class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Экономическая Теория ## Часть 1<br />Спрос и Предложение ### Александр Шеметев ### РАНХиГС ### 2021/09/05 (updated: 2021-09-12) --- # Темы на сегодня: 1) Введение в экономическую теорию -- * Устная дискуссия: макро и микроэкономика -- 2) Спрос (Demand) -- 3) Предложение (Supply) -- 4) Равновесие -- 5) Государственное регулирование спроса и предложения -- 6) Практикум --- class: center, middle # Economic Theory ### /iːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈθɪəri/ --- class: inverse, center, middle # Спрос (Demand) --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#1a.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#1b.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#1c.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#1d.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Кривая спроса Источник: Сделано автором в R --- class: inverse, center, middle # 3 Закона/Эффекта Спроса --- # 3 Закона/Эффекта Спроса 1) Эффект Замещения -- * Substitution Effect -- 2) Эффект Дохода -- * Income Effect -- 3) Закон Убывающей Предельной Полезности -- * Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility --- class: inverse, center, middle # Эффект Замещения --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#2.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#2a.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#2b.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#2c.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Эффект Замещения Подорожавшего Мороженого Шоколадом Источник: Сделано автором в R --- class: inverse, center, middle # Эффект Дохода --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#3.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Эффект Падения Дохода и Спрос на Мороженое Источник: Сделано автором в R --- # Объяснение Роста Доходов (Справа) VS Падения Доходов (Слева) -- .pull-left[ 1. Люди меньше зарабатывают¹; 1. Значит люди меньше тратят; 1. Люди могут купить меньше мороженого; 1. Их покупательская сила падает; 1. Только если цена упадет - ; 1. - Люди смогут купить больше; ] -- .pull-right[ 1. Люди больше зарабатывают; 1. Люди могут больше тратить; 1. Люди могут купить больше мороженого; 1. Их покупательская сила выросла; 1. Если цена упадет - ; 1. - они купят еще больше; ] -- [1] Имеются в виду реальные доходы, а не номинальные --- class: inverse, center, middle # Закон Убывающей Предельной Полезности --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#4.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#4a.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#4b.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#4c.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#4d.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Закон Убывающей Предельной Полезности для Мороженого Источник: Сделано автором в R --- # Закон Убывающей Предельной Полезности для Мороженого -- Потребляя больше мороженого - Вы получаете меньшее и меньшее удовлетворение от каждой следующей мороженки -- ```yaml --- Цена должна упасть чтобы увеличить количество покупателей --- ``` -- Тот же Закон работает для абсолютно любого товара, работы или услуги! --- class: inverse, center, middle # Закон Убывающей Предельной Полезности: Алмаз и Вода --- # Суть дилеммы об Алмазе и воде -- 1) Алмаз стоит намного дороже воды -- 2) Но без алмаза человек сможет легко прожить -- 3) Без воды же человек долго не протянет -- 4) Тогда почему вода стоит дешевле алмаза? -- 5) Ведь вода жизненно необходима человеку, -- * а алмаз - нет --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#5.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#5a.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#5b.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Закон Убывающей Предельной Полезности для Воды VS Алмаза Источник: Сделано автором в R --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиг кривой спроса --- # Сдвиг кривой спроса 1) Предпочтения -- 2) Количество покупателей -- 3) Цена на продукты комплименты и субституты -- 4) Доход -- а) нормальные товары -- б) нижшие товары -- 5) Ожидания --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиг кривой спроса: изменение предпочтений --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#6.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#6a.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#6z.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Сдвиг кривой спроса: изменение предпочтений Источник: Сделано автором в R --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиг кривой спроса: изменение количества покупателей --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#7.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#7a.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Сдвиг кривой спроса: изменение количества покупателей Источник: Сделано автором в R --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиг кривой спроса: товары-субституты и комплименты --- # Термины 1) Субститут - товар, который может заменить базисный товар -- Например, воду "Аква Минералле" можно заменить водой "Чудская Жемчужина" -- Это идеальные субституты (2 сорта воды) -- Лимонад можно заменить соком -- 2) Комплимент - товар, без чьего портребеления невозможно так качественно потребить основной товар -- Например, рожок от мороженого - комплимент мороженному -- Левый ботинок - идеальный комплимент правому ботику -- * Кейс: Производство только левых/правых ботинков на разных фабриках, чтобы не крали -- Проблема Принципал (получатель бонусов) - Агент (исполнитель) --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиг кривой спроса: товары-субституты - Мороженое VS Шоколад --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#8.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Пусть сегодня за 300 рублей Вы можете купить 3 "Аленки" -- Завтра цена выросла - и теперь Вы уже можете купить только 2 "Аленки" -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#8_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Что случится со спросом на Мороженое? -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#8_2.