Hoofdstuk 4. “Verkennen van een externe dataset (uitgewerkt voorbeeld).”
Hans den Hartog, Inholland Academy: Big Data Analist: Datavisualisatie.
29-7-2021
Hoofdstuk 4. Verkennen van een externe dataset (uitgewerkt voorbeeld).
De eerste stap in datavisualisatie is de dataset analyseren. Zowel statistisch als visueel analyseren om patronen, trends of opvallende zaken op te sporen.
Wat nemen we op in de weergave van de dataset?
Wat tonen we aan het/een publiek?
En welk verhaal laten we de data vertellen?
We sluiten af met een toepassing van een datavisualisatie op deze dataset van het Central Park in New York.
knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
library(readr)
NewYorkCentralParkTemperatuur_1_ <- read_delim("NewYorkCentralParkTemperatuur (1).csv",
";", escape_double = FALSE, trim_ws = TRUE)##
## -- Column specification --------------------------------------------------------
## cols(
## Jaar = col_double(),
## Jan = col_double(),
## Feb = col_double(),
## Mar = col_double(),
## Apr = col_double(),
## Mei = col_double(),
## Jun = col_double(),
## Jul = col_double(),
## Aug = col_double(),
## Sep = col_double(),
## Okt = col_double(),
## Nov = col_double(),
## Dec = col_double(),
## Jaargemiddelde = col_double()
## )klimaatNY=NewYorkCentralParkTemperatuur_1_Verkenning: x waarnemingen (rijen) en y variabelen (kolommen)en van iedere variabele een voorbeeld.
str(klimaatNY)## spec_tbl_df [151 x 14] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ Jaar : num [1:151] 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 ...
