class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Экономическая Теория ## Часть 4<br />Эластичность ### Александр Шеметев ### РАНХиГС ### 2021/09/07 (updated: 2021-09-12) --- # Темы на сегодня: 1) Эластичность Спроса -- 2) Коэффициент эластичности -- 3) Графическое определение эластичности -- 4) Правило выручки -- 5) Эластичность предложения -- 6) Эластичность в принятии государственных решений: Концепция налогообложения -- 7) Практикум --- class: inverse, center, middle # Эластичность Спроса --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#24_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Общий закон спроса-предложения --- # Эластичность Спроса 1) Из этого закона не очень понятно то, на сколько именно меняется спрос -- 2) Там ясно только направления изменения спроса (или предложения) --- # Эластичность Спроса измеряет насколько чувствительно изменяется количество по отношению к изменепию цены --- class: inverse, center, middle # Коэффициент эластичности `$$\epsilon =|\frac{\% Изменение_в Количестве}{\% Изменение_в Цене}|=|\frac{\% \Delta Q}{\% \Delta P}|$$` --- # Коэффициент эластичности 1) Эластичный спрос (Elastic Demand) `$$\epsilon =|\frac{\% Изменение_в Количестве}{\% Изменение_в Цене}|=|\frac{\% \Delta Q}{\% \Delta P}|>1$$` -- 2) Неэластичный спрос (Inelastic Demand) `$$\epsilon =|\frac{\% Изменение_в Количестве}{\% Изменение_в Цене}|=|\frac{\% \Delta Q}{\% \Delta P}|<1$$` -- 3) Единичная Эластичность (Unit Elastic Demand) `$$\epsilon =|\frac{\% Изменение_в Количестве}{\% Изменение_в Цене}|=|\frac{\% \Delta Q}{\% \Delta P}|=1$$` --- class: inverse, center, middle # Графическое определение эластичности -- Неэластичный спрос --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A24.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A24_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A24_2.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Неэластичный спрос --- # Причины неэластичности спроса: 1) Мало товаров-субститутов -- 2) Товар является необходимостью -- Например, при падении цены на бензин: -- Люди не начинают сжигать/потреблять больше бензина! --- # Пример расчета неэластичности спроса: `$$|\frac{20\% ↓Q}{100\% ↑P}|<1$$` --- class: inverse, center, middle # Графическое определение эластичности -- Эластичный спрос --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A25.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Эластичный спрос --- # Причины эластичности спроса: 1) Много товаров-субститутов -- 2) Товар является предметом роскоши --- # Пример расчета эластичности спроса: `$$|\frac{20\% ↓Q}{7\% ↑P}|>1$$` --- # Пример расчета единичной эластичности спроса: `$$|\frac{20\% ↓Q}{20\% ↑P}|=1$$` --- class: inverse, center, middle # Идеально неэластичный спрос --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A25_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Идеально неэластичный спрос --- class: inverse, center, middle # Идеально эластичный спрос --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A25_2.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Идеально эластичный спрос --- class: inverse, center, middle # Все виды эластичности --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A26.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Все виды эластичности --- class: inverse, center, middle # Правило выручки --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A27.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A27_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A27_2.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A27_3.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A27_4.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Правило выручки --- # Правило выручки 1) Неэластичный спрос (ID): `$$↑P=>↑TR$$` -- `$$↓P=>↓TR$$` -- 2) Эластичный спрос (ID): `$$↑P=>↓TR$$` -- `$$↓P=>↑TR$$` --- class: inverse, center, middle # Правило для запоминания -- Если `\(↑P=>↑TR\)` => человек стоит в форме буквы Н => Неэластичный спрос -- Во всех остальных случаях спрос Эластичен --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A30.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain --- class: inverse, center, middle # Эластичность предложения Дискуссия --- class: inverse, center, middle # Эластичность в принятии государственных решений Концепция налогообложения [(Добсон & Полфреман, 2004)](https://studlib.com/content/view/2873/41/) --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A28.