Introduction

This document summarises the Round 1 - Initial estimates of the ACT Urban Habitat and Connectivity Project expert elicitation for aquatic/riparian reptiles and mammals using the IDEA protocol (refer to Hemming et al. 2018 “A practical guide to structured expert elicitation using the IDEA protocol” and Burgman 2016 “Trusting Judgements: How to get the best out of experts”).

For each question asked in the expert elicitation, we have summarised the results. All responses from the expert elicitation remain anonymous, with visualised experts estimates being denoted by a number on the x- axis. Below each visualised estimate, the comments provided by experts are collated.

The intervals displayed are for a Three-Step Elicitation.

Shared resources

Please click the link provided to access the PDFs and documents provided by experts in the initial estimates round

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Structural habitat metrics

The next series of visualisations relate to structural habitat metrics.

Structural habitat metrics describe how the various elements of a species’ habitat are arranged in space. For example, some arboreal species may need tree canopies a certain distance apart to be able to successfully navigate from one to the next. Another species might require grass heights of a certain amount to escape predation, whilst another species might only be able to persist within a certain distance from a water body.

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Preferred distance between tree canopies

This could be related to the amount of shade the taxon group prefers or is tolerant of in its preferred habitat, the distance an arboreal species can move from one tree to the next without going along the ground, or some other feature of the taxon groups’ general biology or life history. This metric considers the availability of both exotic and native tree species in the environment, as well as both young and mature trees (> 3m height). The answer to this question will give an equivalent score to something like “percentage canopy cover”, which might be a more familiar (but harder to map) version of this metric.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 10 1.0 100 None of the animals require the canopy but canopies occur in upland streams associated with these animals distribution and would reduce the temperature maximum in winter which could be useful. Would also be associated with debris coming from the canopy. 100% tree canopy would not be preferred because shade would be too high and nesting in warm open spaces would be tricky for turtles/dragons. 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m tree_canopy Initial
50 5 0.0 10 The canopy itself is not very important for turtles, they prefer ‘unshaded’ areas close to the dams or wetlands, as they nest in open areas. They do need forest cover within the vicinity of wetlands as they might use the foliage to aestivate during drought (dams completely dry). 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m tree_canopy Initial
52 0 0.0 0 I don’t have estimates for this. Some sections have continuous tree vegetation with canopies quite close together, whilst other sections have quite large gaps between tree sections. I have seen Water Dragons utilise riparian areas where it is heavily treed and canopies are less than 1 metre apart. However, reptiles generally require some areas for basking (so not continuous canopy). 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m tree_canopy Initial
57 30 25.0 50 The turtles spend a lot of time on land, moving between wetlands and waiting for good conditions (ephemeral waters available). They rely on good ground litter to do this, usually within open forest. No trees, no litter. In some areas without trees they still move, but tend to move directly between waterbodies, which suggests a constraint on their natural history. 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m tree_canopy Initial
58 50 20.0 100 I think it’s more about connectivity or trees, shrubs, reeds. Trees are most important for shading, leaf drop and snags - both in the water (bug/small fish habitat) and on bank (protection) 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m tree_canopy Initial
Aggregated 19 9.2 52 NA 48 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m tree_canopy Aggregated

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Percentage of trees which need to be native

This relates to the composition of the urban forest or remnant woodland in terms of native and exotic trees. What percentage of trees need to be native for an area to be suitable habitat for this species group? This will relate to things such as food availability or the year-round availability of canopy cover. For some species, only native trees will be beneficial whilst other species might happily utilise any tree species as part of core habitat structure.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 70 50 90

The species of tree may influence use by terrestrial insects which are a source of food for these animals.

Spencer, Ricky-John, Michael B. Thompson, and Ian D. Hume. “The diet and digestive energetics of an Australian short-necked turtle, Emydura macquarii.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 121.4 (1998): 341-349.

Sands, Don PA. “Important issues facing insect conservation in Australia: now and into the future.” Austral Entomology 57.2 (2018): 150-172. 		70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_trees Initial
50 80 60 100 From my experience, turtle will aestivate under the gum trees, so those leaves and branches are quite important for them. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_trees Initial
52 0 0 0 In an ideal world, all species would be native (Eucalypt and Acacia species). Eucalypts drop large pieces of bark that some reptiles could use, and may encourage a natural invertebrate assemblage that could be prey items. Species such as water dragons use trees for basking, so ned appropriate species for camouflage. However, if Briar Rose were in a connectivity patch to serve other species such as woodland birds, I would not think this would be a huge issue. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_trees Initial
57 65 50 70 Not sure how reliant the species is on litter fall from native species. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_trees Initial
58 50 10 100 Platypus and water rats can both be found in areas dominated by willows and poplars but I think these trees ultimately compromise the bank structure and choice of burrow placement. Also smaller catchments can get smothered by deciduous non-native leaves which limit habitat for the bugs which these guys feed on. So maybe they can exist but not thrive? 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_trees Initial
Aggregated 53 34 72 NA 48 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_trees Aggregated

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Preferred distance between mature trees

