Cary K. Jim
Library/Package
library(tidyverse)## Warning: package 'tidyverse' was built under R version 4.0.5
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## chisq.test, fisher.testData Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey”, 2018-19; “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey Geographic Data (EDGE)”, 2018-2019.
† indicates that the data are not applicable. – indicates that the data are missing. ‡ indicates that the data do not meet NCES data quality standards.
public_school <-read.csv('./Datasets/public_schoolv3.csv', na.strings = c("","-","‡"),
header = T, strip.white = T, sep = ",",
fileEncoding="UTF-8-BOM")Part 1 of exploring data can be found in RPubs page https://rpubs.com/caryjim/nces-ps-status
# Remove schools that have no enrollment information, the subset function will also drop rows with no values
public_school <- subset(public_school, !(Members == "0")) #97225 rows#Remove schools that have no enrollment information, n/a is not applicable
public_school <- subset(public_school, !(Members == "n/a")) #95267 rows#Check how the school status looks like after removing schools with no enrollment information
#Do we have any information for school that is "Added" or "Future" status?
table(public_school$Updated.Status)##
## 1-Open 3-New 4-Added
## 94139 960 33
## 5-Changed Boundary/Agency 8-Reopened
## 105 30# We will exclude Regional Education Service Agency (RESA)
public_school <- subset(public_school, !(Agency.Type == "4-Regional Education Service Agency (RESA)")) #94619 rowstable(public_school$Agency.Type)##
## 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 87451
## 2-Local school district that is a component of a supervisory union
## 2444
## 5-State agency providing elementary and/or secondary level instruction
## 476
## 7-Independent Charter District
## 4105
## 8-Other education agencies
## 30
## 9-Specialized public school district
## 113We don’t want to simply drop a school if it is not a regular school. Therefore, it is best to include specialized schools that are serving students who may not be enrolled in a general education classroom.
###Task 2.3 Review the incomplete cases at this point
incomplete_sch <- public_school[!complete.cases(public_school),] #3523 rows
#It looks like FTE is the column that is causing the incomplete cases at this time.
head(incomplete_sch)## State.Name ST School.Name NCES.SchID
## 3 Minnesota MN 112 ALC Independent Study 2.70819e+11
## 4 Minnesota MN 112 ALC MIDDLE SCHOOL 2.70819e+11
## 108 Illinois IL A J Katzenmaier Academy 1.70011e+11
## 129 Illinois IL A O Marshall Elem School 1.72058e+11
## 163 Louisiana LA A. E. Phillips Laboratory School 2.20006e+11
## 209 Arizona AZ AAEC - Paradise Valley 4.00106e+10
## Agency_Name County_Name COUNTY.ID
## 3 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 4 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 108 North Chicago SD 187 Lake County 17097
## 129 Joliet PSD 86 Will County 17197
## 163 A.E. Phillips Laboratory School Lincoln Parish 22061
## 209 Arizona Agribusiness & Equine Center Inc. 1 Maricopa County 4013
## Urban.centric.Locale Latitude Longitude
## 3 21-Suburb: Large 44.84528 -93.57477
## 4 21-Suburb: Large 44.84161 -93.59692
## 108 21-Suburb: Large 42.32605 -87.86273
## 129 21-Suburb: Large 41.53138 -88.04488
## 163 32-Town: Distant 32.52588 -92.65047
## 209 11-City: Large 33.64847 -112.01150
## Title.I.School.Status Updated.Status
## 3 2-Title I targeted assistance school 1-Open
## 4 2-Title I targeted assistance school 1-Open
## 108 <NA> 1-Open
## 129 <NA> 1-Open
## 163 <NA> 1-Open
## 209 6-Not a Title I school 1-Open
## Agency.Type
## 3 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 4 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 108 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 129 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 163 8-Other education agencies
## 209 7-Independent Charter District
## School.Type Members Male Female FTE.Equivalent
## 3 4-Alternative/other school 37 20 17 <NA>
## 4 4-Alternative/other school 366 198 168 <NA>
## 108 1-Regular school 436 228 208 28
## 129 1-Regular school 485 249 236 29
## 163 1-Regular school 397 201 196 22
## 209 1-Regular school 313 107 206 <NA>
## Pupil.Teacher.Ratio
## 3 n/a
## 4 n/a
## 108 15.57
## 129 16.72
## 163 18.05
## 209 n/aThere are still a subset of schools that contain missing values, such as “Title.I. School.Status”, “FTE.Equivalent”, and “Pupil.Teacher.Ratio”. It won’t be significantly affect the following steps. So we will leave these missing values in the data for now.
