| warm_parenting |
| Anthony (2019) |
WACS |
UK |
mixed_sex |
62 |
Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (warmth scale) |
caregiver |
2.25-2.42 |
externalising_behaviour |
Strengths and Difficulties Quesionnaire |
caregiver |
3.58-3.75 |
Concordant |
Longitudinal |
| Boisvert (2008) |
PSID |
USA |
females_only |
89 |
Name not reported (derived from Child Outcomes Study) |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
externalising_behaviour |
Behaviour Problem Index |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Boisvert (2008) |
PSID |
USA |
males_only |
67 |
Name not reported (derived from Child Outcomes Study) |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
externalising_behaviour |
Behaviour Problem Index |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Boisvert (2008) |
PSID |
USA |
mixed_sex |
289 |
Name not reported (derived from Child Outcomes Study) |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
externalising_behaviour |
Behaviour Problem Index |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Caspi (2004) |
E-Risk |
UK |
mixed_sex |
606 |
Five Minute Speech Sample (Warmth - global measure of whole speech sample) |
caregiver (mother) |
5 |
externalising_behaviour |
Child Behaviour Checklist (Delinquent Behaviour and Aggressive Behaviour scales) |
caregiver (mother) |
6.5 |
Concordant |
Longitudinal |
| Caspi (2004) |
E-Risk |
UK |
mixed_sex |
563 |
Five Minute Speech Sample (Warmth - global measure of whole speech sample) |
caregiver (mother) |
5 |
externalising_behaviour |
Teacher Report Form (Delinquent Behaviour and Aggressive Behaviour scales) |
teacher |
6.5 |
Discordant |
Longitudinal |
| Hou (2013) |
BeTwiSt |
China |
mixed_sex |
345 |
Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales |
mixed |
13.86 (2.10) |
conduct_problems |
Youth Self-Report Inventory/Child Behaviour Checklist |
mixed |
13.86 (2.10) |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Hou (2013) |
BeTwiSt |
China |
mixed_sex |
345 |
Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales |
mixed |
13.86 (2.10) |
conduct_problems |
Youth Self-Report Inventory/Child Behaviour Checklist |
mixed |
13.86 (2.10) |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Long (2015) |
VATSPSUD |
USA |
mixed_sex |
1303 |
Parental Bonding Instrument |
self |
36.69 (8.56) |
antisocial_personality_disorder |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
self |
36.69 (8.56) |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Long (2015) |
VATSPSUD |
USA |
mixed_sex |
1303 |
Parental Bonding Instrument |
self |
36.69 (8.56) |
antisocial_personality_disorder |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
self |
36.69 (8.56) |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Long (2015) |
VATSPSUD |
USA |
mixed_sex |
1303 |
Parental Bonding Instrument |
self |
36.69 (8.56) |
conduct_disorder |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
self |
36.69 (8.56) |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Long (2015) |
VATSPSUD |
USA |
mixed_sex |
1303 |
Parental Bonding Instrument |
self |
36.69 (8.56) |
conduct_disorder |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
self |
36.69 (8.56) |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Reuben (2016) |
EGDS |
USA |
mixed_sex |
225 |
Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (warmth scale) |
caregiver (father) |
2.25 |
externalising_behaviour |
Teacher Report Form |
teacher |
6-7 |
Discordant |
Longitudinal |
| Reuben (2016) |
EGDS |
USA |
mixed_sex |
225 |
Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (warmth scale) |
caregiver (mother) |
2.25 |
externalising_behaviour |
Teacher Report Form |
teacher |
6-7 |
Discordant |
Longitudinal |
| Shelton (2008) |
CaStANET |
UK |
mixed_sex |
217 |
Iowa Youth and Families Project |
caregiver (mother) |
15.28 |
conduct_problems |
Strengths and Difficulties Quesionnaire |
caregiver (mother) |
22.28 |
Concordant |
Longitudinal |
| Shelton (2008) |
CaStANET |
UK |
mixed_sex |
217 |
Iowa Youth and Families Project |
self |
15.28 |
conduct_problems |
Strengths and Difficulties Quesionnaire |
self |
22.28 |
Concordant |
Longitudinal |
| Waller, Hyde (2018) |
