dead Oldest
## 491 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 492 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 493 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 494 67 No Alive Oldest
## 495 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 496 52 No Alive Youngest
## 497 50 No Alive Youngest
## 498 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 499 47 No Alive Youngest
## 500 45 No Alive Youngest
## 501 51 No Alive Youngest
## 502 64 No Alive Middle
## 503 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 504 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 505 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 506 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 507 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 508 74 No Dead Oldest
## 509 68 No Dead Oldest
## 510 55 Yes Dead Middle
## 511 58 No Alive Middle
## 512 52 No Alive Youngest
## 513 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 514 47 Yes Dead Youngest
## 515 68 No Dead Oldest
## 516 45 No Alive Youngest
## 517 69 Yes Dead Oldest
## 518 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 519 66 No Dead Oldest
## 520 48 No Alive Youngest
## 521 72 Yes Dead Oldest
## 522 60 Yes Dead Middle
## 523 57 No Dead Middle
## 524 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 525 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 526 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 527 66 No Dead Oldest
## 528 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 529 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 530 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 531 62 No Alive Middle
## 532 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 533 70 Yes Dead Oldest
## 534 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 535 69 No Dead Oldest
## 536 71 No Alive Oldest
## 537 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 538 69 Yes Dead Oldest
## 539 57 No Alive Middle
## 540 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 541 47 No Alive Youngest
## 542 51 No Alive Youngest
## 543 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 544 72 No Dead Oldest
## 545 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 546 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 547 46 No Alive Youngest
## 548 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 549 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 550 64 No Dead Middle
## 551 59 No Alive Middle
## 552 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 553 67 Yes Dead Oldest
## 554 48 Yes Dead Youngest
## 555 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 556 73 No Alive Oldest
## 557 58 No Alive Middle
## 558 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 559 50 No Dead Youngest
## 560 46 No Dead Youngest
## 561 45 No Alive Youngest
## 562 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 563 46 No Alive Youngest
## 564 48 No Dead Youngest
## 565 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 566 46 No Alive Youngest
## 567 48 No Alive Youngest
## 568 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 569 49 No Alive Youngest
## 570 53 No Dead Youngest
## 571 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 572 59 No Alive Middle
## 573 59 No Dead Middle
## 574 63 No Dead Middle
## 575 59 Yes Alive Middle
## 576 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 577 65 No Dead Oldest
## 578 56 No Alive Middle
## 579 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 580 63 No Alive Middle
## 581 71 No Dead Oldest
## 582 51 No Alive Youngest
## 583 61 Yes Dead Middle
## 584 49 No Alive Youngest
## 585 73 No Dead Oldest
## 586 53 No Alive Youngest
## 587 61 No Dead Middle
## 588 59 Yes Alive Middle
## 589 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 590 55 No Alive Middle
## 591 71 No Dead Oldest
## 592 73 No Dead Oldest
## 593 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 594 69 No Dead Oldest
## 595 69 No Dead Oldest
## 596 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 597 66 No Dead Oldest
## 598 73 Yes Alive Oldest
## 599 63 No Alive Middle
## 600 61 No Alive Middle#the sep argument reads the data and uses a comma to determine each value.
#smData does not have a value.
smData=read.table("SmokingData.CSV",sep=",")
#this is setting smData equal to the data set.
smData## V1 V2 V3 V4
## 1 AgeIn1974 SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## 2 56 No Dead Middle
## 3 65 No Dead Oldest
## 4 53 No Alive Youngest
## 5 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 6 64 Yes Dead Middle
## 7 52 No Alive Youngest
## 8 69 No Dead Oldest
## 9 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 10 48 No Alive Youngest
## 11 67 Yes Dead Oldest
## 12 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 13 69 No Dead Oldest
## 14 66 No Dead Oldest
## 15 45 No Alive Youngest
## 16 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 17 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 18 68 No Alive Oldest
## 19 57 No Alive Middle
## 20 70 No Dead Oldest
## 21 73 Yes Dead Oldest
## 22 56 No Alive Middle
## 23 61 No Alive Middle
## 24 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 25 68 No Dead Oldest
## 26 63 No Dead Middle
## 27 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 28 54 No Alive Youngest
## 29 54 No Alive Youngest
## 30 70 Yes Dead Oldest
## 31 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 32 73 Yes Dead Oldest
## 33 45 Yes Dead Youngest
## 34 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 35 67 No Dead Oldest
## 36 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 37 69 No Dead Oldest
## 38 51 No Alive Youngest
## 39 46 Yes Dead Youngest
## 40 73 No Alive Oldest
## 41 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 42 49 Yes Dead Youngest
## 43 74 No Alive Oldest
## 44 49 No Dead Youngest
## 45 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 46 67 Yes Alive Oldest
## 47 56 No Dead Middle
## 48 64 No Alive Middle
## 49 49 No Alive Youngest
## 50 50 Yes Alive Youngest
## 51 52 Yes Dead Youngest
## 52 45 No Alive Youngest
## 53 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 54 58 No Alive Middle
## 55 68 No Alive Oldest
## 56 62 No Alive Middle
## 57 60 No Alive Middle
## 58 65 No Dead Oldest
## 59 55 Yes Dead Middle
## 60 53 No Dead Youngest
## 61 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 62 74 No Alive Oldest
## 63 72 No Dead Oldest
## 64 72 Yes