str(public_school)## 'data.frame': 94619 obs. of 19 variables:
## $ State.Name : chr "Massachusetts" "Washington" "Minnesota" "Minnesota" ...
## $ ST : chr "MA" "WA" "MN" "MN" ...
## $ School.Name : chr "1 LT Charles W. Whitcomb School" "10th Street School" "112 ALC Independent Study" "112 ALC MIDDLE SCHOOL" ...
## $ NCES.SchID : num 2.51e+11 5.30e+11 2.71e+11 2.71e+11 2.63e+11 ...
## $ Agency_Name : chr "Marlborough" "Marysville School District" "EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL" "EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL" ...
## $ County_Name : chr "Middlesex County" "Snohomish County" "Carver County" "Carver County" ...
## $ COUNTY.ID : int 25017 53061 27019 27019 26077 31079 18089 42029 48215 55025 ...
## $ Urban.centric.Locale : chr "21-Suburb: Large" "22-Suburb: Mid-size" "21-Suburb: Large" "21-Suburb: Large" ...
## $ Latitude : num 42.4 48.1 44.8 44.8 42.2 ...
## $ Longitude : num -71.5 -122.2 -93.6 -93.6 -85.6 ...
## $ Title.I.School.Status: chr "5-Title I schoolwide school" "6-Not a Title I school" "2-Title I targeted assistance school" "2-Title I targeted assistance school" ...
## $ Updated.Status : chr "1-Open" "1-Open" "1-Open" "1-Open" ...
## $ Agency.Type : chr "1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union" "1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union" "1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union" "1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union" ...
## $ School.Type : chr "1-Regular school" "1-Regular school" "4-Alternative/other school" "4-Alternative/other school" ...
## $ Members : chr "1308" "178" "37" "366" ...
## $ Male : chr "681" "77" "20" "198" ...
## $ Female : chr "627" "101" "17" "168" ...
## $ FTE.Equivalent : chr "118.8" "7.3" NA NA ...
## $ Pupil.Teacher.Ratio : chr "11.01" "24.38" "n/a" "n/a" ...Note: We have to pass the value as characters first, otherwise R will assign a level value
#Members, Male, Female, FTE and Pupil.Teacher Ratio are as a factor level due to the symbol used in the original data
public_school$Members <- as.integer(as.character(public_school[,15]))head(public_school)## State.Name ST School.Name NCES.SchID
## 1 Massachusetts MA 1 LT Charles W. Whitcomb School 2.50732e+11
## 2 Washington WA 10th Street School 5.30486e+11
## 3 Minnesota MN 112 ALC Independent Study 2.70819e+11
## 4 Minnesota MN 112 ALC MIDDLE SCHOOL 2.70819e+11
## 6 Michigan MI 12th Street Elementary 2.62895e+11
## 8 Nebraska NE 1R ELEMENTARY 3.17458e+11
## Agency_Name County_Name COUNTY.ID
## 1 Marlborough Middlesex County 25017
## 2 Marysville School District Snohomish County 53061
## 3 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 4 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 6 Portage Public Schools Kalamazoo County 26077
## 8 NORTHWEST PUBLIC SCHOOLS Hall County 31079
## Urban.centric.Locale Latitude Longitude Title.I.School.Status
## 1 21-Suburb: Large 42.35735 -71.54859 5-Title I schoolwide school
## 2 22-Suburb: Mid-size 48.05744 -122.18199 6-Not a Title I school
## 3 21-Suburb: Large 44.84528 -93.57477 2-Title I targeted assistance school
## 4 21-Suburb: Large 44.84161 -93.59692 2-Title I targeted assistance school
## 6 13-City: Small 42.22038 -85.64661 6-Not a Title I school
## 8 41-Rural: Fringe 41.00278 -98.37956 6-Not a Title I school
## Updated.Status
## 1 1-Open
## 2 1-Open
## 3 1-Open
## 