This relates to the composition of the urban forest or remnant woodland in terms of native and exotic trees. What percentage of trees need to be native for an area to be suitable habitat for this species group? This will relate to things such as food availability or the year-round availability of canopy cover. For some species, only native trees will be beneficial whilst other species might happily utilise any tree species as part of core habitat structure.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 50 10 500 Not sure any of these animals would require a mature tree for any reason but water skinks and dragons would use mature trees as they sleep on branches overhanging the water - reference Courtice, Gillian P. “Respiration in the Eastern water dragon, Physignathus lesueurii (Agamidae).” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 68.3 (1981): 429-436. 20 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m mature_trees Initial
50 80 30 100 Possibly a few mature trees are ok to provide the leaves and branches for animals to aestivate. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m mature_trees Initial
52 0 0 0 Again, some sections have continuous tree vegetation with canopies quite close together, whilst other sections have quite large gaps between tree sections. I have seen Water Dragons utilise riparian areas where it is heavily treed and canopies are less than 1 metre apart for a stretch along a river. However, reptiles generally require some areas for basking (so not continuous canopy). I’m not sure on estimates, but there would need to be mature trees, with heterogeneity in distances between and some aps with little to no canopy cover. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m mature_trees Initial
57 25 20 45 It is more about groups of trees with sufficient density to create a litter layer beneath 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m mature_trees Initial
58 50 20 100 See previous comments about needing some trees but having good connected native understory too to provide protection for the beasts. Snags from mature trees would be an obvious benefit as both habitat for their food sources and protection on the banks. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m mature_trees Initial
Aggregated 41 16 149 NA 38 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m mature_trees Aggregated

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Preferred distance from ground layer vegetation

This metric enables mapping of the potential distribution for those species which are tied in some way to ground layer vegetation. This might be a small species which lives within the grass layer (e.g. invertebrates, reptiles) or a larger species which relies on grass as food (e.g. kangaroos). How far will this taxon group be found from ground-layer vegetation?

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 200 1 5000 This question is tricky because it varies over time. Most of the time these aquatic animals don’t interact with the ground layer. The exception is the semi-aquatic Chelodina longicollis and nesting reptiles but they often look for openings in the ground layer. 20 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ground_layer Initial
50 50 3 100 The ground layer vegetation is important for turtles as they may nest within the vicinity of wetlands. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ground_layer Initial
52 50 20 50 Most reptiles living in the riparian zone will be utilising the grassy ground layer vegetation, rocky areas, and/or trees and shrubs. I imagine most skinks, dragons and turtles would require some ground layer vegetation for hunting, aestivation etc., so probably would want to be within 20-50m of this. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ground_layer Initial
57 35 25 50 Do not rely on ground layer vegetation to a great degree. 100 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ground_layer Initial
58 3 1 5 This stuff is tricky for riparian. Are we talking distance from the water to the closet bit of cover? They may move up the river in the riparian zone and cross bare patches but I can’t see them venturing too far away from the river if there is ten metres of bare earth or concrete. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ground_layer Initial
Aggregated 68 10 1041 NA 56 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ground_layer Aggregated

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Percentage of native ground layer vegetation

This metric relates to the composition of the ground storey vegetation (grasses, rushes, forbs, sedges; < 0.5m height). What is the percentage of the ground layer vegetation which needs to be native to provide suitable habitat for this taxon group?

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 0 0 0 I don’t think we have this information 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_ground Initial
50 70 50 100 Turtle will nest in spare vegetation grounds. It does not necessarily needs to be native vegetation, but what we did observe that thick, tall invasive vegetation might be barrier for their movement, so native vegetation is considered important here. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_ground Initial
52 50 50 80 Ideally, 100% native would be a goal, but unlikely to be achieved. 50% understorey would be a minimum for native vegetation in the riparian zone. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_ground Initial
57 50 30 70 For cover when moving between refuge sites. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_ground Initial
58 50 20 80 I think that cover is most important and when they are on land and so non-native is better than 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_ground Initial
Aggregated 44 30 66 NA 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_ground Aggregated

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Minimum height of ground layer vegetation

This metric relates to the average height (excluding seed stalks or other reproductive structures) of grasses, sedges, rushes, forbs and other ground layer vegetation. It might affect things like the availability of food sources (e.g. grass seeds) or opportunities for small animals to escape from predators. What is the minimum height of ground layer vegetation that provides suitable habitat for this taxon group?

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 1 1 2 Nesting reptiles would not appreciate high vegetation cover and prefer open areas as it would be difficult to nest and for turtles to walk through Spencer, R. J., & Thompson, M. B. (2003). The significance of predation in nest site selection of turtles: an experimental consideration of macro‐and microhabitat preferences. Oikos, 102(3), 592-600. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_height_ground Initial
50 15 5 30 Spare and low vegetation is the preferred nesting sites for turtles. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_height_ground Initial
52 0 0 0 I would estimate 5-12 for grasslands, and assume riparian vegetation would not want to go below 5cm to ensure adequate cover. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_height_ground Initial
57 25 15 30 Rely on this for cover when moving between refugial sites 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_height_ground Initial
58 40 30 60 Water rats come out of the water to feed and without cover or some sort they are vulnerable to predators. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_height_ground Initial
Aggregated 16 10 24 NA 46 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_height_ground Aggregated

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Maximum height of ground layer vegetation