TBED-C |
USA |
mixed_sex |
187 |
Parental Environment Questionnaire (involvement scale) |
caregiver |
7.8 |
other_DBD |
Subtypes of Antisocial Behavior Questionnaire (physical aggression subscale) |
caregiver (mother) |
7.8 |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |
| parent_child_communication |
| Asbury (2006) |
TEDS |
UK |
females_only |
1107 |
Name not reported (factor analysis of a series of questions about how parents talk to their twins) |
caregiver |
4 |
conduct_problems |
Strengths and Difficulties Quesionnaire |
teacher |
7 |
Discordant |
Longitudinal |
| Asbury (2006) |
TEDS |
UK |
females_only |
1107 |
Name not reported (four items asking how parents interact with their children in terms of singing songs and nursery rhymes etc) |
caregiver |
4 |
conduct_problems |
Strengths and Difficulties Quesionnaire |
teacher |
7 |
Discordant |
Longitudinal |
| Asbury (2006) |
TEDS |
UK |
males_only |
938 |
Name not reported (factor analysis of a series of questions about how parents talk to their twins) |
caregiver |
4 |
conduct_problems |
Strengths and Difficulties Quesionnaire |
teacher |
7 |
Discordant |
Longitudinal |
| Asbury (2006) |
TEDS |
UK |
males_only |
938 |
Name not reported (four items asking how parents interact with their children in terms of singing songs and nursery rhymes etc) |
caregiver |
4 |
conduct_problems |
Strengths and Difficulties Quesionnaire |
teacher |
7 |
Discordant |
Longitudinal |
| Asbury (2006) |
TEDS |
UK |
mixed_sex |
2045 |
Name not reported (factor analysis of a series of questions about how parents talk to their twins) |
caregiver |
4 |
conduct_problems |
Strengths and Difficulties Quesionnaire |
teacher |
7 |
Discordant |
Longitudinal |
| Asbury (2006) |
TEDS |
UK |
mixed_sex |
2045 |
Name not reported (four items asking how parents interact with their children in terms of singing songs and nursery rhymes etc) |
caregiver |
4 |
conduct_problems |
Strengths and Difficulties Quesionnaire |
teacher |
7 |
Discordant |
Longitudinal |
| positive_parenting |
| Barnett (2013) |
FFCWS |
USA |
mixed_sex |
137 |
Name not reported (scales developed in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care) |
observer |
younger: 2.01; older: 3.96 |
externalising_behaviour |
Child Behaviour Checklist (destructive behaviour and aggressive behaviour subscales) |
caregiver (mother) |
younger: 3.01; older: 4.96 |
Discordant |
Longitudinal |
| Boyle (2004) |
NLSCY |
Canada |
mixed_sex |
3696 |
Name not reported (Positive Interaction and Hostile/Ineffective scales) |
caregiver (mother) |
7.47 (2.20) |
externalising_behaviour |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
caregiver (mother) |
7.47 (2.20) |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Boyle (2004) |
NLSCY |
Canada |
mixed_sex |
1878.5 |
Name not reported (Positive Interaction and Hostile/Ineffective scales) |
caregiver (mother) |
7.47 (2.20) |
externalising_behaviour |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
teacher |
7.47 (2.20) |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Boyle (2004) |
NLSY79 |
USA |
mixed_sex |
1438 |
Name not reported (single question and a Positive Parenting scale developed by the study) |
caregiver (mother) |
9.03 (2.91) |
externalising_behaviour |
Behaviour Problem Index (Antisocial, Headstrong, Hyperactive, and Peer Problems scales) |
caregiver (mother) |
9.03 (2.91) |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Glover (2010) |
N2CAP |
USA |
mixed_sex |
85 |
Parental Feelings Questionnaire |
caregiver (father) |
5.59 (2.69) |
conduct_problems |
Child Behaviour Checklist (sum of the delinquent and aggressive subscales, based on the Externalizing Syndrome score) |
caregiver (mother) |
5.59 (2.69) |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Glover (2010) |
N2CAP |
USA |
mixed_sex |
85 |
Parental Feelings Questionnaire |
caregiver (mother) |
5.59 (2.69) |
conduct_problems |
Child Behaviour Checklist (child’s aggression and conduct problems, based on the Externalizing Syndrome score) and Noncompliance score from the Parent-Child Interaction System |
caregiver (father) |
5.59 (2.69) |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Mark (2017) |
#VALUE! |