## $ Jan : num [1:151] 1.7 3.1 -2.1 -1.8 -1.9 1.2 -4.6 2.6 -2.4 -0.9 ...
## $ Feb : num [1:151] 1.4 -0.4 -1 -1.2 -1.4 -0.4 -3.8 -0.1 2.8 0.1 ...
## $ Mar : num [1:151] 1.6 1.2 6.8 -0.8 2.1 2.8 1.2 1.3 2.1 6.7 ...
## $ Apr : num [1:151] 9.6 10.4 11.1 9.7 8.2 5.1 6.2 8.3 8.7 11.8 ...
## $ Mei : num [1:151] 14.3 16.1 15.8 16.4 14.9 14.9 15.6 15.7 15.3 15.2 ...
## $ Jun : num [1:151] 20.7 22.7 20.1 21.8 21.3 21.2 20.7 23.1 21.2 19.8 ...
## $ Jul : num [1:151] 22.7 24.8 22.4 25.3 24.1 23.3 23.3 26.3 23.9 25.4 ...
## $ Aug : num [1:151] 22.1 24.1 23.1 24.2 22.2 21.3 22.7 24 24.1 23.4 ...
## $ Sep : num [1:151] 18.7 19.8 16 19.1 18.6 19.4 17.8 17.6 19.4 20.2 ...
## $ Okt : num [1:151] 10.5 13.7 13.1 11.8 13.2 12.8 12 10.3 13.2 14.8 ...
## $ Nov : num [1:151] 4.6 7.5 3.8 5 2.8 6.3 4.1 7.3 6.9 6.6 ...
## $ Dec : num [1:151] 1.5 1.2 -1.6 -2.9 2.5 1 1.1 -3.9 3 0.4 ...
## $ Jaargemiddelde: num [1:151] 10.8 12 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.7 9.7 11.1 11.6 12 ...
## - attr(*, "spec")=
## .. cols(
## .. Jaar = col_double(),
## .. Jan = col_double(),
## .. Feb = col_double(),
## .. Mar = col_double(),
## .. Apr = col_double(),
## .. Mei = col_double(),
## .. Jun = col_double(),
## .. Jul = col_double(),
## .. Aug = col_double(),
## .. Sep = col_double(),
## .. Okt = col_double(),
## .. Nov = col_double(),
## .. Dec = col_double(),
## .. Jaargemiddelde = col_double()
## .. ) dim(klimaatNY)## [1] 151 14 # toon de eerste 20 rijen van de data
head(klimaatNY, n=20) # toon de laatste 20 rijen van de data
tail(klimaatNY,n=20) # rijen
nrow(klimaatNY)## [1] 151 #kolommen
ncol(klimaatNY)## [1] 14 #kolomnamen
names(klimaatNY)## [1] "Jaar" "Jan" "Feb" "Mar"
## [5] "Apr" "Mei" "Jun" "Jul"
## [9] "Aug" "Sep" "Okt" "Nov"
## [13] "Dec" "Jaargemiddelde" #of
colnames(klimaatNY)## [1] "Jaar" "Jan" "Feb" "Mar"
## [5] "Apr" "Mei" "Jun" "Jul"
## [9] "Aug" "Sep" "Okt" "Nov"
## [13] "Dec" "Jaargemiddelde" #statistische samenvatting van een dataset
summary(klimaatNY)## Jaar Jan Feb Mar
## Min. :1869 Min. :-5.700000 Min. :-6.7000 Min. :-1.100
## 1st Qu.:1906 1st Qu.:-1.750000 1st Qu.:-1.2500 1st Qu.: 3.050
## Median :1944 Median : 0.000000 Median : 0.6000 Median : 4.600
## Mean :1944 Mean :-0.002649 Mean : 0.4768 Mean : 4.656
## 3rd Qu.:1982 3rd Qu.: 1.700000 3rd Qu.: 2.3000 3rd Qu.: 6.200
## Max. :2019 Max. : 6.200000 Max. : 5.6000 Max. :10.600
## Apr Mei Jun Jul
## Min. : 5.10 Min. :12.40 Min. :17.90 Min. :21.50
## 1st Qu.: 9.45 1st Qu.:15.55 1st Qu.:21.00 1st Qu.:23.70
## Median :10.60 Median :16.50 Median :21.80 Median :24.60
## Mean :10.67 Mean :16.64 Mean :21.68 Mean :24.57
## 3rd Qu.:11.95 3rd Qu.:17.80 3rd Qu.:22.55 3rd Qu.:25.35
## Max. :14.40 Max. :20.40 Max. :24.60 Max. :27.40
## Aug Sep Okt Nov
## Min. :20.30 Min. :16.00 Min. : 9.20 Min. : 2.800
## 1st Qu.:22.80 1st Qu.:19.20 1st Qu.:12.80 1st Qu.: 6.800
## Median :23.60 Median :19.90 Median :14.10 Median : 7.800
## Mean :23.67 Mean :19.96 Mean :13.95 Mean : 7.887
## 3rd Qu.:24.40 3rd Qu.:20.95 3rd Qu.:14.90 3rd Qu.: 9.150
## Max. :26.80 Max. :23.60 Max. :17.80 Max. :11.600
## Dec Jaargemiddelde
## Min. :-3.900 Min. : 9.60
## 1st Qu.: 0.800 1st Qu.:11.65
## Median : 2.200 Median :12.20
## Mean : 2.226 Mean :12.21
## 3rd Qu.: 3.800 3rd Qu.:12.85
## Max. :10.400 Max. :14.10 #samenvatting voor één variabele
summary(klimaatNY$Jan)## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -5.700000 -1.750000 0.000000 -0.002649 1.700000 6.200000 #gemiddelde berekenen
mean(klimaatNY$Jan)## [1] -0.002649007 mean(klimaatNY$Aug)## [1] 23.66755 mean(klimaatNY$Dec)## [1] 2.22649 mean(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde)## [1] 12.20728 #mediaan berekenen
median(klimaatNY$Jan)## [1] 0 median(klimaatNY$Aug)## [1] 23.6 median(klimaatNY$Dec )## [1] 2.2 # minimum, 1e kwartiel, mediaan, 3e kwartiel, maximum
fivenum(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde)## [1] 9.60 11.65 12.20 12.85 14.10 fivenum(klimaatNY$Jan)## [1] -5.70 -1.75 0.00 1.70 6.20 #Hoeveel NA"s zijn er? Not Available"s | FALSE of "0" = ze zijn er niet
sum(is.na(klimaatNY))## [1] 0 #Waar zitten de NA"s? Toon alle waarden en laat zien of ze NA zijn
#is.na(klimaatNY)
#standaardafwijking
sd(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde)## [1] 0.9380191 #variantie
var(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde)## [1] 0.8798799 # Minimum en maximum functies
min(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde)## [1] 9.6 max(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde)## [1] 14.1 #correlatie
cor(klimaatNY$Jan,klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde)## [1] 0.4280135 cor(klimaatNY$Aug,klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde)## [1] 0.5569432 cor(klimaatNY$Jaar,klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde)## [1] 0.7471188 # 1=volledige correlatie of negatief of positief tov de waarde 1
# -0.7761684 is bijvoorbeeld een sterk negatieve correlatieknitr::kable(
klimaatNY[1:151, 1:14], caption = "151 jaar Temperatuurgegevens Central Park New York."