Dead Oldest
## 65 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 66 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 67 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 68 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 69 57 No Alive Middle
## 70 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 71 51 No Alive Youngest
## 72 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 73 58 No Dead Middle
## 74 67 Yes Dead Oldest
## 75 55 No Alive Middle
## 76 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 77 62 No Alive Middle
## 78 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 79 67 No Dead Oldest
## 80 60 No Alive Middle
## 81 46 No Alive Youngest
## 82 67 No Dead Oldest
## 83 69 No Dead Oldest
## 84 52 Yes Dead Youngest
## 85 63 No Alive Middle
## 86 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 87 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 88 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 89 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 90 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 91 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 92 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 93 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 94 60 Yes Dead Middle
## 95 68 No Dead Oldest
## 96 54 No Alive Youngest
## 97 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 98 58 No Alive Middle
## 99 73 No Dead Oldest
## 100 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 101 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 102 65 No Dead Oldest
## 103 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 104 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 105 65 No Dead Oldest
## 106 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 107 60 No Dead Middle
## 108 58 No Alive Middle
## 109 50 No Alive Youngest
## 110 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 111 56 No Dead Middle
## 112 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 113 72 No Dead Oldest
## 114 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 115 56 No Dead Middle
## 116 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 117 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 118 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 119 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 120 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 121 55 No Dead Middle
## 122 60 No Alive Middle
## 123 51 Yes Dead Youngest
## 124 73 No Dead Oldest
## 125 64 No Alive Middle
## 126 66 No Dead Oldest
## 127 70 No Dead Oldest
## 128 65 No Alive Oldest
## 129 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 130 64 No Alive Middle
## 131 62 No Alive Middle
## 132 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 133 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 134 47 No Alive Youngest
## 135 73 Yes Dead Oldest
## 136 59 No Alive Middle
## 137 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 138 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 139 47 Yes Dead Youngest
## 140 50 No Alive Youngest
## 141 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 142 49 No Alive Youngest
## 143 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 144 67 No Dead Oldest
## 145 50 No Alive Youngest
## 146 56 No Dead Middle
## 147 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 148 67 No Alive Oldest
## 149 67 No Dead Oldest
## 150 71 Yes Alive Oldest
## 151 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 152 47 No Dead Youngest
## 153 61 Yes Dead Middle
## 154 55 Yes Dead Middle
## 155 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 156 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 157 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 158 61 No Alive Middle
## 159 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 160 52 No Alive Youngest
## 161 54 No Alive Youngest
## 162 62 No Dead Middle
## 163 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 164 58 No Alive Middle
## 165 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 166 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 167 57 No Alive Middle
## 168 58 No Dead Middle
## 169 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 170 74 No Dead Oldest
## 171 67 No Dead Oldest
## 172 73 No Dead Oldest
## 173 74 Yes Dead Oldest
## 174 73 No Alive Oldest
## 175 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 176 48 No Dead Youngest
## 177 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 178 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 179 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 180 66 No Alive Oldest
## 181 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 182 60 Yes Dead Middle
## 183 51 No Alive Youngest
## 184 72 Yes Dead Oldest
## 185 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 186 62 No Alive Middle
## 187 61 No Dead Middle
## 188 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 189 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 190 67 No Alive Oldest
## 191 69 No Dead Oldest
## 192 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 193 48 No Alive Youngest
## 194 65 No Dead Oldest
## 195 51 No Alive Youngest
## 196 72 No Dead Oldest
## 197 71 No Dead Oldest
## 198 52 Yes Dead Youngest
## 199 71 No Dead Oldest
## 200 65 No Dead Oldest
## 201 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 202 69 No Dead Oldest
## 203 59 Yes Alive Middle
## 204 64 No Alive Middle
## 205 66 No Dead Oldest
## 206 62 No Alive Middle
## 207 72 No Dead Oldest
## 208 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 209 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 210 67 No Dead Oldest
## 211 55 No Alive Middle
## 212 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 213 58 Yes Dead Middle
## 214 58 No Dead Middle
## 215 56 No Dead Middle
## 216 71 No Dead Oldest
## 217 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 218 61 No Alive Middle
## 219 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 220 69 Yes Alive Oldest
## 221 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 222 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 223 58 No Alive Middle
## 224 48 No Dead Youngest
## 225 62 No Dead Middle
## 226 67 No Alive Oldest
## 227 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 228 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 229 48 No Alive Youngest
## 230 68 No Dead Oldest
## 231 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 