#1.CARGAR DATOS
data("USArrests")
?USArrests## starting httpd help server ... donedata<-USArrests
View(data)#2.EXPLORACIÓN DE DATA (EDA)
class(data) #identificando el tipo de objeto## [1] "data.frame"nrow(data) #numero de filas## [1] 50ncol(data) #numero de columnas## [1] 4dim(data) #dimensión de mi data(un resumen de la # de filas y columnas)## [1] 50 4 #tamaño de data
names(data) #nombres de variables## [1] "Murder" "Assault" "UrbanPop" "Rape"colnames(data) #alternativa de nombre de variables## [1] "Murder" "Assault" "UrbanPop" "Rape"head(data) #6 primeros casos de mi data## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Alabama 13.2 236 58 21.2
## Alaska 10.0 263 48 44.5
## Arizona 8.1 294 80 31.0
## Arkansas 8.8 190 50 19.5
## California 9.0 276 91 40.6
## Colorado 7.9 204 78 38.7tail(data) #6 últimos casos de mi data## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Vermont 2.2 48 32 11.2
## Virginia 8.5 156 63 20.7
## Washington 4.0 145 73 26.2
## West Virginia 5.7 81 39 9.3
## Wisconsin 2.6 53 66 10.8
## Wyoming 6.8 161 60 15.6attributes(data) #atributos de mi data## $names
## [1] "Murder" "Assault" "UrbanPop" "Rape"
##
## $class
## [1] "data.frame"
##
## $row.names
## [1] "Alabama" "Alaska" "Arizona" "Arkansas"
## [5] "California" "Colorado" "Connecticut" "Delaware"
## [9] "Florida" "Georgia" "Hawaii" "Idaho"
## [13] "Illinois" "Indiana" "Iowa" "Kansas"
## [17] "Kentucky" "Louisiana" "Maine" "Maryland"
## [21] "Massachusetts" "Michigan" "Minnesota" "Mississippi"
## [25] "Missouri" "Montana" "Nebraska" "Nevada"
## [29] "New Hampshire" "New Jersey" "New Mexico" "New York"
## [33] "North Carolina" "North Dakota" "Ohio" "Oklahoma"
## [37] "Oregon" "Pennsylvania" "Rhode Island" "South Carolina"
## [41] "South Dakota" "Tennessee" "Texas" "Utah"
## [45] "Vermont" "Virginia" "Washington" "West Virginia"
## [49] "Wisconsin" "Wyoming"#3.OBSERVACION Y EXPLORACION DE FILAS Y COLUMNAS
#FILAS
data[15,] #observando mi caso 15## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Iowa 2.2 56 57 11.3data[c(26:30),] #un intervalo de casos## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Montana 6.0 109 53 16.4
## Nebraska 4.3 102 62 16.5
## Nevada 12.2 252 81 46.0
## New Hampshire 2.1 57 56 9.5
## New Jersey 7.4 159 89 18.8fila15<-data[15,] #creando una bd de solo un caso
fila15## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Iowa 2.2 56 57 11.3fila26_27_28_29_30<-data[c(26:30),] #generando un subconjunto de datos
fila26_27_28_29_30## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Montana 6.0 109 53 16.4
## Nebraska 4.3 102 62 16.5
## Nevada 12.2 252 81 46.0
## New Hampshire 2.1 57 56 9.5
## New Jersey 7.4 159 89 18.8fila1_2_5<-data[c(1,2,5),]
fila1_2_5## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Alabama 13.2 236 58 21.2
## Alaska 10.0 263 48 44.5
## California 9.0 276 91 40.6fila_Alabama <-data["Alabama",]
fila_Alabama## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Alabama 13.2 236 58 21.2data[c("Alabama","Montana"),]## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Alabama 13.2 236 58 21.2