)| Jaar | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | Mei | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Okt | Nov | Dec | Jaargemiddelde |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1869 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 9.6 | 14.3 | 20.7 | 22.7 | 22.1 | 18.7 | 10.5 | 4.6 | 1.5 | 10.8 |
| 1870 | 3.1 | -0.4 | 1.2 | 10.4 | 16.1 | 22.7 | 24.8 | 24.1 | 19.8 | 13.7 | 7.5 | 1.2 | 12.0 |
| 1871 | -2.1 | -1.0 | 6.8 | 11.1 | 15.8 | 20.1 | 22.4 | 23.1 | 16.0 | 13.1 | 3.8 | -1.6 | 10.6 |
| 1872 | -1.8 | -1.2 | -0.8 | 9.7 | 16.4 | 21.8 | 25.3 | 24.2 | 19.1 | 11.8 | 5.0 | -2.9 | 10.6 |
| 1873 | -1.9 | -1.4 | 2.1 | 8.2 | 14.9 | 21.3 | 24.1 | 22.2 | 18.6 | 13.2 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 10.6 |
| 1874 | 1.2 | -0.4 | 2.8 | 5.1 | 14.9 | 21.2 | 23.3 | 21.3 | 19.4 | 12.8 | 6.3 | 1.0 | 10.7 |
| 1875 | -4.6 | -3.8 | 1.2 | 6.2 | 15.6 | 20.7 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 17.8 | 12.0 | 4.1 | 1.1 | 9.7 |
| 1876 | 2.6 | -0.1 | 1.3 | 8.3 | 15.7 | 23.1 | 26.3 | 24.0 | 17.6 | 10.3 | 7.3 | -3.9 | 11.1 |
| 1877 | -2.4 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 8.7 | 15.3 | 21.2 | 23.9 | 24.1 | 19.4 | 13.2 | 6.9 | 3.0 | 11.6 |
| 1878 | -0.9 | 0.1 | 6.7 | 11.8 | 15.2 | 19.8 | 25.4 | 23.4 | 20.2 | 14.8 | 6.6 | 0.4 | 12.0 |
| 1879 | -2.8 | -2.2 | 4.4 | 9.1 | 17.4 | 21.2 | 23.9 | 22.2 | 17.4 | 15.7 | 6.3 | 2.9 | 11.3 |
| 1880 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 10.0 | 19.9 | 22.8 | 23.8 | 22.6 | 19.5 | 12.0 | 3.7 | -3.1 | 11.7 |
| 1881 | -4.1 | -1.8 | 2.6 | 7.9 | 16.8 | 18.4 | 23.2 | 23.2 | 23.0 | 14.9 | 7.3 | 4.1 | 11.3 |
| 1882 | -1.8 | 1.8 | 4.7 | 8.7 | 13.7 | 22.1 | 24.3 | 23.0 | 19.5 | 13.9 | 4.0 | -0.8 | 11.1 |
| 1883 | -3.8 | -1.0 | 0.4 | 8.4 | 16.2 | 23.3 | 23.6 | 21.3 | 17.0 | 11.2 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 10.3 |
| 1884 | -4.1 | 1.1 | 3.2 | 8.9 | 15.4 | 21.8 | 22.2 | 23.2 | 22.2 | 14.3 | 6.8 | 0.9 | 11.3 |
| 1885 | -1.4 | -5.2 | -0.8 | 9.7 | 15.5 | 21.7 | 25.8 | 22.4 | 18.0 | 12.3 | 7.2 | 2.1 | 10.6 |
| 1886 | -2.9 | -2.5 | 3.1 | 11.6 | 15.7 | 20.0 | 23.8 | 21.2 | 18.5 | 12.7 | 7.0 | -1.3 | 10.6 |
| 1887 | -1.6 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 7.9 | 17.7 | 20.9 | 25.7 | 21.1 | 16.6 | 11.2 | 5.2 | 1.0 | 10.5 |
| 1888 | -5.0 | -1.5 | -1.1 | 7.8 | 14.4 | 21.6 | 21.5 | 22.6 | 17.1 | 9.2 | 7.5 | 1.5 | 9.6 |
| 1889 | 2.1 | -2.3 | 4.3 | 10.7 | 17.5 | 21.4 | 22.9 | 21.4 | 18.4 | 9.8 | 7.1 | 4.4 | 11.5 |
| 1890 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 2.0 | 9.5 | 15.7 | 21.2 | 22.8 | 22.6 | 19.5 | 12.5 | 6.6 | -1.2 | 11.5 |
| 1891 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 9.8 | 14.3 | 21.9 | 22.4 | 24.2 | 22.0 | 12.6 | 6.8 | 5.7 | 12.1 |
| 1892 | -0.3 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 9.3 | 15.1 | 23.1 | 23.8 | 23.5 | 18.2 | 11.7 | 6.3 | 0.1 | 11.1 |