4 1-Open
## 6 1-Open
## 8 1-Open
## Agency.Type
## 1 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 2 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 3 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 4 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 6 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 8 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## School.Type Members Male Female FTE.Equivalent
## 1 1-Regular school 1308 681 627 118.8
## 2 1-Regular school 178 77 101 7.3
## 3 4-Alternative/other school 37 20 17 <NA>
## 4 4-Alternative/other school 366 198 168 <NA>
## 6 1-Regular school 530 269 261 29.26
## 8 1-Regular school 182 96 86 12.65
## Pupil.Teacher.Ratio
## 1 11.01
## 2 24.38
## 3 n/a
## 4 n/a
## 6 18.11
## 8 14.39public_school$Male <- as.integer(as.character(public_school[,16]))## Warning: NAs introduced by coercionpublic_school$Female <- as.integer(as.character(public_school[,17]))## Warning: NAs introduced by coercionhead(public_school)## State.Name ST School.Name NCES.SchID
## 1 Massachusetts MA 1 LT Charles W. Whitcomb School 2.50732e+11
## 2 Washington WA 10th Street School 5.30486e+11
## 3 Minnesota MN 112 ALC Independent Study 2.70819e+11
## 4 Minnesota MN 112 ALC MIDDLE SCHOOL 2.70819e+11
## 6 Michigan MI 12th Street Elementary 2.62895e+11
## 8 Nebraska NE 1R ELEMENTARY 3.17458e+11
## Agency_Name County_Name COUNTY.ID
## 1 Marlborough Middlesex County 25017
## 2 Marysville School District Snohomish County 53061
## 3 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 4 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 6 Portage Public Schools Kalamazoo County 26077
## 8 NORTHWEST PUBLIC SCHOOLS Hall County 31079
## Urban.centric.Locale Latitude Longitude Title.I.School.Status
## 1 21-Suburb: Large 42.35735 -71.54859 5-Title I schoolwide school
## 2 22-Suburb: Mid-size 48.05744 -122.18199 6-Not a Title I school
## 3 21-Suburb: Large 44.84528 -93.57477 2-Title I targeted assistance school
## 4 21-Suburb: Large 44.84161 -93.59692 2-Title I targeted assistance school
## 6 13-City: Small 42.22038 -85.64661 6-Not a Title I school
## 8 41-Rural: Fringe 41.00278 -98.37956 6-Not a Title I school
## Updated.Status
## 1 1-Open
## 2 1-Open
## 3 1-Open
## 4 1-Open
## 6 1-Open
## 8 1-Open
## Agency.Type
## 1 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 2 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 3 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 4 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 6 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 8 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## School.Type Members Male Female FTE.Equivalent
## 1 1-Regular school 1308 681 627 118.8
## 2 1-Regular school 178 77 101 7.3
## 3 4-Alternative/other school 37 20 17 <NA>
## 4 4-Alternative/other school 366 198 168 <NA>
## 6 1-Regular school 530 269 261 29.26
## 8 1-Regular school 182 96 86 12.65
## Pupil.Teacher.Ratio
## 1 11.01
## 2 24.38
## 3 n/a
## 4 n/a
## 6 18.11
## 8 14.39##Task 3.2 FTE and Pupil Teacher Ratio
public_school$FTE.Equivalent <- as.numeric(as.character(public_school[,18]))public_school$Pupil.Teacher.Ratio <- as.numeric(as.character(public_school[,19]))## Warning: NAs introduced by coercionNote that original n/a - not applicable values are now replaces with NAs, which is not a problem since we don’t have information on that either.
