tidyr

library(tidyverse)

Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'dbplyr':
  method         from
  print.tbl_lazy     
  print.tbl_sql      
-- Attaching packages --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- tidyverse 1.3.1 --
v ggplot2 3.3.5     v purrr   0.3.4
v tibble  3.1.4     v dplyr   1.0.7
v tidyr   1.1.3     v stringr 1.4.0
v readr   2.0.1     v forcats 0.5.1
-- Conflicts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ tidyverse_conflicts() --
x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
x dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()

table1

table2

table3

table4a

table4b

table5

table4a %>%
pivot_longer(c(`1999`, `2000`), names_to = "year", values_to = "population")

NA

table4b %>% 
  pivot_longer(c(`1999`, `2000`), names_to = "year", values_to = "population")

tidy4a <- table4a %>% 
  pivot_longer(c(`1999`, `2000`), names_to = "year", values_to = "cases")
tidy4b <- table4b %>% 
  pivot_longer(c(`1999`, `2000`), names_to = "year", values_to = "population")
left_join(tidy4a, tidy4b)

Joining, by = c("country", "year")

table2 %>%
    pivot_wider(names_from = type, values_from = count)

table3 %>% 
  separate(rate, into = c("cases", "population"))

table5 %>% 
  unite(new, century, year)

table1 %>%
mutate(rate = cases / population * 10000)

table1 %>% 
  count(year, wt=cases)

library(ggplot2)
ggplot(table1, aes(year, cases)) + 
  geom_line(aes(group = country), colour = "grey50") + 
  geom_point(aes(colour = country))