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#9.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Пусть сегодня за 300 рублей Вы можете купить 2 "Аленки" -- Завтра цена упала - и теперь Вы уже можете купить уже 3 "Аленки" -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#9_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Что случится со спросом на Мороженое? -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#9_2.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиг кривой спроса: товары-комплименты - Мороженое VS Вафельный Стаканчик --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#10.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Пусть сегодня за 100 рублей можно купить 4 стаканчика -- Завтра цена подскочила в 2 раза -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#10_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Что случится со спросом на Мороженое? -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#10_2.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#10_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Пусть сегодня за 100 рублей можно купить 2 стаканчика -- Завтра цена упала в 2 раза -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#10.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Что случится со спросом на Мороженое? -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#11.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиг кривой спроса: доход & нормальные товары --- # Термины 1) Нормальный товар - это продукт, на который растет спрос при увеличении доходов (мороженое, автомобили, квартиры) -- normal goods -- 2) Низжий товар - рост доходов приводит к падению спроса на такие товары (Доширак, пюре в пакетиках, сырок "Дружба"¹) -- inferior goods -- [1] Любые совпадения с названиями, слоганами изображениями реальных продуктов и компаний в данной лекции - это просто совпадения, не имеющие ничего общего к реальности и настоящим продуктам и компаниям. --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#12.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Рост доходов --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#13.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Падение доходов --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиг кривой спроса: доход & низшие товары --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#14.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Рост доходов --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#15.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Падение доходов --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиг кривой спроса: Ожидания --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#16.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Потребители ожидают подорожания в будущем --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#17.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Потребители ожидают подешевления в будущем --- class: inverse, center, middle # Правило цены: - Изменение Цены НИКОГДА НЕ сдвигает кривую!!! --- class: inverse, center, middle # Предложение Supply (S) --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#18.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#18_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#18_2.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Кривая Предложения (S) --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиги кривой предложения --- # Сдвиги кривой предложения -- 1) Цены на ресурсы -- 2) Технологии -- 3) Вмешательство государства/муниципалитетов -- 4) Изменение количества продавцов -- 5) Ожидания --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиги кривой предложения: Цены на ресурсы --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#19.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Пусть сегодня за 100 рублей можно купить 1 стаканчик молока -- Завтра цена упала в 3 раза -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#19_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Что случится с предложением Мороженого? -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#19_3.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#19_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Пусть сегодня за 100 рублей можно купить 3 стаканчика молока -- Завтра цена выросла в 3 раза -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#19.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- Что случится с предложением Мороженого? -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#19_5.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#19_8.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Общее правило изменения цен на ресурсы --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиги кривой предложения: улучшение технологий --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#20.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Сдвиги кривой предложения: улучшение технологий --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиги кривой предложения: государственное вмешательство --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#21.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Сдвиги кривой предложения: государственное вмешательство --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиги кривой предложения: количество продавцов --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#22.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Сдвиги кривой предложения: количество продавцов --- class: inverse, center, middle # Сдвиги кривой предложения: ожидания --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#23.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- # Сдвиги кривой предложения: ожидания --- class: inverse, center, middle # Правило цены: - Изменение Цены НИКОГДА НЕ сдвигает кривую!!! --- class: inverse, center, middle # Равновесие на рынке: спрос и предложение --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#24.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#24_1.jpg) class: inverse, bottom, inverse background-size: contain -- background-image: 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