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Налоги и эластичность --- # Налоги по эластичным товарам 1) НДС -- Потому что они поднимают стоимость всей товарной группы -- В идеале, вместе с субститутами и, возможно, комплиментами -- Тогда потребителю некуда переключать свое потребление -- И производителей эластичных товаров это бъет меньше --- # Примеры эластичных товаров (под НДС) Апельсины, молоко, шаверма, бургеры -- Говядина, чипсы, лосось, минтай, ..... --- # Налоги по неэластичным товарам 1) Акцизы и налоги на добычу ископаемых подходят больше -- Потому что они могут вводиться точечно по неэластичным товарам -- Не сильно роняя положение производтелей таких товаров -- Но наполняя бюджет государства --- # 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Термины и определения на графиках Определения --- # Термины и определения на графиках Green: Consumers pay T=10 - Зеленый прямоугольник: платят потребители при ставке налога Т=10 -- Red: Sellers Pay T=10 - Красный прямоугольник: платят продавцы/производители при ставке налога Т=10 -- E_Supply_Tax - предложение при элатичном спросе с налогом Т -- E_Supply_no_Tax - предложение при эластичном спросе без налога Т -- E_Demand_Q - Эластичный спрос --- # Термины и определения на графиках -- NE_Supply_Tax - предложение при неэлатичном спросе с налогом Т -- NE_Supply_no_Tax - предложение при неэластичном спросе без налога Т -- NE_Demand_Q - неэластичный спрос -- Tax, D, S - Налог (Tax, Т), Спрос (D), Предложение (S) --- class: inverse, center, middle # Практикум по эластичности --- Представьте себе, что стоимость яблок увеличилась с 70 рублей до 100 рублей, а количество купленных яблок упало со 100 тонн до 50 тонн. 1) Используйте тест выручки, чтобы определить эластичен ли спрос -- 2) Рассчитайте коэффициент эластичности -- 3) Рассчитайте эластичность предложения, если изменение цены увеличило объем предлагаемых к продаже яблок со 100 до 250 тонн -- 4) Объясните: почему общий тест выручки не может применяться к определению эластичности предложения --- Представьте себе, что стоимость яблок увеличилась с 70 рублей до 100 рублей, а количество купленных яблок упало с 10 тонн до 5 тонн. 5) Представьте себе, что увеличение цены яблок увеличило объем потребеления шоколада. Определите: эти продукты являются субститутами или комплиментами? -- 6) Представьте себе, что увеличение стоимости яблок вызвало увеличение спроса на персики с 15 тонн до 25 тонн. Рассчитайте кросс-ценовую эластичность спроса -- 7) Представьте себе, что рост доходов населения на 15% вызвал падение спроса на яблоки со 100 тонн до 75. Рассчитайте эластичность спроса по доходу. --- class: inverse, center, middle # Практикум по эластичности Используйте *тест выручки*, чтобы определить: эластичен ли спрос --- Выручка до подорожания от продажи яблок составляет 7000 -- Выручка от продажи яблок после подорожания составила: 5000 -- Разница в выручке ПОСЛЕ-ДО составляет: -2000 < 0 TRUE =>выручка упала. Вспоминаем правило эластичного спроса (ID): `$$↑P=>↓TR$$` -- => Спрос - эластичный --- class: inverse, center, middle # Практикум по эластичности Рассчитайте *коэффициент эластичности* --- Формула: `$$\epsilon =|\frac{\% Изменение_в Количестве}{\% Изменение_в Цене}|=|\frac{\% \Delta Q}{\% \Delta P}|$$` -- *Нельзя* считать так: `$$\epsilon =\frac{50}{30}=1.67$$` -- Эластичность - это НЕ изменение количества от изменения цены, а % изменение количества от % изменения цены -- `$$\epsilon =|\frac{\% \Delta Q}{\% \Delta P}|=|\frac{\frac{50-100}{100}}{\frac{100-70}{70}}|=|\frac{-50\%}{43\%}|=1.16$$` -- Спрос умеренно эластичный -- Дискуссия о том, что коэффициент эластичности почти всегда негативный и что мы смотрим по модулю --- class: inverse, center, middle # Практикум по эластичности Рассчитайте *эластичность предложения*, если изменение цены увеличило объем предлагаемых к продаже яблок со 100 до 250 тонн --- Формула: `$$\epsilon =|\frac{\% Изменение_в Количестве}{\% Изменение_в Цене}|=|\frac{\% \Delta Q}{\% \Delta P}|$$` -- `$$\epsilon =|\frac{\% \Delta Q}{\% \Delta P}|=|\frac{\frac{100-250}{100}}{\frac{100-70}{70}}|=|\frac{-150\%}{43\%}|=3.49$$` -- => Предложение эластично --- class: inverse, center, middle # Практикум по эластичности Объясните: почему общий тест выручки не может применяться к определению эластичности предложения --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A31.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A31_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A31_2.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain --- class: inverse, center, middle # Практикум по эластичности Представьте себе, что увеличение цены яблок увеличило объем потребеления шоколада. Определите: эти продукты являются субститутами или комплиментами? --- 1) На комплименты цена растет однонаправленно -- 2) На субституты - разнонаправленно -- 3) Значит, это скорее *субституты* -- 4) Рассуждение о возможной несвязанности продуктов (шоколада и яблок) --- class: inverse, center, middle # Практикум по эластичности Представьте себе, что увеличение стоимости яблок вызвало увеличение спроса на персики с 15 тонн до 25 тонн. Рассчитайте кросс-ценовую эластичность спроса --- `$$\epsilon =\frac{\% Изменение_в КоличествеА}{\% Изменение_в ЦенеB}=\frac{\% \Delta Q_A}{\% \Delta P_B}$$` -- `$$\epsilon =\frac{\% \Delta Q_A}{\% \Delta P_B} = \frac{\frac{25-15}{15}}{\frac{100-70}{70}}=\frac{67\%}{43\%}=+1.56$$` -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#A32.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Значение знака кросс-ценовой эластичности --- class: inverse, center, middle # Практикум по эластичности Представьте себе, что рост доходов населения на 15% вызвал падение спроса на яблоки со 100 тонн до 75. 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# Кто и когда платит налоги на единицу товара?