UK |
mixed_sex |
78 |
Network of Relationships Inventory |
self |
younger: 9.82 (0.89); older: 12.05 (1.04) |
externalising_behaviour |
Strengths and Difficulties Quesionnaire (hyperactivity; emotional symptomatology; conduct problems; and peer problems) |
caregiver (mother) |
younger: 9.82 (0.89); older: 12.05 (1.04) |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Meunier, Bisceglia (2012) |
HBHC |
Canada |
mixed_sex |
599 |
Name not reported (National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth adapted from Parent Practices Scale) |
caregiver (father) |
4.49 (2.94) |
oppositional_defiant_disorder |
Name not reported (oppositional defiant scale taken from the Ontario Child Health Study) |
caregiver |
4.49 (2.94) |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Meunier, Bisceglia (2012) |
HBHC |
Canada |
mixed_sex |
599 |
Name not reported (National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth adapted from Parent Practices Scale) |
caregiver (mother) |
4.49 (2.94) |
oppositional_defiant_disorder |
Name not reported (oppositional defiant scale taken from the Ontario Child Health Study) |
caregiver |
4.49 (2.94) |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |
| parental_monitoring |
| Boisvert (2008) |
PSID |
USA |
females_only |
89 |
Name not reported (derived from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth) |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
externalising_behaviour |
Behaviour Problem Index |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Boisvert (2008) |
PSID |
USA |
males_only |
67 |
Name not reported (derived from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth) |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
externalising_behaviour |
Behaviour Problem Index |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Boisvert (2008) |
PSID |
USA |
mixed_sex |
289 |
Name not reported (derived from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth) |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
externalising_behaviour |
Behaviour Problem Index |
caregiver |
younger: 10.5; older: 13.8 |
Concordant |
Cross-sectional |
| parental_expressed_emotion |
| Caspi (2004) |
E-Risk |
UK |
mixed_sex |
606 |
Five Minute Speech Sample (No. of positive comments) |
caregiver (mother) |
5 |
externalising_behaviour |
Child Behaviour Checklist (Delinquent Behaviour and Aggressive Behaviour scales) |
caregiver (mother) |
6.5 |
Concordant |
Longitudinal |
| Caspi (2004) |
E-Risk |
UK |
mixed_sex |
563 |
Five Minute Speech Sample (No. of positive comments) |
caregiver (mother) |
5 |
externalising_behaviour |
Teacher Report Form (Delinquent Behaviour and Aggressive Behaviour scales) |
teacher |
6.5 |
Discordant |
Longitudinal |
| parent_child_relationship |
| Deater-Deckard (2004) |
N2CAP |
USA |
mixed_sex |
224 |
Parent-Child Interaction System |
observer |
8.16 (2.53) |
conduct_problems |
Child Behaviour Checklist (child’s aggression and conduct problems, based on the Externalizing Syndrome score) and Noncompliance score from the Parent-Child Interaction System |
mixed |
8.16 (2.53) |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |
| family_bonding |
| Morcillo (2011) |
BYS |
USA/Puerto Rico |
females_only |
618 |
Sabogal Familism Scale (adapted version) |
caregiver |
10+; 11+; 12+ |
conduct_problems |
Antisocial Behavior Index |
mixed |
10+; 11+; 12+ |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Morcillo (2011) |
BYS |
USA/Puerto Rico |
females_only |
589 |
Sabogal Familism Scale (adapted version) |
caregiver |
5-9; 6-10; 7-11 |
conduct_problems |
Antisocial Behavior Index |
mixed |
5-9; 6-10; 7-11 |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Morcillo (2011) |
BYS |
USA/Puerto Rico |
males_only |
653 |
Sabogal Familism Scale (adapted version) |
caregiver |
10+; 11+; 12+ |
conduct_problems |
Antisocial Behavior Index |
mixed |
10+; 11+; 12+ |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |
| Morcillo (2011) |
BYS |
USA/Puerto Rico |
males_only |
631 |
Sabogal Familism Scale (adapted version) |
caregiver |
5-9; 6-10; 7-11 |
conduct_problems |
Antisocial Behavior Index |
mixed |
5-9; 6-10; 7-11 |
Discordant |
Cross-sectional |