| 1893 | -4.6 | -1.4 | 1.9 | 8.0 | 14.6 | 20.1 | 23.1 | 23.1 | 17.4 | 13.4 | 6.1 | 1.4 | 10.2 |
| 1894 | 0.9 | -1.9 | 6.0 | 9.6 | 16.1 | 21.3 | 23.9 | 21.4 | 20.4 | 12.9 | 5.3 | 2.7 | 11.6 |
| 1895 | -1.2 | -4.4 | 1.9 | 10.1 | 16.9 | 22.7 | 22.6 | 24.2 | 21.6 | 11.4 | 8.8 | 3.4 | 11.5 |
| 1896 | -1.2 | -0.1 | 0.3 | 11.3 | 19.4 | 21.0 | 24.9 | 24.5 | 19.6 | 12.2 | 9.9 | 1.2 | 11.9 |
| 1897 | -0.7 | 0.7 | 4.9 | 10.3 | 16.4 | 19.7 | 24.4 | 22.9 | 19.4 | 13.7 | 7.8 | 3.5 | 11.9 |
| 1898 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 7.6 | 8.7 | 14.7 | 21.8 | 24.5 | 24.1 | 21.3 | 15.3 | 7.6 | 1.4 | 12.6 |
| 1899 | -0.3 | -2.3 | 3.3 | 9.7 | 16.8 | 23.4 | 24.6 | 24.0 | 18.9 | 14.8 | 7.8 | 3.4 | 12.0 |
| 1900 | -0.1 | -0.9 | 0.8 | 10.0 | 15.3 | 21.4 | 24.7 | 24.6 | 21.4 | 16.3 | 9.5 | 2.4 | 12.1 |
| 1901 | 0.3 | -3.2 | 3.6 | 8.8 | 14.1 | 21.4 | 25.4 | 23.9 | 20.1 | 13.3 | 4.3 | 2.1 | 11.2 |
| 1902 | -0.8 | -1.3 | 6.9 | 10.3 | 14.9 | 19.3 | 22.7 | 22.2 | 19.3 | 14.6 | 10.9 | 0.3 | 11.6 |
| 1903 | -0.9 | 0.7 | 8.8 | 11.1 | 17.1 | 17.9 | 23.7 | 20.6 | 19.4 | 14.4 | 5.7 | -0.3 | 11.5 |
| 1904 | -3.7 | -3.7 | 2.4 | 8.1 | 17.4 | 21.2 | 23.7 | 22.8 | 19.3 | 12.1 | 5.8 | -0.9 | 10.4 |
| 1905 | -1.5 | -4.0 | 4.7 | 9.9 | 16.4 | 21.1 | 25.1 | 23.5 | 20.9 | 15.2 | 6.7 | 3.8 | 11.8 |
| 1906 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 10.9 | 17.3 | 23.1 | 25.1 | 25.1 | 21.2 | 14.2 | 7.5 | 1.2 | 12.6 |
| 1907 | 1.6 | -3.4 | 5.8 | 8.2 | 13.4 | 20.3 | 25.2 | 23.0 | 19.4 | 11.5 | 7.9 | 3.8 | 11.4 |
| 1908 | 0.8 | -2.5 | 5.2 | 11.2 | 17.4 | 22.8 | 26.6 | 24.3 | 20.3 | 16.0 | 8.2 | 3.1 | 12.8 |
| 1909 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 9.1 | 16.1 | 22.3 | 23.1 | 22.3 | 19.3 | 12.5 | 9.7 | 0.2 | 11.9 |
| 1910 | -0.5 | -1.1 | 6.1 | 12.8 | 16.1 | 20.4 | 25.1 | 22.2 | 20.8 | 14.9 | 5.7 | -1.1 | 11.8 |
| 1911 | 2.4 | -0.4 | 1.5 | 8.8 | 17.8 | 21.0 | 25.3 | 22.7 | 19.8 | 13.4 | 5.9 | 4.1 | 11.9 |
| 1912 | -4.6 | -1.8 | 3.1 | 10.2 | 16.8 | 20.9 | 24.3 | 22.1 | 19.2 | 15.1 | 8.8 | 4.1 | 11.5 |
| 1913 | 4.9 | -0.4 | 7.1 | 11.4 | 15.9 | 21.4 | 24.5 | 23.0 | 18.1 | 14.8 | 8.5 | 3.7 | 12.8 |
| 1914 | -0.3 | -3.7 | 2.5 | 8.8 | 18.1 | 20.5 | 22.3 | 23.7 | 19.4 | 15.2 | 6.9 | -0.2 | 11.1 |
| 1915 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 12.4 | 15.0 | 20.0 | 23.3 | 22.0 | 21.1 | 14.3 | 7.9 | 0.8 | 11.9 |
| 1916 | 2.2 | -2.3 | 0.2 | 9.1 | 16.3 | 18.7 | 24.1 | 23.8 | 19.7 | 14.3 | 7.5 | 1.1 | 11.2 |
| 1917 | 0.5 | -2.1 | 4.1 | 9.1 | 12.4 | 21.3 | 24.4 | 24.6 | 17.6 | 11.7 | 5.3 | -3.9 | 10.4 |
| 1918 | -5.7 | -0.9 | 5.6 | 10.4 | 18.5 | 19.9 | 23.7 | 24.7 | 17.7 | 15.0 | 8.1 | 4.1 | 11.8 |
| 1919 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 6.3 | 10.0 | 16.7 | 21.6 | 23.9 | 21.7 | 19.8 | 15.1 | 7.3 | -1.0 | 12.1 |
| 1920 | -4.8 | -1.9 | 4.4 | 8.9 | 14.9 | 20.7 | 23.2 | 23.5 | 20.3 | 16.2 | 6.9 | 2.9 | 11.3 |
| 1921 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 9.1 | 13.4 | 16.2 | 21.8 | 25.2 | 22.0 | 22.3 | 13.5 | 7.1 | 0.3 | 12.7 |