## Montana 6.0 109 53 16.4data[c(1,26),]## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Alabama 13.2 236 58 21.2
## Montana 6.0 109 53 16.4data[c(-3,-6),] #eliminando casos## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Alabama 13.2 236 58 21.2
## Alaska 10.0 263 48 44.5
## Arkansas 8.8 190 50 19.5
## California 9.0 276 91 40.6
## Connecticut 3.3 110 77 11.1
## Delaware 5.9 238 72 15.8
## Florida 15.4 335 80 31.9
## Georgia 17.4 211 60 25.8
## Hawaii 5.3 46 83 20.2
## Idaho 2.6 120 54 14.2
## Illinois 10.4 249 83 24.0
## Indiana 7.2 113 65 21.0
## Iowa 2.2 56 57 11.3
## Kansas 6.0 115 66 18.0
## Kentucky 9.7 109 52 16.3
## Louisiana 15.4 249 66 22.2
## Maine 2.1 83 51 7.8
## Maryland 11.3 300 67 27.8
## Massachusetts 4.4 149 85 16.3
## Michigan 12.1 255 74 35.1
## Minnesota 2.7 72 66 14.9
## Mississippi 16.1 259 44 17.1
## Missouri 9.0 178 70 28.2
## Montana 6.0 109 53 16.4
## Nebraska 4.3 102 62 16.5
## Nevada 12.2 252 81 46.0
## New Hampshire 2.1 57 56 9.5
## New Jersey 7.4 159 89 18.8
## New Mexico 11.4 285 70 32.1
## New York 11.1 254 86 26.1
## North Carolina 13.0 337 45 16.1
## North Dakota 0.8 45 44 7.3
## Ohio 7.3 120 75 21.4
## Oklahoma 6.6 151 68 20.0
## Oregon 4.9 159 67 29.3
## Pennsylvania 6.3 106 72 14.9
## Rhode Island 3.4 174 87 8.3
## South Carolina 14.4 279 48 22.5
## South Dakota 3.8 86 45 12.8
## Tennessee 13.2 188 59 26.9
## Texas 12.7 201 80 25.5
## Utah 3.2 120 80 22.9
## Vermont 2.2 48 32 11.2
## Virginia 8.5 156 63 20.7
## Washington 4.0 145 73 26.2
## West Virginia 5.7 81 39 9.3
## Wisconsin 2.6 53 66 10.8
## Wyoming 6.8 161 60 15.6fila_menos_3_6<-data[c(-3,-6),]
fila_menos_3_6## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Alabama 13.2 236 58 21.2
## Alaska 10.0 263 48 44.5
## Arkansas 8.8 190 50 19.5
## California 9.0 276 91 40.6
## Connecticut 3.3 110 77 11.1
## Delaware 5.9 238 72 15.8
## Florida 15.4 335 80 31.9
## Georgia 17.4 211 60 25.8
## Hawaii 5.3 46 83 20.2
## Idaho 2.6 120 54 14.2
## Illinois 10.4 249 83 24.0
## Indiana 7.2 113 65 21.0
## Iowa 2.2 56 57 11.3
## Kansas 6.0 115 66 18.0
## Kentucky 9.7 109 52 16.3
## Louisiana 15.4 249 66 22.2
## Maine 2.1 83 51 7.8
## Maryland 11.3 300 67 27.8
## Massachusetts 4.4 149 85 16.3
## Michigan 12.1 255 74 35.1
## Minnesota 2.7 72 66 14.9
## Mississippi 16.1 259 44 17.1
## Missouri 9.0 178 70 28.2
## Montana 6.0 109 53 16.4
## Nebraska 4.3 102 62 16.5
## Nevada 12.2 252 81 46.0
## New Hampshire 2.1 57 56 9.5
## New Jersey 7.4 159 89 18.8
## New Mexico 11.4 285 70 32.1
## New York 11.1 254 86 26.1
## North Carolina 13.0 337 45 16.1
## North Dakota 0.8 45 44 7.3
## Ohio 7.3 120 75 21.4
## Oklahoma 6.6 151 68 20.0
## Oregon 4.9 159 67 29.3
## Pennsylvania 6.3 106 72 14.9
## Rhode Island 3.4 174 87 8.3
## South Carolina 14.4 279 48 22.5
## South Dakota 3.8 86 45 12.8
## Tennessee 13.2 188 59 26.9
## Texas 12.7 201 80 25.5
## Utah 3.2 120 80 22.9
## Vermont 2.2 