As above, but this time please describe the maximum height of ground layer vegetation that provides suitable habitat for this taxon group? It might affect things like the ability of a species to effectively move through ground layer vegetation, or find suitable burrowing sites, or access to solar radiation.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 20 1 500 Nesting reptiles would not appreciate high vegetation cover and prefer open areas as it would be difficult to nest and for turtles to walk through Spencer, R. J., & Thompson, M. B. (2003). The significance of predation in nest site selection of turtles: an experimental consideration of macro‐and microhabitat preferences. Oikos, 102(3), 592-600. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_ground Initial
50 30 15 45 The height is important but also how thick is the vegetation, as it might affect the ability of turtle to move within the landscape. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_ground Initial
52 0 0 0 I would estimate 5-12 for grasslands, and assume riparian vegetation would be higher maximum cover given proximity to water and better growing conditions. Also there would be plants such as sedges that can attain greater heights. Perhaps even around 1 metre would be plausible. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_ground Initial
57 0 0 0 Not really relevant, except as contribution to litterfall 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_ground Initial
58 80 60 100 I think the emergent vege is more pressing and see that’s covered in the next page. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_ground Initial
Aggregated 26 15 129 NA 32 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_ground Aggregated

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Preferred distance between emergent vegetation

This metric relates to the spatial distribution of emergent vegetation in waterways, which may affect things like the availability of perch sites for dragonflies, or the availability of anchoring points for frog spawn. This metric considers the availability of both exotic and native vegetation in the environment. The answer to this question will give an equivalent score to something like “percentage vegetative cover”, which might be a more familiar (but harder to map) version of this metric.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 20 10.0 100 Nesting reptiles would not appreciate high vegetation cover and prefer open areas as it would be difficult to nest and for turtles to walk through Spencer, R. J., & Thompson, M. B. (2003). The significance of predation in nest site selection of turtles: an experimental consideration of macro‐and microhabitat preferences. Oikos, 102(3), 592-600. 30 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m emergent_veg Initial
50 5 2.0 10 Emergent aquatic vegetation is important for providing hiding place for turtles in the aquatic environment and to provide shelter for waterbugs, which are food for turtles. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m emergent_veg Initial
52 0 0.0 0 From the perspective of reptiles, I am not sure emergent vegetation is a dealbreaker. Unsure about this metric. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m emergent_veg Initial
57 35 25.0 50 Required for cover in stream and food sources. 100 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m emergent_veg Initial
58 10 5.0 20 More habitat more food but not crucial for movement through the system. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m emergent_veg Initial
Aggregated 14 8.4 36 NA 48 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m emergent_veg Aggregated

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Percentage of emergent vegetation which needs to be native

This metric relates to the composition of the emergency aquatic vegetation. What is the percentage of the emergent aquatic vegetation which needs to be native to provide suitable habitat for this taxon group?

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 0 0 0 I don’t think we know this and I think structure is more important than taxonomy 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_emergent Initial
50 70 50 100 Native vegetation might provide better refuge. 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_emergent Initial
52 0 0 0 0 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_emergent Initial
57 25 20 30 They are not particularly fussy on the species provided it is for cover. Native vegetation likely to be related to standing crop of food sources. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_emergent Initial
58 50 10 70 Most of the emergent vege I deal with is native but non native can still provide refuge and habitat. The issue would be more if it dominated to the point where it choked a river or bloke out light. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_emergent Initial
Aggregated 29 16 40 NA 36 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m native_emergent Aggregated

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Distance found from a permanent waterbody

This metric enables mapping of the potential distribution for those species which are tied in some way to a permanent waterbody. This might be a small species which is semi-aquatic (e.g. some frogs, turtles) or a larger species which relies on permanent water to drink (e.g. some birds and mammals). How far will this taxon group be found from permanent water?

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 1 1 1000

This varies by animal. Most of these animals need to be in the water body at some point of their life. Some of them will travel up to a couple of km away (long necked turtles)

Roe, John H., and Arthur Georges. “Terrestrial activity, movements and spatial ecology of an Australian freshwater turtle, Chelodina longicollis, in a temporally dynamic wetland system.” Austral Ecology 33.8 (2008): 1045-1056. 		100 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m waterbody Initial
50 200 20 1000 Permanent water very important for turtle due to wet-dry cycles, as they seek refuge in this waterholes (or permanent man-made ponds) during drought. They can move up to 5km in the landscape but land development/roads might prevent that. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m waterbody Initial
52 100 50 2000 Bruno will likely have some real knowledge here for turtles, but I have seen them several hundred metres from water so likely can be 1km or more from a permanent waterbody. Water dragons and small skinks tend to remain much closer to the water, such as a river, and I usually see them within 20-50 m of the water’s edge. However large elapids like red belly’s can move a distance and so could be much further from water at any one time. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m waterbody Initial
57 2500 2000 5000 Required during periods of drought. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m waterbody Initial
58 2 1 5 Platypus can be found away from water when older males kick young ones out and they venture off to places like farm dams. This is not ideal though and they would have to be very vulnerable when doing this. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m waterbody Initial
Aggregated 561 414 1801 NA 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m waterbody Aggregated

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Non-structural habitat metrics

The next series of visualisations relate to non-structural habitat metrics.

This section asks questions regarding the non-structural elements which dictate habitat suitability for each taxon group. These includes things such as the amount of light which is tolerable at the time the species is active, or appropriate thermal conditions.