| 1922 | -2.1 | 0.9 | 5.0 | 10.8 | 18.1 | 22.1 | 23.2 | 22.4 | 20.1 | 14.6 | 7.6 | 0.9 | 11.9 |
| 1923 | -1.1 | -3.2 | 2.7 | 10.2 | 15.6 | 23.0 | 23.2 | 22.6 | 20.2 | 13.3 | 7.3 | 5.6 | 11.6 |
| 1924 | 0.4 | -1.7 | 4.0 | 9.5 | 14.1 | 19.9 | 23.4 | 23.5 | 17.8 | 13.9 | 6.9 | 1.1 | 11.1 |
| 1925 | -2.0 | 3.3 | 6.8 | 11.0 | 15.3 | 23.5 | 23.1 | 22.9 | 20.4 | 10.3 | 6.6 | 1.6 | 11.9 |
| 1926 | 0.0 | -1.6 | 2.1 | 8.5 | 15.6 | 19.3 | 23.9 | 23.3 | 18.7 | 12.8 | 7.2 | -1.7 | 10.7 |
| 1927 | -0.6 | 2.4 | 6.1 | 9.2 | 15.0 | 19.6 | 23.3 | 20.3 | 19.9 | 15.3 | 9.6 | 2.6 | 11.9 |
| 1928 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 9.1 | 15.2 | 19.7 | 24.4 | 24.1 | 18.2 | 14.9 | 8.6 | 4.1 | 12.0 |
| 1929 | -0.1 | 0.5 | 7.3 | 10.6 | 16.5 | 21.9 | 24.4 | 22.8 | 20.8 | 12.6 | 7.9 | 2.1 | 12.3 |
| 1930 | 0.7 | 2.8 | 4.6 | 9.1 | 17.6 | 23.1 | 24.7 | 23.1 | 22.2 | 13.1 | 7.5 | 1.4 | 12.5 |
| 1931 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 4.6 | 10.6 | 16.4 | 21.5 | 25.3 | 24.0 | 22.4 | 16.3 | 11.1 | 5.0 | 13.2 |
| 1932 | 6.2 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 9.4 | 16.7 | 21.4 | 24.5 | 24.8 | 20.8 | 14.7 | 6.6 | 3.9 | 12.9 |
| 1933 | 4.6 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 10.2 | 18.0 | 22.4 | 24.3 | 23.8 | 20.9 | 13.4 | 5.4 | 0.4 | 12.3 |
| 1934 | 1.5 | -6.7 | 2.9 | 10.2 | 17.6 | 23.2 | 25.4 | 22.2 | 20.7 | 12.5 | 9.4 | 0.8 | 11.7 |
| 1935 | -1.7 | -0.4 | 6.3 | 9.9 | 15.5 | 21.2 | 25.1 | 23.7 | 18.5 | 14.2 | 9.2 | -1.1 | 11.7 |
| 1936 | -1.5 | -3.5 | 7.3 | 8.8 | 18.0 | 21.0 | 24.6 | 24.1 | 20.1 | 14.2 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 11.9 |
| 1937 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 9.8 | 17.9 | 22.1 | 24.8 | 24.8 | 18.9 | 13.0 | 8.0 | 1.9 | 12.5 |
| 1938 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 6.8 | 12.1 | 16.0 | 21.3 | 24.8 | 25.7 | 18.9 | 15.4 | 9.1 | 2.8 | 12.9 |
| 1939 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 9.1 | 18.3 | 22.8 | 24.8 | 25.6 | 20.3 | 14.1 | 6.5 | 2.7 | 12.6 |
| 1940 | -3.9 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 8.2 | 15.9 | 21.3 | 24.6 | 21.9 | 19.2 | 12.1 | 7.4 | 3.6 | 11.1 |
| 1941 | -1.4 | -0.5 | 2.2 | 13.8 | 18.2 | 22.2 | 24.3 | 23.3 | 21.1 | 15.9 | 10.0 | 3.5 | 12.7 |
| 1942 | -0.7 | -1.3 | 6.1 | 12.1 | 18.5 | 21.7 | 24.6 | 23.1 | 20.2 | 14.9 | 8.3 | -0.5 | 12.3 |
| 1943 | -0.7 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 7.8 | 17.0 | 24.6 | 24.9 | 24.4 | 19.7 | 13.2 | 7.4 | 0.6 | 12.1 |
| 1944 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 3.1 | 9.4 | 19.4 | 22.4 | 26.3 | 25.4 | 21.2 | 13.9 | 7.8 | 0.2 | 12.6 |
| 1945 | -3.8 | 1.1 | 10.6 | 13.1 | 15.1 | 21.6 | 23.7 | 23.0 | 21.3 | 13.4 | 8.7 | -0.6 | 12.3 |
| 1946 | 1.2 | -0.2 | 9.9 | 10.2 | 16.6 | 20.9 | 24.1 | 21.6 | 21.0 | 16.5 | 10.3 | 3.3 | 12.9 |