232 67 No Dead Oldest
## 233 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 234 55 No Alive Middle
## 235 57 No Alive Middle
## 236 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 237 55 No Alive Middle
## 238 58 No Dead Middle
## 239 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 240 68 No Alive Oldest
## 241 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 242 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 243 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 244 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 245 48 No Alive Youngest
## 246 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 247 71 No Dead Oldest
## 248 59 No Dead Middle
## 249 65 No Alive Oldest
## 250 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 251 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 252 72 No Alive Oldest
## 253 67 No Alive Oldest
## 254 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 255 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 256 63 No Alive Middle
## 257 55 No Alive Middle
## 258 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 259 47 Yes Dead Youngest
## 260 55 Yes Dead Middle
## 261 66 No Dead Oldest
## 262 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 263 64 Yes Dead Middle
## 264 51 No Alive Youngest
## 265 65 No Dead Oldest
## 266 73 No Alive Oldest
## 267 67 No Dead Oldest
## 268 74 No Dead Oldest
## 269 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 270 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 271 73 No Dead Oldest
## 272 65 No Dead Oldest
## 273 56 No Alive Middle
## 274 58 No Alive Middle
## 275 73 No Dead Oldest
## 276 62 No Alive Middle
## 277 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 278 54 No Alive Youngest
## 279 66 No Alive Oldest
## 280 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 281 56 No Dead Middle
## 282 66 No Dead Oldest
## 283 45 No Alive Youngest
## 284 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 285 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 286 46 Yes Dead Youngest
## 287 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 288 71 No Alive Oldest
## 289 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 290 68 Yes Dead Oldest
## 291 72 No Dead Oldest
## 292 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 293 71 Yes Dead Oldest
## 294 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 295 59 No Alive Middle
## 296 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 297 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 298 59 No Alive Middle
## 299 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 300 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 301 61 No Alive Middle
## 302 58 No Dead Middle
## 303 70 No Dead Oldest
## 304 72 Yes Dead Oldest
## 305 63 No Alive Middle
## 306 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 307 60 Yes Alive Middle
## 308 56 No Alive Middle
## 309 63 No Alive Middle
## 310 69 Yes Alive Oldest
## 311 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 312 72 No Alive Oldest
## 313 73 No Dead Oldest
## 314 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 315 64 No Alive Middle
## 316 66 No Dead Oldest
## 317 47 Yes Dead Youngest
## 318 55 Yes Alive Middle
## 319 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 320 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 321 73 No Dead Oldest
## 322 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 323 54 No Alive Youngest
## 324 70 No Dead Oldest
## 325 50 Yes Dead Youngest
## 326 66 No Dead Oldest
## 327 62 No Alive Middle
## 328 50 Yes Alive Youngest
## 329 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 330 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 331 59 No Alive Middle
## 332 46 No Dead Youngest
## 333 72 No Dead Oldest
## 334 68 Yes Dead Oldest
## 335 57 No Dead Middle
## 336 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 337 47 No Alive Youngest
## 338 45 No Alive Youngest
## 339 67 Yes Dead Oldest
## 340 74 Yes Dead Oldest
## 341 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 342 52 Yes Dead Youngest
## 343 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 344 49 Yes Dead Youngest
## 345 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 346 56 No Alive Middle
## 347 72 No Alive Oldest
## 348 62 No Alive Middle
## 349 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 350 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 351 67 No Dead Oldest
## 352 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 353 63 No Alive Middle
## 354 50 Yes Alive Youngest
## 355 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 356 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 357 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 358 61 No Dead Middle
## 359 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 360 66 No Dead Oldest
## 361 63 No Alive Middle
## 362 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 363 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 364 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 365 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 366 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 367 71 No Dead Oldest
## 368 74 No Dead Oldest
## 369 73 No Dead Oldest
## 370 45 No Alive Youngest
## 371 61 Yes Dead Middle
## 372 59 Yes Alive Middle
## 373 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 374 56 No Alive Middle
## 375 60 No Alive Middle
## 376 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 377 60 No Dead Middle
## 378 53 No Alive Youngest
## 379 68 No Dead Oldest
## 380 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 381 65 No Dead Oldest
## 382 71 Yes Dead Oldest
## 383 60 No Alive Middle
## 384 61 No Alive Middle
## 385 62 No Dead Middle
## 386 47 No Dead Youngest
## 387 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 388 45 Yes Dead Youngest
## 389 71 No Dead Oldest
## 390 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 391 50 No Alive Youngest
## 392 65 No Dead Oldest
## 393 68 Yes Dead Oldest
## 394 60 No Dead Middle
## 395 56 No Dead Middle
## 396 71 No Dead Oldest
## 397 59 Yes Alive Middle
## 398 61 No Dead Middle
## 399 72 No Dead Oldest
## 400 46 No Alive Youngest
## 401 51 No Alive Youngest
## 402 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 403 67 Yes Alive Oldest
## 404 49 No Alive Youngest
## 405 61 Yes Dead Middle
## 406 62 No Alive Middle
## 407 47 No Alive Youngest
## 