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Maximum tolerable night-time light levels

This metric relates to the maximum tolerable light level which is associated with suitable habitat for this taxon group. It relates to the amount of artificial light provided at night in the urban environment (e.g from streetlights, or buildings). For some species, artificial light may disrupt foraging behaviours, mate finding behaviours, or circadian rhythm.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 0.0 0.00 0.0 It’s not that I don’t think it’s important, I am just not aware of any research on this on aquatic animals. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m night_light Initial
50 0.0 0.00 0.0 I’m not aware of any study on artificial light and how that might affect freshwater turtles. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m night_light Initial
52 0.0 0.00 0.0 There do not appear to be many studies into the effects of artificial light on diurnal and nocturnal reptiles in Australia. the ACT has both diurnal species (e.g. dragons, skinks and our large Elapid snakes) and nocturnal species (e.g .geckos, and nocturnal snakes like the Dwyers Snake). Some species could benefit (such as geckos) or some may be perturbed by the light (such as dragon species which appear to be more sensitive to light). Obviously artificial light is known to directly affect the ecology and physiology of animals, or impact the habitat indirectly. I found a few resources on Anole lizards, but couldn’t find any local papers (other than a general guide to light pollution for wildlife) that look at species other than mammals and marine turtles. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m night_light Initial
57 0.0 0.00 0.0 Lighting not relevant to adult movements, as they navigate by the sun, and move during daylight hours. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m night_light Initial
58 0.5 0.10 1.0 It’s usually a standard requirement to not have lighting along rivers where platypus are. Water rats are less nocturnal so maybe less of an issue. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m night_light Initial
Aggregated 0.1 0.02 0.2 NA 26 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m night_light Aggregated

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Maximum tolerable surface temperature

This metric relates to the maximum surface temperature which is associated with suitable habitat for this taxon group. Surface temperature is the temperature which a laser thermometer would record if it was pointed to the ground. This metric is likely to be relevant to small terrestrial species, such as reptiles.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 35 35 50 Obviously this changes by season but for turtles see Chessman, B. C. (1988). Seasonal and Diel Activity of Fresh-Water Turtles in the Murray Valley, Victoria and New South-Wales. Wildlife Research, 15(3), 267-276. 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m surface_temp Initial
50 28 5 35 This might be related to amount of sunlight in the surface, which will affect incubation of eggs in the nests. This usually fluctuates during the day and season, but it seems that around 28C can be a good temperature. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m surface_temp Initial
52 50 45 60 I have provided estimates based on my knowledge and field observations of reptiles in these environments. If a riparian reptile is in proximity to water, theoretically they can move to the water if it gets too hot on land, so max surface land temps could (and do) get quite high. Provided there is shelter and a reptile can seek shelter once reached optimal body temperature, they can withstand and will choose to bask at these very high temperatures. 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m surface_temp Initial
57 38 35 45 Survivorship more to do with levels of insolation than with ground surface temperatures 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m surface_temp Initial
58 0 0 0 0 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m surface_temp Initial
Aggregated 30 24 38 NA 54 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m surface_temp Aggregated

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Maximum tolerable ambient temperature

This metric relates to the maximum ambient temperature which is associated with suitable habitat for this taxon group. Ambient temperature is the temperature which a mercury thermometer would record if it was suspended in the air out of direct sunlight (e.g. in the shade). This metric is likely to be relevant to larger terrestrial species, such as kangaroos, as well as arboreal species such as birds and bats.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 40 35 50 Depends on water body size as water has high specific heat and therefore is more stable than air 20 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ambient_temp Initial
50 38 30 42 This might be important when turtles are moving on land and a structure block their way, so when it is too hot, they might die of dehydration. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ambient_temp Initial
52 40 30 40 I have provided estimates based on my knowledge of captive reptiles and field observations of reptiles. On warm summer days, reptiles could reach optimal body temperature quickly in warm ambient temperatures without basking for long periods, go hunting, then retreat to a shelter site/water without overheating. See attached paper saying long neck turtles can only handle max body temp of 40 deg. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ambient_temp Initial
57 38 35 45 Tollerance due more to insolation than with ambient temperatures. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ambient_temp Initial
58 0 0 0 This would be more about optimum shading along waterways to keep water temps suitable for food sources (bugs fish). Both water rats and platypus can go into burrows when things get too hot. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ambient_temp Initial
Aggregated 31 26 35 NA 42 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m ambient_temp Aggregated

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Maximum tolerable water temperature (aquatic only)

This metric relates to the maximum water temperature which is associated with suitable habitat for this taxon group. Water temperature is the temperature which a mercury thermometer would record if it was pointed held under the surface of the water, out of direct sunlight. This metric is likely to be relevant to fish and other aquatic organisms, as well as species which lay eggs in the aquatic environment.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 35 35 50 Obviously this changes by season but for turtles see Chessman, B. C. (1988). Seasonal and Diel Activity of Fresh-Water Turtles in the Murray Valley, Victoria and New South-Wales. Wildlife Research, 15(3), 267-276. 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_w_temp Initial
50 0 0 0 I think this might not matter much for aquatic turtles, as they might dive and go to cooler parts of the water column if the water is extremely hot (although I haven’t seen anything about this in the literature). 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_w_temp Initial
52 0 0 0 Bruno/Arthur will likely have thoughts here in regards to turtles, but I would think not above 35 degrees. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_w_temp Initial
57 32 28 34 Much hotter than this and they are likely to leave the water. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_w_temp Initial
58 24 22 26 As mentioned earlier - water temp will affect food source. Dissolved oxygen will decrease the higher the temp which will knock out fish and waterbugs. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_w_temp Initial
Aggregated 18 17 22 NA 52 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_w_temp Aggregated