| 1947 | 2.9 | -1.5 | 3.2 | 10.3 | 15.5 | 20.2 | 24.2 | 24.4 | 20.3 | 17.6 | 6.8 | 1.1 | 12.1 |
| 1948 | -3.7 | -0.7 | 5.6 | 10.6 | 15.7 | 20.8 | 25.1 | 24.0 | 21.3 | 13.7 | 11.3 | 3.5 | 12.3 |
| 1949 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 6.1 | 12.1 | 17.3 | 23.5 | 26.4 | 24.8 | 19.0 | 17.3 | 7.9 | 4.1 | 13.8 |
| 1950 | 5.2 | -0.2 | 2.4 | 9.2 | 14.9 | 21.3 | 23.9 | 22.8 | 18.2 | 15.6 | 9.1 | 1.7 | 12.0 |
| 1951 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 5.3 | 11.7 | 17.4 | 21.0 | 24.9 | 23.6 | 20.1 | 14.8 | 6.4 | 3.7 | 12.8 |
| 1952 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 4.6 | 12.8 | 15.9 | 23.1 | 26.8 | 23.8 | 21.1 | 13.2 | 9.2 | 3.6 | 13.2 |
| 1953 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 6.3 | 11.3 | 17.4 | 23.1 | 25.4 | 24.3 | 21.3 | 15.9 | 9.8 | 5.2 | 13.9 |
| 1954 | -0.7 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 12.1 | 15.4 | 22.0 | 24.8 | 22.7 | 19.7 | 16.5 | 8.0 | 2.2 | 12.7 |
| 1955 | -0.6 | 1.7 | 5.4 | 11.9 | 18.6 | 20.5 | 27.2 | 25.6 | 19.9 | 15.4 | 6.8 | -1.3 | 12.6 |
| 1956 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 9.0 | 14.8 | 21.9 | 22.7 | 23.4 | 18.2 | 14.5 | 8.2 | 4.9 | 11.9 |
| 1957 | -1.9 | 2.9 | 5.5 | 11.8 | 17.3 | 23.5 | 25.4 | 23.1 | 20.9 | 13.4 | 9.7 | 4.6 | 13.0 |
| 1958 | -0.1 | -2.6 | 4.6 | 11.6 | 15.1 | 19.6 | 24.5 | 24.0 | 19.8 | 13.1 | 8.8 | -1.4 | 11.4 |
| 1959 | -0.5 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 12.1 | 19.1 | 21.8 | 24.6 | 25.3 | 22.4 | 15.4 | 7.7 | 3.6 | 13.0 |
| 1960 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 12.3 | 17.0 | 22.1 | 23.7 | 23.8 | 20.0 | 14.5 | 9.8 | -0.6 | 12.2 |
| 1961 | -2.4 | 2.6 | 5.3 | 9.4 | 15.5 | 22.4 | 25.6 | 24.7 | 23.1 | 16.2 | 9.3 | 1.9 | 12.8 |
| 1962 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 6.2 | 11.8 | 18.1 | 22.5 | 23.3 | 22.4 | 18.3 | 14.1 | 6.2 | -0.3 | 11.9 |
| 1963 | -1.1 | -2.1 | 6.5 | 12.1 | 16.2 | 21.6 | 24.7 | 22.3 | 17.3 | 16.6 | 10.2 | -0.4 | 12.0 |
| 1964 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 6.2 | 9.8 | 18.6 | 22.0 | 24.1 | 22.7 | 19.6 | 12.8 | 9.7 | 2.4 | 12.6 |
| 1965 | -1.3 | 1.1 | 4.4 | 10.3 | 19.1 | 21.2 | 23.5 | 22.9 | 19.7 | 14.1 | 8.2 | 4.7 | 12.3 |
| 1966 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 5.9 | 9.8 | 16.4 | 24.1 | 26.5 | 24.9 | 19.2 | 13.4 | 9.4 | 2.1 | 12.8 |
| 1967 | 3.0 | -1.6 | 3.1 | 9.8 | 12.9 | 22.7 | 24.1 | 23.3 | 19.3 | 14.0 | 5.8 | 3.4 | 11.7 |
| 1968 | -2.9 | -1.7 | 6.3 | 12.8 | 15.3 | 20.9 | 25.2 | 24.4 | 21.4 | 15.8 | 8.3 | 1.3 | 12.3 |
| 1969 | -0.1 | 0.3 | 4.5 | 13.3 | 18.5 | 22.8 | 23.8 | 25.2 | 20.6 | 14.3 | 8.0 | 0.8 | 12.7 |
| 1970 | -3.8 | 0.6 | 3.7 | 11.2 | 17.8 | 21.6 | 25.1 | 25.3 | 21.6 | 14.9 | 9.2 | 1.3 | 12.4 |
| 1971 | -2.8 | 1.7 | 4.5 | 10.4 | 16.3 | 23.4 | 25.4 | 24.4 | 22.0 | 17.1 | 7.3 | 4.9 | 12.9 |
| 1972 | 1.7 | -0.3 | 4.3 | 10.1 | 17.4 | 19.9 | 25.1 | 24.2 | 20.8 | 11.9 | 6.9 | 3.6 | 12.2 |