48 32 11.2
## Virginia 8.5 156 63 20.7
## Washington 4.0 145 73 26.2
## West Virginia 5.7 81 39 9.3
## Wisconsin 2.6 53 66 10.8
## Wyoming 6.8 161 60 15.6head(fila_menos_3_6)## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Alabama 13.2 236 58 21.2
## Alaska 10.0 263 48 44.5
## Arkansas 8.8 190 50 19.5
## California 9.0 276 91 40.6
## Connecticut 3.3 110 77 11.1
## Delaware 5.9 238 72 15.8tail(fila_menos_3_6)## Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Vermont 2.2 48 32 11.2
## Virginia 8.5 156 63 20.7
## Washington 4.0 145 73 26.2
## West Virginia 5.7 81 39 9.3
## Wisconsin 2.6 53 66 10.8
## Wyoming 6.8 161 60 15.6#COLUMNAS
data[,4] #observando los casos de la variabe ## [1] 21.2 44.5 31.0 19.5 40.6 38.7 11.1 15.8 31.9 25.8 20.2 14.2 24.0 21.0 11.3
## [16] 18.0 16.3 22.2 7.8 27.8 16.3 35.1 14.9 17.1 28.2 16.4 16.5 46.0 9.5 18.8
## [31] 32.1 26.1 16.1 7.3 21.4 20.0 29.3 14.9 8.3 22.5 12.8 26.9 25.5 22.9 11.2
## [46] 20.7 26.2 9.3 10.8 15.6data[,1]## [1] 13.2 10.0 8.1 8.8 9.0 7.9 3.3 5.9 15.4 17.4 5.3 2.6 10.4 7.2 2.2
## [16] 6.0 9.7 15.4 2.1 11.3 4.4 12.1 2.7 16.1 9.0 6.0 4.3 12.2 2.1 7.4
## [31] 11.4 11.1 13.0 0.8 7.3 6.6 4.9 6.3 3.4 14.4 3.8 13.2 12.7 3.2 2.2
## [46] 8.5 4.0 5.7 2.6 6.8data[,c(2:4)] #observando un intervalo de variables## Assault UrbanPop Rape
## Alabama 236 58 21.2
## Alaska 263 48 44.5
## Arizona 294 80 31.0
## Arkansas 190 50 19.5
## California 276 91 40.6
## Colorado 204 78 38.7
## Connecticut 110 77 11.1
## Delaware 238 72 15.8
## Florida 335 80 31.9
## Georgia 211 60 25.8
## Hawaii 46 83 20.2
## Idaho 120 54 14.2
## Illinois 249 83 24.0
## Indiana 113 65 21.0
## Iowa 56 57 11.3
## Kansas 115 66 18.0
## Kentucky 109 52 16.3
## Louisiana 249 66 22.2
## Maine 83 51 7.8
## Maryland 300 67 27.8
## Massachusetts 149 85 16.3
## Michigan 255 74 35.1
## Minnesota 72 66 14.9
## Mississippi 259 44 17.1
## Missouri 178 70 28.2
## Montana 109 53 16.4
## Nebraska 102 62 16.5
## Nevada 252 81 46.0
## New Hampshire 57 56 9.5
## New Jersey 159 89 18.8
## New Mexico 285 70 32.1
## New York 254 86 26.1
## North Carolina 337 45 16.1
## North Dakota 45 44 7.3
## Ohio 120 75 21.4
## Oklahoma 151 68 20.0
## Oregon 159 67 29.3
## Pennsylvania 106 72 14.9
## Rhode Island 174 87 8.3
## South Carolina 279 48 22.5
## South Dakota 86 45 12.8
## Tennessee 188 59 26.9
## Texas 201 80 25.5
## Utah 120 80 22.9
## Vermont 48 32 11.2
## Virginia 156 63 20.7
## Washington 145 73 26.2
## West Virginia 81 39 9.3
## Wisconsin 53 66 10.8
## Wyoming 161 60 15.6data$Rape## [1] 21.2 44.5 31.0 19.5 40.6 38.7 11.1 15.8 31.9 25.8 20.2 14.2 24.0 21.0 11.3
## [16] 18.0 16.3 22.2 7.8 27.8 16.3 35.1 14.9 17.1 28.2 16.4 16.5 46.0 9.5 18.8
## [31] 32.1 26.1 16.1 7.3 21.4 20.0 29.3 14.9 8.3 22.5 12.8 26.9 25.5 22.9 11.2
## [46] 20.7 26.2 9.3 10.8 15.6data$Rape[c((1:5),8)] #pidiendo los casos 1,2,3,4,5,8 de la variable rape## [1] 21.2 44.5 31.0 19.5 40.6 15.8data$Rape[c(1,2,3,4,5,8)]## [1] 21.2 44.5 31.0 19.5 40.6 15.8data[12,4]## [1] 14.2data[12,3]## [1] 54