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Minimum tolerable water temperature (aquatic only)

This metric relates to the minimum water temperature which is associated with suitable habitat for this taxon group. Water temperature is the temperature which a mercury thermometer would record if it was pointed held under the surface of the water, out of direct sunlight. This metric is likely to be relevant to fish and other aquatic organisms, as well as species which lay eggs in the aquatic environment.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 0 0 0.0 I know these animals occupy systems in areas with temperatures as low as -10 so I assume they can easily tolerate this. It won’t let me put negative values in the miminum but I wrote 2 to -10 with -2 as the best estimate. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_w_temp Initial
50 8 1 10.0 8C is when they are still active (below that temperature they won’t feed and forage anymore and probably get inactive). 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_w_temp Initial
52 5 0 5.0 This is more important for turtles, as other species of reptiles can exit the water when too cold and seek other shelter sites for overnight etc. I have seen turtles in water on cold mornings, likely quite low temps as they can brumate in water over winter. They may even be able to withstand temps below 0 - Arthur/Bruno may have knowledge. Other reptiles would just avoid water when too cold and be brumating elsewhere in the soil/ground layer veg, under rocks etc. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_w_temp Initial
57 6 4 8.0 Active at temperatures down to 12C, but survive lower temperatures. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_w_temp Initial
58 6 5 8.0 Platypus can persist in waterways that freeze over. Water rats not as robust but still put up with cold water. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_w_temp Initial
Aggregated 5 2 6.2 NA 62 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_w_temp Aggregated

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Habitat patch size and typical dispersal distances

The next series of visualisations relate to habitat patch size and typical dispersal distances.

This section asks questions regarding habitat patch sizes and typical dispersal distances for your selected taxon group.

Habitat patch size is explored for both core habitat (where the species lives full time) and corridors (areas the species might move through when dispersing, or when moving between connected habitat patches). Dispersal capability covers how far a species will typically move within and between habitat patches (e.g. within a home range), as well as how far they typically will move during a major dispersal event, e.g. when migrating or dispersing to a new home range.

The answers to these questions will help us to understand how far apart different patches of habitat can be whilst still being connected for a taxon group, as well as what the aspirations should be in terms of the total extent of connected habitat at the landscape or regional scale to facilitate typical dispersal patterns for the species. Below, we ask you to provide your upper, lower and best estimates for a range of metrics related to patch size and movement behaviour.

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Minimum suitable core habitat patch width

This metric relates to the minimum dimensions of an area which could be considered suitable core habitat for the taxon group. By core habitat, this would mean the area was able to provide all resources required by the species, including food, shelter, mates, etc.

For example, for a small mammal, the edge effects associated with a narrow strip of suburban woodland nestled between two rows of residential blocks may prevent it being classified as suitable core habitat. For an aquatic species, a stream may need to be some minimum width to provide sufficient core habitat for the species to move around in. If a core habitat patch in this instance is considered to have a rectangular shape, what would be the minimum width of the shorter side, regardless of how long the longer side might be?

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 10 5 20 Upland streams used by turtles / water skinks / platypus / dragons would generally be more than 5 m in width 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_core Initial
50 3 2 4 For turtles, a stream is suitable for them, I’m estimating around 3 meter width as the ideal, but possibly a combination of depth is also very important, as turtle tend to live in the pools within creeks and rivers. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_core Initial
52 0 0 0 I am not confident to make an estimate, as species requirements differ and some are more sensitive. What is realistic though in urban areas? I have local turtles living and breeding in ponds with approx 20 m to housing, and are reproducing. Not sure what is realistic to put here (i.e. what would eventuate in reality with development). 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_core Initial
57 2500 2000 5000 Based on extent of terrestrial movements. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_core Initial
58 4 3 5 I’ve seen platypus and rattys and small creeks. How many could persist in these areas - I don’t know. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_core Initial
Aggregated 503 402 1006 NA 48 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_core Aggregated

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Minimum suitable corridor habitat patch width

This metric relates to the minimum dimensions of an area which could be considered suitable habitat for the taxon group to move through, e.g. between different patches of ‘core’ habitat, or when dispersing (e.g. as a sub-adult looking for a new home range). Corridor habitat would need to provide all resources required by the species to effectively move through the urban space, e.g. suitable perch sites for birds, suitable protection from predation for mammals and reptiles.

For example, for a small mammal, the edge effects associated with a narrow strip of suburban woodland nestled between two rows of residential blocks may prevent it being classified as suitable core habitat, but it might be sufficient habitat to facilitate movement through the area. For an aquatic species, a stream may need to be some minimum width to provide sufficient core habitat for the species to move around in, however the same species may be able to navigate a narrow culvert if just being used as part of a movement corridor. If a movement corridor in this instance is considered to have a rectangular shape, what would be the minimum width of the shorter side, regardless of how long the longer side might be?