| 1973 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 8.0 | 11.9 | 15.3 | 23.0 | 25.2 | 25.3 | 20.8 | 15.7 | 9.1 | 3.9 | 13.4 |
| 1974 | 1.8 | -0.2 | 5.6 | 12.9 | 16.1 | 20.6 | 25.1 | 24.7 | 19.3 | 12.3 | 9.0 | 4.1 | 12.6 |
| 1975 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 4.6 | 8.8 | 18.8 | 21.4 | 24.3 | 23.6 | 17.9 | 15.1 | 11.3 | 2.2 | 12.7 |
| 1976 | -2.6 | 4.4 | 6.9 | 12.8 | 15.7 | 22.9 | 23.8 | 23.5 | 19.2 | 11.6 | 5.4 | -1.2 | 11.9 |
| 1977 | -5.5 | 0.8 | 8.2 | 12.1 | 18.3 | 21.2 | 26.1 | 24.3 | 20.1 | 12.7 | 8.5 | 2.1 | 12.4 |
| 1978 | -2.2 | -2.7 | 3.9 | 10.9 | 16.4 | 21.8 | 23.6 | 24.4 | 18.3 | 12.7 | 8.8 | 3.8 | 11.7 |
| 1979 | 0.9 | -3.6 | 8.3 | 11.4 | 18.5 | 20.7 | 24.9 | 24.9 | 21.4 | 14.1 | 11.4 | 5.1 | 13.2 |
| 1980 | 0.9 | -0.3 | 5.1 | 12.5 | 18.7 | 21.3 | 26.3 | 26.8 | 21.6 | 12.9 | 7.0 | 0.3 | 12.8 |
| 1981 | -3.2 | 4.1 | 5.7 | 13.4 | 18.2 | 22.8 | 25.8 | 24.4 | 19.8 | 12.4 | 8.7 | 2.5 | 12.9 |
| 1982 | -3.3 | 1.8 | 5.6 | 10.7 | 17.8 | 20.3 | 25.5 | 22.9 | 20.2 | 14.7 | 10.2 | 6.0 | 12.7 |
| 1983 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 6.7 | 11.3 | 15.7 | 23.0 | 26.4 | 25.4 | 22.1 | 14.4 | 9.4 | 1.8 | 13.3 |
| 1984 | -1.2 | 4.8 | 2.6 | 11.1 | 16.4 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 24.8 | 18.8 | 16.6 | 8.5 | 6.6 | 13.1 |
| 1985 | -1.8 | 2.6 | 7.7 | 13.1 | 18.5 | 20.3 | 24.6 | 24.1 | 21.4 | 15.3 | 10.0 | 1.2 | 13.1 |
| 1986 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 7.3 | 12.5 | 18.9 | 22.0 | 24.4 | 22.8 | 19.9 | 14.4 | 7.6 | 3.9 | 12.9 |
| 1987 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 7.3 | 11.9 | 17.6 | 22.7 | 25.6 | 23.4 | 19.9 | 12.1 | 8.7 | 4.2 | 12.8 |
| 1988 | -1.4 | 1.7 | 6.4 | 10.7 | 17.1 | 22.1 | 26.3 | 26.0 | 19.7 | 11.6 | 9.7 | 2.2 | 12.7 |
| 1989 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 5.8 | 11.2 | 16.7 | 22.2 | 23.9 | 23.3 | 20.1 | 14.6 | 7.6 | -3.4 | 12.2 |
| 1990 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 7.3 | 11.9 | 15.7 | 22.3 | 24.9 | 24.1 | 19.7 | 16.6 | 10.2 | 5.9 | 14.0 |
| 1991 | 1.6 | 4.4 | 7.0 | 13.2 | 20.4 | 23.4 | 25.4 | 25.1 | 19.7 | 14.7 | 9.1 | 4.2 | 14.0 |
| 1992 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 4.4 | 10.3 | 16.1 | 21.3 | 23.4 | 22.8 | 19.6 | 12.5 | 8.1 | 3.3 | 12.2 |
| 1993 | 2.4 | -0.7 | 4.3 | 11.8 | 18.7 | 22.9 | 26.8 | 25.1 | 19.6 | 13.3 | 9.3 | 2.9 | 13.1 |
| 1994 | -3.6 | -0.8 | 4.8 | 13.1 | 16.6 | 24.0 | 26.3 | 23.3 | 19.8 | 14.4 | 11.1 | 5.7 | 12.9 |
| 1995 | 3.1 | -0.2 | 7.2 | 11.1 | 16.6 | 22.1 | 26.2 | 25.9 | 20.2 | 16.4 | 6.4 | 0.2 | 12.9 |
| 1996 | -0.8 | 1.1 | 3.8 | 11.2 | 16.2 | 21.9 | 23.0 | 23.6 | 20.0 | 13.6 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 12.1 |
| 1997 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 10.9 | 15.2 | 21.6 | 24.3 | 22.9 | 19.4 | 13.8 | 6.9 | 3.5 | 12.4 |
| 1998 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 7.4 | 12.2 | 17.9 | 20.7 | 24.7 | 24.8 | 21.2 | 14.2 | 8.9 | 6.2 | 14.0 |