408 74 No Dead Oldest
## 409 50 Yes Alive Youngest
## 410 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 411 65 No Dead Oldest
## 412 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 413 69 No Alive Oldest
## 414 59 No Alive Middle
## 415 74 No Dead Oldest
## 416 45 Yes Alive Youngest
## 417 54 No Alive Youngest
## 418 73 No Alive Oldest
## 419 74 No Dead Oldest
## 420 56 No Alive Middle
## 421 73 No Dead Oldest
## 422 68 No Dead Oldest
## 423 49 No Alive Youngest
## 424 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 425 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 426 57 No Alive Middle
## 427 63 Yes Dead Middle
## 428 55 Yes Dead Middle
## 429 46 Yes Dead Youngest
## 430 69 No Dead Oldest
## 431 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 432 67 No Dead Oldest
## 433 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 434 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 435 48 Yes Dead Youngest
## 436 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 437 71 No Dead Oldest
## 438 61 No Alive Middle
## 439 72 No Dead Oldest
## 440 56 No Dead Middle
## 441 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 442 70 No Dead Oldest
## 443 51 No Alive Youngest
## 444 69 No Dead Oldest
## 445 52 Yes Dead Youngest
## 446 66 Yes Dead Oldest
## 447 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 448 72 No Alive Oldest
## 449 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 450 48 No Alive Youngest
## 451 72 No Dead Oldest
## 452 59 Yes Dead Middle
## 453 52 No Alive Youngest
## 454 55 No Alive Middle
## 455 55 Yes Alive Middle
## 456 72 No Dead Oldest
## 457 55 No Dead Middle
## 458 71 No Alive Oldest
## 459 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 460 74 Yes Dead Oldest
## 461 45 No Alive Youngest
## 462 55 No Alive Middle
## 463 60 Yes Alive Middle
## 464 61 Yes Alive Middle
## 465 46 No Alive Youngest
## 466 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 467 46 No Alive Youngest
## 468 62 Yes Alive Middle
## 469 69 No Dead Oldest
## 470 55 No Alive Middle
## 471 52 No Alive Youngest
## 472 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 473 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 474 73 No Dead Oldest
## 475 66 No Dead Oldest
## 476 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 477 56 No Dead Middle
## 478 74 Yes Alive Oldest
## 479 52 No Alive Youngest
## 480 50 No Dead Youngest
## 481 61 Yes Dead Middle
## 482 55 No Alive Middle
## 483 66 No Alive Oldest
## 484 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 485 65 No Dead Oldest
## 486 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 487 64 No Alive Middle
## 488 61 No Alive Middle
## 489 60 No Dead Middle
## 490 72 No Dead Oldest
## 491 56 Yes Dead Middle
## 492 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 493 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 494 67 No Alive Oldest
## 495 48 Yes Alive Youngest
## 496 52 No Alive Youngest
## 497 50 No Alive Youngest
## 498 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 499 47 No Alive Youngest
## 500 45 No Alive Youngest
## 501 51 No Alive Youngest
## 502 64 No Alive Middle
## 503 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 504 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 505 57 Yes Dead Middle
## 506 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 507 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 508 74 No Dead Oldest
## 509 68 No Dead Oldest
## 510 55 Yes Dead Middle
## 511 58 No Alive Middle
## 512 52 No Alive Youngest
## 513 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 514 47 Yes Dead Youngest
## 515 68 No Dead Oldest
## 516 45 No Alive Youngest
## 517 69 Yes Dead Oldest
## 518 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 519 66 No Dead Oldest
## 520 48 No Alive Youngest
## 521 72 Yes Dead Oldest
## 522 60 Yes Dead Middle
## 523 57 No Dead Middle
## 524 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 525 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 526 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 527 66 No Dead Oldest
## 528 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 529 58 Yes Alive Middle
## 530 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 531 62 No Alive Middle
## 532 56 Yes Alive Middle
## 533 70 Yes Dead Oldest
## 534 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 535 69 No Dead Oldest
## 536 71 No Alive Oldest
## 537 64 Yes Alive Middle
## 538 69 Yes Dead Oldest
## 539 57 No Alive Middle
## 540 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 541 47 No Alive Youngest
## 542 51 No Alive Youngest
## 543 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 544 72 No Dead Oldest
## 545 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 546 57 Yes Alive Middle
## 547 46 No Alive Youngest
## 548 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 549 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 550 64 No Dead Middle
## 551 59 No Alive Middle
## 552 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 553 67 Yes Dead Oldest
## 554 48 Yes Dead Youngest
## 555 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 556 73 No Alive Oldest
## 557 58 No Alive Middle
## 558 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 559 50 No Dead Youngest
## 560 46 No Dead Youngest
## 561 45 No Alive Youngest
## 562 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 563 46 No Alive Youngest
## 564 48 No Dead Youngest
## 565 46 Yes Alive Youngest
## 566 46 No Alive Youngest
## 567 48 No Alive Youngest
## 568 53 Yes Alive Youngest
## 569 49 No Alive Youngest
## 570 53 No Dead Youngest
## 571 53 Yes Dead Youngest
## 572 59 No Alive Middle
## 573 59 No Dead Middle
## 574 63 No Dead Middle
## 575 59 Yes Alive Middle
## 576 51 Yes Alive Youngest
## 577 65 No Dead Oldest
## 578 56 No Alive Middle
## 579 54 Yes Alive Youngest
## 580 63 No Alive Middle
## 581 71 No Dead Oldest
## 582 51 No Alive Youngest
## 583 61 Yes Dead Middle
## 584 49 No Alive Youngest
## 585 73 No Dead Oldest
## 586 53 No Alive Youngest
## 587 61 No Dead Middle
## 588 59 Yes Alive Middle
## 589 47 Yes Alive Youngest
## 590 55 No Alive Middle
## 591 71 No Dead Oldest
## 592 73 No Dead Oldest
## 593 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 594 69 No Dead Oldest
## 595 69 No Dead Oldest
## 596 63 Yes Alive Middle
## 597 66 No Dead Oldest
## 598 73 Yes Alive Oldest
## 599 63 No Alive Middle
## 600 61 No Alive Middle#now the data is visible because it was set to equal the data.
head(smData)## V1 V2 V3 V4