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 5 5 10 Any of the aquatic species could move through a narrow patch of aquatic habitat 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_corridor Initial
50 2 1 3 I think even a small stream might provide an opportunity for turtles to ‘go with the flow’ and keep moving within the creek to find an ideal spot to reside. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_corridor Initial
52 50 10 50 This is highly variable - some species would require a much wider area with suitable habitat (with cover in between) to avoid edge effects and disturbance, whereas those with a large home range and ability to move longer distances (and are generally less perturbed by suburban barriers) such as Red-bellies and turtles move through either small grass strips alongside footpaths or larger areas. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_corridor Initial
57 100 75 120 To provide sufficient heterogeneity of habitat within which to move. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_corridor Initial
58 0 0 0 I think the success of platys and rattys will be found in the quality of their current habitat. Yes they will move out to new areas but am not sure how far and how high succes rates are when they do. My feeling is they will have more success moving up and down the river if the river is in a condition to support more animals. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_corridor Initial
Aggregated 31 18 37 NA 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_width_corridor Aggregated

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Minimum suitable core habitat depth (aquatic only)

This metric relates to aquatic habitat only. As per the minimum width measurements above, what is the minimum depth of a habitat patch which would enable it to be suitable as core habitat for this taxon group?

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 2.0 1.0 10.0 Most of the aquatic animals are small and would happily occupy a shallow stream if it was in good condition. Turtle regularly occur in shallow water Chessman, Bruce C. “Habitat preferences of fresh-water turtles in the Murray Valley, Victoria and New-South-Wales.” Wildlife Research 15.5 (1988): 485-491. (but I have averaged this estimate to include other animals) 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_core Initial
50 1.0 0.5 1.5 They need a nice pool within a creek, as the water speed is lower and they may feed easily (water bugs). I believe that might be true also for dam and ponds, as a bit of depth might be ideal as they can move up and down in the water column. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_core Initial
52 2.0 2.0 5.0 I am thinking in terms of turtles in dams with 2 metres at least in depth in the deepest part, as they need enough water to buffer temperature for brumation. Arthur/Bruno may have better estimates. Other reptiles can swim, but its not as essential for them to have a minimum depth. re-bellies are known to hunt for crayfish under water (a few metres depth) and water dragons swim in and out of waterways to get to other areas to bask/hunt etc. Could need to look at minimum depth required for prey items. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_core Initial
57 0.0 0.0 0.0 Not sure what this means. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_core Initial
58 2.5 2.0 3.0 refuge pools are essential for supporting all aquatic life. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_core Initial
Aggregated 1.5 1.1 3.9 NA 46 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_core Aggregated

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Minimum suitable corridor habitat depth (aquatic only)

This metric relates to aquatic habitat only. As per the minimum width measurements above, what is the minimum depth of a habitat patch which would enable it to be suitable as a movement corridor for this taxon group?

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 2.00 1.00 3.00 A meter is plenty of room for any aquatic vertebrate to swim through. I’m not aware of any that would not move through this. 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_corridor Initial
50 0.25 0.20 0.40 A small flow in a creek or drain may allow animals to keep swimming and finding a better spot to live. 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_corridor Initial
52 1.00 1.00 2.00 Just a bit less core habitat perhaps? If a turtle decides to stop over in the corridor, would they need the same as core, or would they be OK for a short while in 1 m or less? I am unsure about this. Other reptiles do not necessarily rely on water, so I would think move though the narrow corridor to the next available water body (using ground cover veg, rocks etc. for shelter). Corridor habitat water would need to be deep enough to buffer temperatures. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_corridor Initial
57 1.20 0.05 2.00 Variable, as the species will move through shallow waters, but will require deeper waters to remain for periods of non-movement. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_corridor Initial
58 0.01 0.01 0.02 Condition of habitat is crucial here. If it’s a riffle then that’s not just corridor but a feeding area. If it’s a big, shallow sand slug, then that’s a critical barrier to movement up and downstream. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_corridor Initial
Aggregated 0.89 0.45 1.48 NA 64 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m min_depth_corridor Aggregated

Typical dispersal distance when seeking new home range/territory

This metric describes how far dispersing individuals from this taxon group will travel, usually to find a new home range or territory. This metric assumes the availability of continuous habitat.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 2000 1000 5000 Obviously a wide range between the different taxa within the aquatic habitat but turtles can move very far easily and water skinks much less so I have averaged this. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m disperal_distance Initial
50 2000 200 5000 This is mainly for eastern long necked turtles (the main species in the ACT, we do find Emydura macquarii but we don’t know if they are mainly pet releases or if they are actually colonizing the river systems in the ACT - last estimate was that they would naturally occur below the Burrimjuck dam, although a few years ago a population was found in the Yass River, close to the dam in Yass township). The results above for ELT are for on land movements, our recent study showed a turtle recaptured 15 km downstream in Ginninderra creek after 14 years after being captured and marked. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m disperal_distance Initial
52 50 10 1000 Very hard to say, its varies widely and a lot of reptiles have not been studied in this regard. For small skinks it could be just tens of metres, while large snakes can likely disperse more widely. I have taken an educated guess, but am not confident in my estimates. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m disperal_distance Initial
57 800 500 2000 Depends upon availability 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m disperal_distance Initial
58 500 200 1000 Range for platypus is super tricky and is related to habitat condition - ie better condition = smaller range. Am not sure with wter rats. 30 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m disperal_distance Initial
Aggregated 1070 382 2800 NA 58 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m disperal_distance Aggregated

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Typical movement distance within established home range/territory