head(public_school)## State.Name ST School.Name NCES.SchID
## 1 Massachusetts MA 1 LT Charles W. Whitcomb School 2.50732e+11
## 2 Washington WA 10th Street School 5.30486e+11
## 3 Minnesota MN 112 ALC Independent Study 2.70819e+11
## 4 Minnesota MN 112 ALC MIDDLE SCHOOL 2.70819e+11
## 6 Michigan MI 12th Street Elementary 2.62895e+11
## 8 Nebraska NE 1R ELEMENTARY 3.17458e+11
## Agency_Name County_Name COUNTY.ID
## 1 Marlborough Middlesex County 25017
## 2 Marysville School District Snohomish County 53061
## 3 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 4 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 6 Portage Public Schools Kalamazoo County 26077
## 8 NORTHWEST PUBLIC SCHOOLS Hall County 31079
## Urban.centric.Locale Latitude Longitude Title.I.School.Status
## 1 21-Suburb: Large 42.35735 -71.54859 5-Title I schoolwide school
## 2 22-Suburb: Mid-size 48.05744 -122.18199 6-Not a Title I school
## 3 21-Suburb: Large 44.84528 -93.57477 2-Title I targeted assistance school
## 4 21-Suburb: Large 44.84161 -93.59692 2-Title I targeted assistance school
## 6 13-City: Small 42.22038 -85.64661 6-Not a Title I school
## 8 41-Rural: Fringe 41.00278 -98.37956 6-Not a Title I school
## Updated.Status
## 1 1-Open
## 2 1-Open
## 3 1-Open
## 4 1-Open
## 6 1-Open
## 8 1-Open
## Agency.Type
## 1 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 2 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 3 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 4 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 6 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 8 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## School.Type Members Male Female FTE.Equivalent
## 1 1-Regular school 1308 681 627 118.80
## 2 1-Regular school 178 77 101 7.30
## 3 4-Alternative/other school 37 20 17 NA
## 4 4-Alternative/other school 366 198 168 NA
## 6 1-Regular school 530 269 261 29.26
## 8 1-Regular school 182 96 86 12.65
## Pupil.Teacher.Ratio
## 1 11.01
## 2 24.38
## 3 NA
## 4 NA
## 6 18.11
## 8 14.39incomplete_sch <- public_school[!complete.cases(public_school),]
# There are about 3989 schools that didn't have the FTE information or Pupil to Teacher Ratio. However those are not necessary needed in the next step. We can move forward this this dataframe.
head(incomplete_sch)## State.Name ST School.Name NCES.SchID
## 3 Minnesota MN 112 ALC Independent Study 2.70819e+11
## 4 Minnesota MN 112 ALC MIDDLE SCHOOL 2.70819e+11
## 51 KANSAS KS 500 Reach 2.00795e+11
## 108 Illinois IL A J Katzenmaier Academy 1.70011e+11
## 129 Illinois IL A O Marshall Elem School 1.72058e+11
## 163 Louisiana LA A. E. Phillips Laboratory School 2.20006e+11
## Agency_Name County_Name COUNTY.ID
## 3 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 4 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 51 Kansas City Wyandotte County 20209
## 108 North Chicago SD 187 Lake County 17097
## 129 Joliet PSD 86 Will County 17197
## 163 A.E. Phillips Laboratory School Lincoln Parish 22061
## Urban.centric.Locale Latitude Longitude
## 3 21-Suburb: Large 44.84528 -93.57477
## 4 21-Suburb: Large 44.84161 -93.59692
## 51 12-City: Mid-size 39.12919 -94.75772
## 108 21-Suburb: Large 42.32605 -87.86273
## 129 21-Suburb: Large 41.53138 -88.04488
## 163 32-Town: Distant 32.52588 -92.65047
## Title.I.School.Status Updated.Status
## 3 2-Title I targeted assistance school 1-Open
## 4 2-Title I targeted assistance school 1-Open
## 51 6-Not a Title I school 3-New
## 108 <NA> 1-Open
## 129 <NA> 1-Open
## 163 <NA> 1-Open
## Agency.Type
## 3 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 4 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 51 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 108 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 129 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 163 8-Other education