## 1 AgeIn1974 SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## 2 56 No Dead Middle
## 3 65 No Dead Oldest
## 4 53 No Alive Youngest
## 5 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 6 64 Yes Dead Middle#the first row does not contain any information.
smData[2,1]## [1] 56
## 31 Levels: 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 ... AgeIn1974#This command lists all the Values in the data set without repeating any datumProblem 3.1
smData2=read.table("SmokingData.CSV",sep=",",skip=1)
head(smData2)## V1 V2 V3 V4
## 1 56 No Dead Middle
## 2 65 No Dead Oldest
## 3 53 No Alive Youngest
## 4 62 Yes Dead Middle
## 5 64 Yes Dead Middle
## 6 52 No Alive YoungestProblem 3.2
smData=read.table("SmokingData.CSV",sep=",",header=TRUE)
#the Comand header=TRUE sets the frist row of the data to be the header.3.2: Subsetting Data in R
Problem 3.3
smData[,2] ## [1] No No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No
## [18] No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
## [35] Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No
## [52] Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
## [69] Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes
## [86] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes
## [103] Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
## [120] No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes
## [137] Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
## [154] Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No No
## [171] No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes
## [188] Yes No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No
## [205] No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
## [222] No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No Yes No No Yes
## [239] No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No
## [256] No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No
## [273] No No No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
## [290] No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes
## [307] No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No
## [324] Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
## [341] Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
## [358] Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No
## [375] Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No
## [392] Yes No No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes
## [409] Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No No Yes Yes No
## [426] Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No
## [443] No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes
## [460] No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes No
## [477] Yes No No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No
## [494] Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No
## [511] No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
## [528] Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes
## [545] Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes
## [562] No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes
## [579] No No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes
## [596] No Yes No No
## Levels: No Yes#This command lists all the data in column 2 separated by spaces.
smData$Smokerin1974 ## NULL#This command lists all data in the column titled "Smokerin1974" as the first command did, but in a more compacted form.
smData[2] ## SmokerIn1974
## 1 No
## 2 No
## 3 No
## 4 Yes
## 5 Yes
## 6 No
## 7 No
## 8 Yes
## 9 No
## 10 Yes
## 11 Yes
## 12 No
## 13 No
## 14 No
## 15 Yes
## 16 Yes
## 17 No
## 18 No
## 19 No
## 20 Yes
## 21 No
## 22 No
## 23 Yes
## 24 No
## 25 No
## 26 Yes
## 27 No
## 28 No
## 29 Yes
## 30 Yes
## 31 Yes
## 32 Yes
## 33 Yes
## 34 No
## 35 Yes
## 36 No
## 37 No
## 38 Yes
## 39 No
## 40 Yes
## 41 Yes
## 42 No
## 43 No
## 44 Yes
## 45 Yes
## 46 No
## 47 No
## 48 No
## 49 Yes
## 50 Yes
## 51 No
## 52 Yes
## 53 No
## 54 No
## 55 No
## 56 No
## 57 No
## 58 Yes
## 59 No
## 60 Yes
## 61 No
## 62 No
## 63 Yes
## 64 Yes
## 65 Yes
## 66 Yes
## 67 Yes
## 68 No
## 69 Yes
## 70 No
## 71 Yes
## 72 No
## 73 Yes
## 74 No
## 75 Yes
## 76 No
## 77 Yes
## 78 No
## 79 No
## 80 No
## 81 No
## 82 No
## 83 Yes
## 84 No
## 85 Yes
## 86 Yes
## 87 Yes
## 88 Yes
## 89 Yes
## 90 Yes
## 91 Yes
## 92 Yes
## 93 Yes
## 94 No
## 95 No
## 96 Yes
## 97 No
## 98 No
## 99 Yes
## 100 Yes
## 101 No
## 102 Yes
## 103 Yes
## 104 No
## 105 Yes
## 106 No
## 107 No
## 108 No
## 109 Yes
## 110 No
## 111 Yes
## 112 No
## 113 Yes
## 114 No
## 115 Yes
## 116 Yes
## 117 Yes
## 118 Yes
## 119 Yes
## 120 No
## 121 No
## 122 Yes
## 123 No
## 124 No
## 125 No
## 126 No
## 127 No
## 128 Yes
## 129 No
## 130 No
## 131 Yes
## 132 Yes
## 133 No
## 134 Yes
## 135 No
## 136 Yes
## 137 Yes
## 138 Yes
## 139 No
## 140 Yes
## 141 No
## 142 Yes
## 143 No
## 144 No
## 145 No
## 146 Yes
## 147 No
## 148 No
## 149 Yes
## 150 Yes
## 151 No
## 152 Yes
## 153 Yes
## 154 Yes
## 155 Yes
## 156 Yes
## 157 No
## 158 Yes
## 159 No
## 160 No
## 161 No
## 162 Yes
## 163 No
## 164 Yes
## 165 Yes
## 166 No
## 167 No
## 168 Yes
## 169 No
## 170 No
## 171 No
## 172 Yes
## 173 No
## 174 Yes
## 175 No
## 176 Yes
## 177 Yes
## 178 Yes
## 179 No
## 180 Yes
## 181 Yes
## 182 No
## 183 Yes
## 184 Yes
## 185 No
## 186 No
## 187 Yes
## 188 Yes
## 189 No
## 190 No
## 191 Yes
## 192 No
## 193 No
## 194 No
## 195 No
## 196 No
## 197 Yes
## 198 No
## 199 No
## 200 Yes
## 201 No
## 202 Yes
## 203 No
## 204 No
## 205 No
## 206 No
## 207 Yes
## 208 Yes
## 209 No
## 210 No
## 211 Yes
## 212 Yes
## 213 No
## 214 No
## 215 No
## 216 Yes
## 217 No
## 218 Yes
## 219 Yes
## 220 Yes
## 221 Yes
## 222 No
## 223 No
## 224 No
## 225 No
## 226 Yes
## 227 Yes
## 228 No
## 229 No
## 230 Yes
## 231 No
## 232 Yes
## 233 No
## 234 No
## 235 Yes
## 236 No
## 237 No
## 238 Yes
## 239 No
## 240 Yes
## 241 Yes
## 242 Yes
## 243 Yes
## 244 No
## 245 Yes
## 246 No
## 247 No
## 248 No
## 249 Yes
## 250 Yes
## 251 No
## 252 No
## 253 Yes
## 254 Yes
## 255 No
## 256 No
## 257 Yes
## 258 Yes
## 259 Yes
## 260 No
## 261 Yes
## 262 Yes
## 263 No
## 264 No
## 265 No
## 266 No
## 267 No
## 268 Yes
## 269 Yes
## 270 No
## 271 No
## 272 No
## 273 No
## 274 No
## 275 No
## 276 Yes
## 277 No
## 278 No
## 279 Yes
## 280 No
## 281 No
## 282 No
## 283 Yes
## 284 Yes
## 285 Yes
## 