This metric describes how far an individual typically moves within a suitable habitat patch. It could be considered as the distance between the centre and the edge of a home range or territory.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 1000 500 2000 Higher for turtles/mammals, low for skinks dragons. Difficulty to generalise. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m movement_within Initial
50 1500 400 2000 In a year, usually ELT uses 2-3 wetlands and the average distance between the wetlands is around 1.5km 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m movement_within Initial
52 0 0 0 Very difficult to ascertain - again, some species have large home ranges (e.g. Tiger snake), while others can be small (e.g. small skink). There have been some radiotracking studies done and some people in the group will likely be more familiar with these estimates. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m movement_within Initial
57 2500 500 5000 Move a lot overland between permanent and ephemeral waters. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m movement_within Initial
58 3000 2000 4000 2km is the minimum for a female and 4km is minimum for a male platy. Though these are estimates from Vic - we don’t have estimate for here. Don’t know about water rat home range. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m movement_within Initial
Aggregated 1600 680 2600 NA 52 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m movement_within Aggregated

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Typical capacity for movement outside of suitable habitat (in the absence of a physical barrier)

This metric aims to quantify how far this taxon group can or will typically move outside of areas mapped as suitable habitat. For example, a kangaroo might be able to cross a road, even though a road is not classified as suitable habitat, so long as there are no wildlife exclusion fences. A cockatoo might be able to move across a suburb between one suitable woodland habitat patch and another.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 200 100 1000 Highly variable between a turtle (kms) and a skink (ms) 20 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m capacity_movement Initial
50 1500 200 2000 Again, this is the typical movement habitat of ELT, even if there are roads, they will attempt the movement, usually going for the closest, straight line distance, they do not always follow drainage lines or culverts, they might attempt that walking on land. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m capacity_movement Initial
52 50 0 1000 Hard to say as species differ, e.g. small skink vs. large elapid snake. Turtles seem to do quite well moving between habitat patches through suburbia (although some obviously get struck by cars). Large elapids can also move throughout suburbia to the next water body. Smaller species such as water skinks may not be able to do this at all outside of suitable habitat as they are easy prey. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m capacity_movement Initial
57 350 250 500 Can move through unsuitable terrestrial habitat provided they can find suitable places (deep litter or water) to settle between movements. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m capacity_movement Initial
58 100 50 200 I know platypus can move to new catchments when looking for new territories but I believe they usually following a tributary. Not sure how far water rats will go. 30 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m capacity_movement Initial
Aggregated 440 120 940 NA 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m capacity_movement Aggregated

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Barriers to movement

The next series of visualisations relate to barriers to movement.

This is the final section of this survey. This section asks questions regarding barriers to movement in the urban space, which might be represented by vertical barriers (fences, walls, buildings, gutters), water barriers (lakes, streams, rivers), substrate barriers (e.g. concrete or bitumen) or barriers relating to the use of an area by people (traffic, pedestrians). By quantifying these barriers we can use remote sensing data to identify their location in the urban environment and demonstrate functional habitat fragmentation.

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Maximum crossable extent of paved surface (incl. concrete drains)

This metric aims to capture the distance this taxon group can move across a paved surface, e.g. concrete or bitumen. Examples might include bike or pedestrian paths, roads and driveways, concrete drainage channels, tennis courts, car parks, etc. For reptiles, for example, a taxon group may choose this substrate as a basking site but not be able to move a long distance due to the lack of suitable habitat cover to protect from predation. For fish, platypus or turtles, there may be some maximum distance a species can move through an artificial waterbody (e.g. a concrete drainage channel) between naturalised pools or streams.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 20 20 50 Based on general movement 40 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m paved_surface Initial
50 30 5 50 Turtles will move through drains, cross roads,moved easily through unpaved surfaces, unless traffic is too intense and they will be run over (most of the basic biology information provided in this questionnaire can be found in the attached paper). 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m paved_surface Initial
52 5 0 15 Larger species have the ability to travel more quickly over open non-grassed areas like paths and road, and some reptiles will even actively seek out these areas for basking. Large elapids and turtles can be more confident and have been seen to traverse over open paved areas. On the contrary, animals like water skinks are unlikely to move outside of grassed areas. I think paved areas of around 5 m or less gives more likelihood that an animal such as small skink may be able to cross it. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m paved_surface Initial
57 500 250 800 Provided they can access suitable places (litter, water, cover) between movement bouts. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m paved_surface Initial
58 20 10 30 Both have been seen getting out of the water to climb around weirs. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m paved_surface Initial
Aggregated 115 57 189 NA 56 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m paved_surface Aggregated

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Maximum crossable height of vertical structures

