第一篇

source:Leeper, T. J., & Slothuus, R. (2014). Political parties, motivated reasoning, and public opinion formation. Political Psychology, 35(1), 129–156.(see https://cdn-files.postach.io/52b860bf-b2d3-41dd-a28f-ce615ca80e7a/554cfd2e-4ba4-f867-e7de-bbb623138800/6f4639f7-0913-a64c-6773-918178db20d5_orig.pdf )

重點摘述

提示1. 黨派動機推理途徑

表 1. 黨派影響意見的四種途徑(以動機和努力為觀點)

　 Accuracy Motivation: Political Parties as Informational Shortcut Directional Motivation: Political Parties as Objects of Identification
Low Effort
  1. Take position of “likeminded” party
  1. Follow party as group, adopt policy position conforming to group norms
More Effort
  1. Use party label to make inferences of policy content, implications for values, etc. before taking a position
  1. Partisan motivated reasoning where partisans actively seek to justify taking party-consistent position (e.g., through confirmation and disconfirmation biases)
  • 寫作

請翻譯並用自己的理解和話解釋、舉例

　 準確動機：政黨作為訊息捷徑 定向動機：政黨作為認同對象
不費力 (1)站在“志同道合”的立場 (3)以黨派為單位，採取符合集體規範的政策立場
較費力 (2)在表態前利用黨派標籤對政策內容、價值觀等進行推論 (4)黨派動機推理，其中黨派積極尋求證明採取黨派一致立場的理由（例如，通過確認和否定偏見）

提示2. 政治連結心理

原文：

“Partisan influence through processes of identity or emotional attachment can be automatic and effortless but can also, if the individual sees a need for actively defending one’s party identification, involve more effort (see cell 4 in Table 1). As we describe in much detail in the following sections, a citizen faced with a party endorsement that contradicts their predispositions must reason their way from that position of dissonance to support for the party’s stance (or, alternatively, some other end). To explain why and how parties therefore influence citizens, recent work has drawn on the theory of motivated reasoning (Kunda, 1990; Taber & Lodge, 2006).”

  • 寫作

從心理學觀點視「動機」為將慾望與偏好進行推理或合理化的認知過程(Kunda 1990, 480)，為了解釋政黨為什麼？如何影響公民？因而連結動機推理理論（Kunda，1990；Taber & Lodge，2006）。

"“accuracy goals” which motivate individuals to “seek out and carefully consider relevant evidence so as to reach a correct or otherwise best conclusion” and “directional goals” which motivate them to “apply their reasoning powers in defense of a prior, specific conclusion” (p. 756). "

"“準確性目標”激勵個人“尋找並仔細考量相關證據，以得出正確或最佳的結論”；“定向目標”激勵人“運用自我推理能力來捍衛先前既有的具體結論” （第 756 頁）。"

換言之，動機分為定向(directional)與準確性(accuracy)兩種， 動機如何影響政治意見、行為與認知？「推理」(reasoning)即是藉由資訊與認知連結以進行定向或準確性目標的合理化過程(圖 1)(Kruglanski 1980; Leeper and Slothuus 2014)

2. 政治連結心理

從心理學觀點視「動機」為將慾望與偏好進行推理或合理化的認知過程(Kunda 1990, 480)，為了解釋政黨為什麼？如何影響公民？因而連結動機推理理論（Kunda，1990；Taber & Lodge，2006）。