286 Yes
## 287 No
## 288 Yes
## 289 Yes
## 290 No
## 291 Yes
## 292 Yes
## 293 Yes
## 294 No
## 295 Yes
## 296 Yes
## 297 No
## 298 Yes
## 299 Yes
## 300 No
## 301 No
## 302 No
## 303 Yes
## 304 No
## 305 Yes
## 306 Yes
## 307 No
## 308 No
## 309 Yes
## 310 Yes
## 311 No
## 312 No
## 313 Yes
## 314 No
## 315 No
## 316 Yes
## 317 Yes
## 318 Yes
## 319 Yes
## 320 No
## 321 Yes
## 322 No
## 323 No
## 324 Yes
## 325 No
## 326 No
## 327 Yes
## 328 Yes
## 329 Yes
## 330 No
## 331 No
## 332 No
## 333 Yes
## 334 No
## 335 Yes
## 336 No
## 337 No
## 338 Yes
## 339 Yes
## 340 Yes
## 341 Yes
## 342 Yes
## 343 Yes
## 344 Yes
## 345 No
## 346 No
## 347 No
## 348 Yes
## 349 Yes
## 350 No
## 351 Yes
## 352 No
## 353 Yes
## 354 Yes
## 355 Yes
## 356 Yes
## 357 No
## 358 Yes
## 359 No
## 360 No
## 361 Yes
## 362 Yes
## 363 Yes
## 364 Yes
## 365 Yes
## 366 No
## 367 No
## 368 No
## 369 No
## 370 Yes
## 371 Yes
## 372 Yes
## 373 No
## 374 No
## 375 Yes
## 376 No
## 377 No
## 378 No
## 379 Yes
## 380 No
## 381 Yes
## 382 No
## 383 No
## 384 No
## 385 No
## 386 Yes
## 387 Yes
## 388 No
## 389 Yes
## 390 No
## 391 No
## 392 Yes
## 393 No
## 394 No
## 395 No
## 396 Yes
## 397 No
## 398 No
## 399 No
## 400 No
## 401 Yes
## 402 Yes
## 403 No
## 404 Yes
## 405 No
## 406 No
## 407 No
## 408 Yes
## 409 Yes
## 410 No
## 411 Yes
## 412 No
## 413 No
## 414 No
## 415 Yes
## 416 No
## 417 No
## 418 No
## 419 No
## 420 No
## 421 No
## 422 No
## 423 Yes
## 424 Yes
## 425 No
## 426 Yes
## 427 Yes
## 428 Yes
## 429 No
## 430 Yes
## 431 No
## 432 Yes
## 433 Yes
## 434 Yes
## 435 Yes
## 436 No
## 437 No
## 438 No
## 439 No
## 440 Yes
## 441 No
## 442 No
## 443 No
## 444 Yes
## 445 Yes
## 446 Yes
## 447 No
## 448 Yes
## 449 No
## 450 No
## 451 Yes
## 452 No
## 453 No
## 454 Yes
## 455 No
## 456 No
## 457 No
## 458 Yes
## 459 Yes
## 460 No
## 461 No
## 462 Yes
## 463 Yes
## 464 No
## 465 Yes
## 466 No
## 467 Yes
## 468 No
## 469 No
## 470 No
## 471 Yes
## 472 Yes
## 473 No
## 474 No
## 475 Yes
## 476 No
## 477 Yes
## 478 No
## 479 No
## 480 Yes
## 481 No
## 482 No
## 483 Yes
## 484 No
## 485 Yes
## 486 No
## 487 No
## 488 No
## 489 No
## 490 Yes
## 491 Yes
## 492 Yes
## 493 No
## 494 Yes
## 495 No
## 496 No
## 497 Yes
## 498 No
## 499 No
## 500 No
## 501 No
## 502 Yes
## 503 Yes
## 504 Yes
## 505 Yes
## 506 Yes
## 507 No
## 508 No
## 509 Yes
## 510 No
## 511 No
## 512 Yes
## 513 Yes
## 514 No
## 515 No
## 516 Yes
## 517 Yes
## 518 No
## 519 No
## 520 Yes
## 521 Yes
## 522 No
## 523 Yes
## 524 Yes
## 525 Yes
## 526 No
## 527 Yes
## 528 Yes
## 529 Yes
## 530 No
## 531 Yes
## 532 Yes
## 533 Yes
## 534 No
## 535 No
## 536 Yes
## 537 Yes
## 538 No
## 539 Yes
## 540 No
## 541 No
## 542 Yes
## 543 No
## 544 Yes
## 545 Yes
## 546 No
## 547 Yes
## 548 Yes
## 549 No
## 550 No
## 551 Yes
## 552 Yes
## 553 Yes
## 554 Yes
## 555 No
## 556 No
## 557 Yes
## 558 No
## 559 No
## 560 No
## 561 Yes
## 562 No
## 563 No
## 564 Yes
## 565 No
## 566 No
## 567 Yes
## 568 No
## 569 No
## 570 Yes
## 571 No
## 572 No
## 573 No
## 574 Yes
## 575 Yes
## 576 No
## 577 No
## 578 Yes
## 579 No
## 580 No
## 581 No
## 582 Yes
## 583 No
## 584 No
## 585 No
## 586 No
## 587 Yes
## 588 Yes
## 589 No
## 590 No
## 591 No
## 592 Yes
## 593 No
## 594 No
## 595 Yes
## 596 No
## 597 Yes
## 598 No
## 599 No#This command lists all the data in column form, where each datum is on a separate line.
smData[2:53,c(2,3,4)] ## SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## 2 No Dead Oldest
## 3 No Alive Youngest
## 4 Yes Dead Middle
## 5 Yes Dead Middle
## 6 No Alive Youngest
## 7 No Dead Oldest
## 8 Yes Alive Youngest
## 9 No Alive Youngest
## 10 Yes Dead Oldest
## 11 Yes Alive Middle
## 12 No Dead Oldest
## 13 No Dead Oldest
## 14 No Alive Youngest
## 15 Yes Alive Youngest
## 16 Yes Alive Middle
## 17 No Alive Oldest
## 18 No Alive Middle
## 19 No Dead Oldest
## 20 Yes Dead Oldest
## 21 No Alive Middle
## 22 No Alive Middle
## 23 Yes Alive Youngest
## 24 No Dead Oldest
## 25 No Dead Middle
## 26 Yes Alive Youngest
## 27 No Alive Youngest
## 28 No Alive Youngest
## 29 Yes Dead Oldest
## 30 Yes Dead Middle
## 31 Yes Dead Oldest
## 32 Yes Dead Youngest
## 33 Yes Alive Youngest
## 34 No Dead Oldest
## 35 Yes Dead Middle
## 36 No Dead Oldest
## 37 No Alive Youngest
## 38 Yes Dead Youngest
## 39 No Alive Oldest
## 40 Yes Alive Youngest
## 41 Yes Dead Youngest
## 42 No Alive Oldest
## 43 No Dead Youngest
## 44 Yes Alive Youngest
## 45 Yes Alive Oldest
## 46 No Dead Middle
## 47 No Alive Middle
## 48 No Alive Youngest
## 49 Yes Alive Youngest
## 50 Yes Dead Youngest
## 51 No Alive Youngest
## 52 Yes Alive Youngest
## 53 No Alive Middle#This command listed the data from lines 2 through 53 in columns 2,3, and 4 in tabular form.
mean(smData$AgeIn1974)## [1] 58.65943#The average age of women in this study is 58.66 years.Problem 3.4
hist(smData$AgeIn1974,main="Ages of Women in Smoking Study",xlab="Age of Women (Years)",ylab="Number of Women",breaks=5)
Problem 3.5
dataforsmokers=smData[smData$SmokerIn1974=="Yes",]
mean(dataforsmokers$AgeIn1974)## [1] 56.15658dataforsmokers=smData[smData$SmokerIn1974=="No",]
mean(dataforsmokers$AgeIn1974)## [1] 60.87107Problem 3.6
#599 women participated in this study.
dataforsmokers=smData[smData$SmokerIn1974=="Yes",]
summary(dataforsmokers)## AgeIn1974 SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## Min. :45.00 No : 0 Alive:174 Middle :115
## 1st Qu.:50.00 Yes:281 Dead :107 Oldest : 36
## Median :56.00 Youngest:130
## Mean :56.16
## 3rd Qu.:62.00
## Max. :74.00#281 women smoked in this study.
#Of the 281 women who smoked, 174 were still alive 20 years later in 1994.
174/281## [1] 0.6192171#61.92% of smokers lived 20 or more years from the study.
dataforsmokers=smData[smData$SmokerIn1974=="No",]
summary(dataforsmokers)## AgeIn1974 SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## Min. :45.00 No :318 Alive:170 Middle :111
## 1st Qu.:55.00 Yes: 0 Dead :148 Oldest :129
## Median :62.00 Youngest: 78
## Mean :60.87
## 3rd Qu.:68.00
## Max. :74.00170/318## [1] 0.5345912#53.46% of non-smokers lived 20 or more years from the study.
problem6 <- read.csv("C:/Users/heinsenj/Desktop/PaS Project 1/problem6.csv")
problem6## X Total.Number Number.Alive Percent.Alive
## 1 Smoker 281 174 61.92%
## 2 Non-smoker 318 170 53.46%#From this data we can conclude that smoking prolongs your lifespan.3.3: Tidying and Subsetting Data For Analysis
Problem 3.7
dataforage=smData[smData$AgeCategory=="Youngest",]