This metric aims to determine how much of a vertical structure will impede movement by this taxon group. For example, turtles may not be able to climb up a steep roadside curb, however for a gecko a vertical structure equivalent to a multi-storey building may not be prevent movement. Birds may be able to cross vertical barriers of any height, unless they are flightless.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 1.00 1.00 1.00 I only put 1 because I couldn’t write 50cm. Very few aquatic animals would make it over a 1m fence. 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_building Initial
50 0.02 0.01 0.03 Turtles might be able to overcome small structures, but curbs for example, will completely obstruct their movement. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_building Initial
52 0.02 0.02 0.05 Turtles are hopeless and really can’t climb much at all, particularly if it was a juvenile most structures would be a barrier. Species like dragons and snakes may not be able to climb over say a smooth Colorbond fence. I have witnessed a snake go approx 1 m up a colorbond fence that had snake-proof mesh between the bottom of the fence and ground level, find a small gap, and push its way through. Small animals could go under vertical structures, as often snakes and skinks and other creatures do when there are even tiny gaps between the bottom of the fence. If a structure is solid to the ground with no gaps underneath, and is smooth, I have provided estimates based on this. If it was a structure such as a mesh fence, then it could be higher as dragons can get leverage and climb this. Also, a mesh fence could be a barrier to a water dragon who could try to go through and get stuck, whereas a snake could slip straight through. 70 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_building Initial
57 0.20 0.20 0.30 Not good climbers up vertical structures. 80 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_building Initial
58 2.50 2.00 3.00 Provided if wasn’t a smooth surface for them to climb up. They can et out of teh water and climb up rocks around a weir and get back in. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_building Initial
Aggregated 0.75 0.65 0.88 NA 66 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_height_building Aggregated

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Maximum crossable extent of water body

This metric aims to quantify the distance this taxon group can move across a permanent waterbody. In some instances, larger species such as kangaroos may be readily able to navigate a small stream by hopping from one side to the other, however the same might not be possible for a small grassland reptile.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 300 200 500 All these aquatic animals could traverse a moderate sized river. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_waterbody Initial
50 0 0 0 This is possibly not relevant for turtles. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_waterbody Initial
52 20 10 100 Variable - for a turtle, it could be a huge distance, large elapids and water dragons are also powerful swimmers. Small skinks however I am not sure about, and would think their distance would be much reduced. Have put a max with them in mind. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_waterbody Initial
57 10000 10000 10000 Water not an impediment. 100 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_waterbody Initial
58 0 0 0 0 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_waterbody Initial
Aggregated 2064 2042 2120 NA 54 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m max_waterbody Aggregated

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Tolerable vehicle traffic flow (incl. boats) during active period (day/night)

This metric aims to quantify the level of vehicle traffic (including boats in an urban waterbody) which would represent a barrier to this taxon group. The number should be based on the amount of traffic occurring during the species’ active part of the day or night. For example, an echidna may be willing and able to cross a road at night when there is little traffic, however during the day an increased traffic volume may result in the road (or rather, the traffic on the road) becoming a barrier for this species. A similar approach can be applied to aquatic and riparian species in terms of boat traffic.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 3 1 10 Impossible to say, are we talking stream or river? 20 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m traffic_flow Initial
50 50 5 128 This was based on the study attached in Horse Park Drive in Gungahlin, in 2006 when traffic volume per day was 3086 vehicles (approx. 128 cars per hour), turtles did not show much mortality on the road, but mortality increased when road traffic in 2012 was 5435 vehicles a day. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m traffic_flow Initial
52 0 0 0 Potentially 0, for things like turtles and snakes trying to cross roads as they often get hit. I would say a very low estimate would be ideal, but not 0 as this is unrealistic. 0 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m traffic_flow Initial
57 3 1 5 Killed on roads. Takes about 10- 20 mins to cross a road. A matter of probability. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m traffic_flow Initial
58 5 3 10 active times don’t overlap too much although lots of kayakers at dawn. 30 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m traffic_flow Initial
Aggregated 12 2 31 NA 32 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m traffic_flow Aggregated

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Tolerable pedestrian traffic flow (incl. swimming) during active periods (day/night)

This metric aims to quantify the level of pedestrian traffic (including swimmers in an urban waterbody) which would represent a barrier to this taxon group.The number should be based on the amount of pedestrians passing during the species’ active part of the day or night. A similar approach can be applied to aquatic and riparian species in terms of people swimming in a waterbody.

For example, a kangaroo may be willing and able to cross school playground at dusk in summer when there are few people about, however during winter an increased use of the school oval for organised sports in the evening may result in the grassy area becoming a barrier for this species.

Expert Best Lower Upper Comments Confidence Taxon Variable Group2
46 3 1.0 10 It is probably that most aquatic animals would habituate to low levels of human traffic 30 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m pedestrian_flow Initial
50 14 12.0 20 This is a guess and it is for terrestrial environment, when turtles are moving on land. I imagine if there’s always people crossing a bike path for example, that might prevent turtles to try to continue their on land migration, they possibly will try again once the person is gone, but if there is someone crossing every 5 minutes, that might impede them. 40 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m pedestrian_flow Initial
52 4 4.0 10 It really depends on the species, most reptiles will hide and actively avoid human traffic, so it would need to be low to no human traffic during the day as most riparian reptiles are diurnal. Some species are more bold however like turtles, and don’t seem as bothered. Water dragons and snakes do their best to avoid people in open areas, but can be more bold with a slow moving human when in their home range (i.e. stay out for people to get closer, as they know where their shelter is to quickly hide). 30 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m pedestrian_flow Initial
57 35 20.0 50 Not too worried about people (or cars) it is just the the cars kill them. 60 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m pedestrian_flow Initial
58 20 10.0 40 Plenty of pedestrian traffic at Queanbeyan and lots of platys and rattys there. Although when I take a big group (50 people) to see them they tend to get spooked. 50 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m pedestrian_flow Initial
Aggregated 15 9.4 26 NA 42 Aquatic_riparian_reptiles_and_m pedestrian_flow Aggregated