agencies
## School.Type Members Male Female FTE.Equivalent
## 3 4-Alternative/other school 37 20 17 NA
## 4 4-Alternative/other school 366 198 168 NA
## 51 1-Regular school 328 123 205 0
## 108 1-Regular school 436 228 208 28
## 129 1-Regular school 485 249 236 29
## 163 1-Regular school 397 201 196 22
## Pupil.Teacher.Ratio
## 3 NA
## 4 NA
## 51 NA
## 108 15.57
## 129 16.72
## 163 18.05table(public_school$Title.I.School.Status)##
## 1-Title I targeted assistance eligible school-No program
## 5271
## 2-Title I targeted assistance school
## 9311
## 3-Title I schoolwide eligible-Title I targeted assistance program
## 2508
## 4-Title I schoolwide eligible school-No program
## 6155
## 5-Title I schoolwide school
## 46136
## 6-Not a Title I school
## 24429Convert characters to level first
public_school$Title.I.School.Status <- as.factor(public_school$Title.I.School.Status)View levels
levels(public_school$Title.I.School.Status)## [1] "1-Title I targeted assistance eligible school-No program"
## [2] "2-Title I targeted assistance school"
## [3] "3-Title I schoolwide eligible-Title I targeted assistance program"
## [4] "4-Title I schoolwide eligible school-No program"
## [5] "5-Title I schoolwide school"
## [6] "6-Not a Title I school"View dataframe
head(public_school)## State.Name ST School.Name NCES.SchID
## 1 Massachusetts MA 1 LT Charles W. Whitcomb School 2.50732e+11
## 2 Washington WA 10th Street School 5.30486e+11
## 3 Minnesota MN 112 ALC Independent Study 2.70819e+11
## 4 Minnesota MN 112 ALC MIDDLE SCHOOL 2.70819e+11
## 6 Michigan MI 12th Street Elementary 2.62895e+11
## 8 Nebraska NE 1R ELEMENTARY 3.17458e+11
## Agency_Name County_Name COUNTY.ID
## 1 Marlborough Middlesex County 25017
## 2 Marysville School District Snohomish County 53061
## 3 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 4 EASTERN CARVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL Carver County 27019
## 6 Portage Public Schools Kalamazoo County 26077
## 8 NORTHWEST PUBLIC SCHOOLS Hall County 31079
## Urban.centric.Locale Latitude Longitude Title.I.School.Status
## 1 21-Suburb: Large 42.35735 -71.54859 5-Title I schoolwide school
## 2 22-Suburb: Mid-size 48.05744 -122.18199 6-Not a Title I school
## 3 21-Suburb: Large 44.84528 -93.57477 2-Title I targeted assistance school
## 4 21-Suburb: Large 44.84161 -93.59692 2-Title I targeted assistance school
## 6 13-City: Small 42.22038 -85.64661 6-Not a Title I school
## 8 41-Rural: Fringe 41.00278 -98.37956 6-Not a Title I school
## Updated.Status
## 1 1-Open
## 2 1-Open
## 3 1-Open
## 4 1-Open
## 6 1-Open
## 8 1-Open
## Agency.Type
## 1 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 2 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 3 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 4 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 6 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## 8 1-Regular local school district that is NOT a component of a supervisory union
## School.Type Members Male Female FTE.Equivalent
## 1 1-Regular school 1308 681 627 118.80
## 2 1-Regular school 178 77 101 7.30
## 3 4-Alternative/other school 37 20 17 NA
## 4 4-Alternative/other school 366 198 168 NA
## 6 1-Regular school 530 269 261 29.26
## 8 1-Regular school 182 96 86 12.65
## Pupil.Teacher.Ratio
## 1 11.01
## 2 24.38
## 3 NA
## 4 NA
## 6 18.11
## 8 14.39table(public_school$Title.I.School.Status) ##
## 1-Title I targeted assistance eligible school-No program
## 5271
## 2-Title I targeted assistance school
## 9311
## 3-Title I schoolwide eligible-Title I targeted assistance program
## 2508
## 4-Title I schoolwide eligible school-No program
## 6155
## 5-Title I schoolwide school
## 46136
## 6-Not a Title I school
## 24429#Total count is 93810, which means there are missing values in the dataset #Where are the missing values in Title 1 Status?