summary(dataforage[1]) ## AgeIn1974
## Min. :45.0
## 1st Qu.:47.0
## Median :49.0
## Mean :49.4
## 3rd Qu.:52.0
## Max. :54.0#The minimum and maximum ages in the "Youngest" category are 45 and 54, respectively.
dataforage=smData[smData$AgeCategory=="Middle",]
summary(dataforage[1])## AgeIn1974
## Min. :55.00
## 1st Qu.:57.00
## Median :59.00
## Mean :59.33
## 3rd Qu.:62.00
## Max. :64.00#The minimum and maximum ages in the "Youngest" category are 55 and 64, respectively.
dataforage=smData[smData$AgeCategory=="Oldest",]
summary(dataforage[1])## AgeIn1974
## Min. :65.00
## 1st Qu.:67.00
## Median :69.00
## Mean :69.41
## 3rd Qu.:72.00
## Max. :74.00#The minimum and maximum ages in the "Youngest" category are 65 and 74, respectively.
summary(smData[1])## AgeIn1974
## Min. :45.00
## 1st Qu.:52.00
## Median :58.00
## Mean :58.66
## 3rd Qu.:65.50
## Max. :74.00Problem 3.8
dataforlife=smData[smData$AgeCategory=="Youngest"&smData$SmokerIn1974=="Yes",]
summary(dataforlife)## AgeIn1974 SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## Min. :45.00 No : 0 Alive:103 Middle : 0
## 1st Qu.:47.00 Yes:130 Dead : 27 Oldest : 0
## Median :49.00 Youngest:130
## Mean :49.52
## 3rd Qu.:52.00
## Max. :54.00dataforlife=smData[smData$AgeCategory=="Middle" & smData$SmokerIn1974=="Yes",]
summary(dataforlife)## AgeIn1974 SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## Min. :55.00 No : 0 Alive:64 Middle :115
## 1st Qu.:57.00 Yes:115 Dead :51 Oldest : 0
## Median :59.00 Youngest: 0
## Mean :59.44
## 3rd Qu.:62.00
## Max. :64.00dataforlife=smData[smData$AgeCategory=="Oldest" & smData$SmokerIn1974=="Yes",]
summary(dataforlife)## AgeIn1974 SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## Min. :66.00 No : 0 Alive: 7 Middle : 0
## 1st Qu.:67.00 Yes:36 Dead :29 Oldest :36
## Median :69.00 Youngest: 0
## Mean :69.64
## 3rd Qu.:72.00
## Max. :74.00dataforlife=smData[smData$AgeCategory=="Youngest" & smData$SmokerIn1974=="No",]
summary(dataforlife)## AgeIn1974 SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## Min. :45.00 No :78 Alive:66 Middle : 0
## 1st Qu.:47.00 Yes: 0 Dead :12 Oldest : 0
## Median :49.00 Youngest:78
## Mean :49.21
## 3rd Qu.:51.00
## Max. :54.00dataforlife=smData[smData$AgeCategory=="Middle" & smData$SmokerIn1974=="No", ]
summary(dataforlife)## AgeIn1974 SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## Min. :55.00 No :111 Alive:76 Middle :111
## 1st Qu.:56.00 Yes: 0 Dead :35 Oldest : 0
## Median :59.00 Youngest: 0
## Mean :59.22
## 3rd Qu.:62.00
## Max. :64.00dataforlife=smData[smData$AgeCategory=="Oldest" & smData$SmokerIn1974=="No", ]
summary(dataforlife)## AgeIn1974 SmokerIn1974 AliveIn1994 AgeCategory
## Min. :65.00 No :129 Alive: 28 Middle : 0
## 1st Qu.:67.00 Yes: 0 Dead :101 Oldest :129
## Median :69.00 Youngest: 0
## Mean :69.35
## 3rd Qu.:72.00
## Max. :74.00problem8 <- read.csv("C:/Users/heinsenj/Desktop/PaS Project 1/problem8.csv")
problem8## Age.Category Age.Range Total.Number.of.Women
## 1 Youngest 45-55 208
## 2 Midle 55-64 226
## 3 Oldest 65-74 165
## Percentage.of.Smoking.Women.Who.Lived.20.Years
## 1 79.23%
## 2 55.65%
## 3 24.14%
## Percentage.of.non.Smoking.Women.Who.Lived.20.Years
## 1 84.62%
## 2 68.47%
## 3 21.71%Problem 3.9
The data appears to contradict itself because the percentages of women who smoked and those who didn’t smoke are very similar. One would think that the percentage of smoking women who lived 20 years would be much lower than that of the non-smoking women. These contradictory results could be attributed to the sample of the study. Every person is genetically different and some people could have stronger systems to resist the negative effects of smoking, while maybe the non-smokers died of other causes not related to smoke inhalation.
Problem 3.10
table(smData)## , , AliveIn1994 = Alive, AgeCategory = Middle
##
## SmokerIn1974
## AgeIn1974 No Yes
## 45 0 0
## 46 0 0
## 47 0 0
## 48 0 0
## 49 0 0
## 50 0 0
## 51 0 0
## 52 0 0
## 53 0 0
## 54 0 0
## 55 10 2
## 56 7 9
## 57 6 11
## 58 8 6
## 59 7 5
## 60 5 2
## 61 8 6
## 62 10 8
## 63 8 9
## 64 7 6
## 65 0 0
## 66 0 0
## 67 0 0
## 68 0 0
## 69 0 0
## 70 0 0
## 71 0 0
## 72 0 0
## 73 0 0
## 74 0 0
##
## , , AliveIn1994 = Dead, AgeCategory = Middle
##
## SmokerIn1974
## AgeIn1974 No Yes
## 45 0 0
## 46 0 0
## 47 0 0
## 48 0 0
## 49 0 0
## 50 0 0
## 51 0 0
## 52 0 0
## 53 0 0
## 54 0 0
## 55 2 5
## 56 10 7
## 57 2 8
## 58 5 1
## 59 2 7
## 60 4 3
## 61 4 5
## 62 3 7
## 63 2 6
## 64 1 2
## 65 0 0
## 66 0 0
## 67 0 0
## 68 0 0
## 69 0 0
## 70 0 0
## 71 0 0
## 72 0 0
## 73 0 0
## 74 0 0
##
## , , AliveIn1994 = Alive, AgeCategory = Oldest
##
## SmokerIn1974
## AgeIn1974 No Yes
## 45 0 0
## 46 0 0
## 47 0 0
## 48 0 0
## 49 0 0
## 50 0 0
## 51 0 0
## 52 0 0
## 53 0 0
## 54 0 0
## 55 0 0
## 56 0 0
## 57 0 0
## 58 0 0
## 59 0 0
## 60 0 0
## 61 0 0
## 62 0 0
## 63 0 0
## 64 0 0
## 65 2 0
## 66 3 0
## 67 5 2
## 68 3 0
## 69 1 2
## 70 0 0
## 71 3 1
## 72 4 0
## 73 5 1
## 74 2 1
##
## , , AliveIn1994 = Dead, AgeCategory = Oldest
##
## SmokerIn1974
## AgeIn1974 No Yes
## 45 0 0
## 46 0 0
## 47 0 0
## 48 0 0
## 49 0 0
## 50 0 0
## 51 0 0
## 52 0 0
## 53 0 0
## 54 0 0
## 55 0 0
## 56 0 0
## 57 0 0
## 58 0 0
## 59 0 0
## 60 0 0
## 61 0 0
## 62 0 0
## 63 0 0
## 64 0 0
## 65 13 0
## 66 12 6
## 67 11 4
## 68 7 3
## 69 12 2
## 70 5 2
## 71 10 2
## 72 12 4
## 73 12 3
## 74 7 3
##
## , , AliveIn1994 = Alive, AgeCategory = Youngest
##
## SmokerIn1974
## AgeIn1974 No Yes
## 45 9 6
## 46 7 15
## 47 5 16
## 48 7 6
## 49 6 12
## 50 5 4
## 51 10 10
## 52 7 13
## 53 3 13
## 54 7 8
## 55 0 0
## 56 0 0
## 57 0 0
## 58 0 0
## 59 0 0
## 60 0 0
## 61 0 0
## 62 0 0
## 63 0 0
## 64 0 0
## 65 0 0
## 66 0 0
## 67 0 0
## 68 0 0
## 69 0 0
## 70 0 0
## 71 0 0
## 72 0 0
## 73 0 0
## 74 0 0
##
## , , AliveIn1994 = Dead, AgeCategory = Youngest
##
## SmokerIn1974
## AgeIn1974 No Yes
## 45 0 2
## 46 2 3
## 47 2 4
## 48 3 2
## 49 1 2
## 50 2 1
## 51 0 1
## 52 0 5
## 53 2 7
## 54 0 0
## 55 0 0
## 56 0 0
## 57 0 0
## 58 0 0
## 59 0 0
## 60 0 0
## 61 0 0
## 62 0 0
## 63 0 0
## 64 0 0
## 65 0 0
## 66 0 0
## 67 0 0
## 68 0 0
## 69 0 0
## 70 0 0
## 71 0 0
## 72 0 0
## 73 0 0
## 74 0 0table(smData[,2:4])## , , AgeCategory = Middle
##
## AliveIn1994
## SmokerIn1974 Alive Dead
## No 76 35
## Yes 64 51
##
## , , AgeCategory = Oldest
##
## AliveIn1994
## SmokerIn1974 Alive Dead
## No 28 101
## Yes 7 29
##
## , , AgeCategory = Youngest
##
## AliveIn1994
## SmokerIn1974 Alive Dead
## No 66 12
## Yes 103 27Table command organizes the data in a way a subset would, except with just one command. It also generates 3 tables which makes reading and interpreting the data much simpler and more time efficient.
Problem 3.11
The numbers could have been interpreted to make the claim in the advertisement true because the data shows that there is not much difference in mortality between smokers and non-smokers over a 20 year span. The company could claim that since there is no negative effects in smoking cigarettes, why not do so.
4: Visualizations in R
4.1: Using plot() and Common Arguments/Comands
Example 4.1
x=seq(0, 10)
x ## [1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10# This Created a sequence from 0 to 10.
y=seq(0, 20, 2)
y ## [1] 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20# This command created a sequence from 0 to 20 by increasing each value by 2.
z=c(0:10)
z ## [1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10# This creates a sequence from 0 to 10 just like the comand seq().
z==x## [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE# The values from x and z are being compared and a True of False is being returned.
z==y## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE# The values from y and z are being compared and a True of False is being returned.
plot(x,y)
Problem 4.2
plot(smData$SmokerIn1974,smData$AliveIn1994,main="Smokers Vs. Non-Smokers",xlab="Smokers",ylab="Alive")
The Default Plot used is a percentage bar chart
Problem 4.3
Youngest<-subset(smData,AgeCategory=="Youngest",select=c(AgeIn1974,SmokerIn1974,AliveIn1994))
plot(Youngest$SmokerIn1974,Youngest$AliveIn1994,main="Youngest: Smokers Vs. Non-Smokers",xlab="Smoker?",ylab=" ")
Problem 4.5
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
plot(Youngest$SmokerIn1974,Youngest$AliveIn1994,main="Youngest Women",xlab="Smoker?",ylab=" ")
plot(smData$SmokerIn1974,smData$AliveIn1994,main="Women",xlab="Smoker?",ylab=" ")
Problem 4.6
Youngest<-subset(smData,AgeCategory=="Youngest",select=c(AgeIn1974,SmokerIn1974,AliveIn1994))
Middle<-subset(smData,AgeCategory=="Middle",select=c(AgeIn1974,SmokerIn1974,AliveIn1994))
Oldest<-subset(smData,AgeCategory=="Oldest",select=c(AgeIn1974,SmokerIn1974,AliveIn1994))
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(smData$SmokerIn1974,smData$AliveIn1994,main="Women",xlab="Smoker?",ylab=" ")
plot(Youngest$SmokerIn1974,Youngest$AliveIn1994,main="Youngest Women",xlab="Smoker?",ylab=" ")
plot(Middle$SmokerIn1974,Middle$AliveIn1994,main="Middle Women",xlab="Smoker?",ylab=" ")
plot(Oldest$SmokerIn1974,Oldest$AliveIn1994,main="Oldest Women",xlab="Smoker?",ylab=" ")
Problem 4.7
sm=smData[smData$SmokerIn1974=="Yes",]
nsm=smData[smData$SmokerIn1974=="No",]
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
hist(sm$AgeIn1974,main="Smokers",xlab="Age",breaks=c(45,55,65,75))
hist(nsm$AgeIn1974,main="Non-Smokers",xlab="Age",breaks=c(45,55,65,75))