table(is.na(public_school$Title.I.School.Status)) #There are 809 missing value in Title 1 ##
## FALSE TRUE
## 93810 809#Create a level first in order to handle missing values, otherwise it gives an error
a <- levels(public_school$Title.I.School.Status)
a[length(a) + 1] <- "Unknown"#Add the level to the variables
public_school$Title.I.School.Status <- factor(public_school$Title.I.School.Status, levels = a)
#Add the level to the missing values
public_school$Title.I.School.Status[is.na(public_school$Title.I.School.Status)] <- "Unknown" levels(public_school$Title.I.School.Status)## [1] "1-Title I targeted assistance eligible school-No program"
## [2] "2-Title I targeted assistance school"
## [3] "3-Title I schoolwide eligible-Title I targeted assistance program"
## [4] "4-Title I schoolwide eligible school-No program"
## [5] "5-Title I schoolwide school"
## [6] "6-Not a Title I school"
## [7] "Unknown"#Check to make sure the count for each level is still correct
table(public_school$Title.I.School.Status)##
## 1-Title I targeted assistance eligible school-No program
## 5271
## 2-Title I targeted assistance school
## 9311
## 3-Title I schoolwide eligible-Title I targeted assistance program
## 2508
## 4-Title I schoolwide eligible school-No program
## 6155
## 5-Title I schoolwide school
## 46136
## 6-Not a Title I school
## 24429
## Unknown
## 809#View Counts in each level
table((public_school$Urban.centric.Locale))##
## 11-City: Large 12-City: Mid-size 13-City: Small 21-Suburb: Large
## 14255 5508 6134 25188
## 22-Suburb: Mid-size 23-Suburb: Small 31-Town: Fringe 32-Town: Distant
## 3092 1807 2775 5795
## 33-Town: Remote 41-Rural: Fringe 42-Rural: Distant 43-Rural: Remote
## 3695 10455 9847 6068public_school$Urban.centric.Locale <- as.factor(public_school$Urban.centric.Locale)
#View levels after conversion
levels(public_school$Urban.centric.Locale)## [1] "11-City: Large" "12-City: Mid-size" "13-City: Small"
## [4] "21-Suburb: Large" "22-Suburb: Mid-size" "23-Suburb: Small"
## [7] "31-Town: Fringe" "32-Town: Distant" "33-Town: Remote"
## [10] "41-Rural: Fringe" "42-Rural: Distant" "43-Rural: Remote"#For this analysis, we will only be concern with the 4 major levels of locale
levels(public_school$Urban.centric.Locale)[1:3] <- "City"
levels(public_school$Urban.centric.Locale)## [1] "City" "21-Suburb: Large" "22-Suburb: Mid-size"
## [4] "23-Suburb: Small" "31-Town: Fringe" "32-Town: Distant"
## [7] "33-Town: Remote" "41-Rural: Fringe" "42-Rural: Distant"
## [10] "43-Rural: Remote"#I discovered that the levels changed after converting city.So I need to adjust the index
levels(public_school$Urban.centric.Locale)[2:4] <- "Suburb"
levels(public_school$Urban.centric.Locale)## [1] "City" "Suburb" "31-Town: Fringe"
## [4] "32-Town: Distant" "33-Town: Remote" "41-Rural: Fringe"
## [7] "42-Rural: Distant" "43-Rural: Remote"levels(public_school$Urban.centric.Locale)[3:5] <- "Town"
levels(public_school$Urban.centric.Locale)## [1] "City" "Suburb" "Town"
## [4] "41-Rural: Fringe" "42-Rural: Distant" "43-Rural: Remote"levels(public_school$Urban.centric.Locale)[4:6] <- "Rural"
levels(public_school$Urban.centric.Locale)## [1] "City" "Suburb" "Town" "Rural"table(public_school$Urban.centric.Locale)##
## City Suburb Town Rural
## 25897 30087 12265 26370Urbanicity/Rurality is converted to 4 levels now