| 1999 | 1.1 | 3.8 | 5.8 | 11.9 | 17.3 | 22.9 | 27.4 | 24.2 | 20.6 | 13.3 | 10.3 | 4.4 | 13.6 |
| 2000 | -0.4 | 2.9 | 8.4 | 10.6 | 17.5 | 21.8 | 22.4 | 22.6 | 18.9 | 13.9 | 7.4 | -0.5 | 12.2 |
| 2001 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 4.2 | 12.3 | 17.7 | 22.7 | 22.9 | 25.9 | 19.8 | 14.7 | 11.5 | 6.7 | 13.5 |
| 2002 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 6.7 | 13.4 | 15.9 | 21.9 | 26.0 | 25.4 | 21.2 | 12.9 | 7.8 | 2.2 | 13.6 |
| 2003 | -2.5 | -1.1 | 6.2 | 9.9 | 14.8 | 20.2 | 24.3 | 24.8 | 19.9 | 12.8 | 10.0 | 3.1 | 11.9 |
| 2004 | -4.1 | 1.7 | 6.4 | 12.0 | 18.4 | 21.8 | 23.6 | 23.4 | 20.7 | 13.3 | 9.0 | 3.6 | 12.5 |
| 2005 | -0.4 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 12.8 | 15.4 | 23.3 | 25.3 | 26.5 | 22.9 | 14.4 | 9.8 | 1.8 | 13.2 |
| 2006 | 4.9 | 2.1 | 6.2 | 13.2 | 17.3 | 21.7 | 25.5 | 24.3 | 19.2 | 13.4 | 11.1 | 6.4 | 13.8 |
| 2007 | 3.1 | -2.1 | 5.7 | 10.2 | 18.4 | 21.9 | 23.9 | 23.3 | 21.3 | 17.6 | 7.4 | 2.8 | 12.8 |
| 2008 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 5.9 | 12.7 | 15.6 | 23.3 | 25.8 | 23.2 | 20.4 | 12.8 | 7.7 | 3.4 | 12.9 |
| 2009 | -2.3 | 2.6 | 5.8 | 12.5 | 16.9 | 19.7 | 22.6 | 24.3 | 19.1 | 12.8 | 10.7 | 2.2 | 12.2 |
| 2010 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 9.0 | 14.4 | 18.5 | 23.7 | 27.4 | 25.2 | 21.7 | 14.5 | 8.8 | 0.4 | 13.7 |
| 2011 | -1.3 | 2.2 | 5.7 | 12.4 | 18.1 | 22.4 | 26.8 | 24.1 | 21.1 | 13.9 | 11.1 | 6.3 | 13.6 |
| 2012 | 2.9 | 4.9 | 10.5 | 12.7 | 18.4 | 21.7 | 26.0 | 24.8 | 20.4 | 14.4 | 6.6 | 5.3 | 14.1 |
| 2013 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 4.5 | 11.7 | 17.1 | 22.6 | 26.6 | 23.7 | 19.9 | 15.7 | 7.4 | 3.6 | 12.9 |
| 2014 | -1.9 | -0.2 | 3.2 | 11.3 | 17.8 | 22.5 | 24.5 | 23.6 | 20.9 | 15.3 | 7.4 | 4.7 | 12.4 |
| 2015 | -1.2 | -4.5 | 3.4 | 12.4 | 20.3 | 21.8 | 26.0 | 26.1 | 23.6 | 14.4 | 11.6 | 10.4 | 13.7 |
| 2016 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 9.4 | 11.8 | 17.1 | 22.4 | 25.9 | 26.2 | 22.1 | 14.9 | 9.9 | 3.5 | 14.0 |
| 2017 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 4.0 | 14.0 | 16.2 | 22.2 | 24.9 | 23.3 | 21.4 | 17.8 | 8.1 | 0.8 | 13.5 |
| 2018 | -0.2 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 9.7 | 19.4 | 22.1 | 25.3 | 25.6 | 21.5 | 14.3 | 6.9 | 4.5 | 13.3 |
| 2019 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 5.4 | 13.1 | 16.8 | 22.1 | 26.4 | 24.2 | 21.3 | 15.5 | 6.6 | 3.5 | 13.1 |
Visueel verkennen
Door middel van Stripcharts, Histogrammen, Beeswarms, Lijngrafieken,Boxplots, Violinchart, Kolomdiagram en een Dotchart.
par(mfrow=c(2,3),las=1,pch=19, cex=0.9,bg="#FFFFFF")
#mfrow= 3 plots in 2 rijen en de method = "jitter"
stripchart(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde ,main = "a. Jaargemiddelde\nTemperatuur",col.main="#666666",method="stack",col="#212121",pch=1, vertical = TRUE, ylab = "°Celsius",frame=FALSE)
stripchart(klimaatNY$Jan,main = "b. Januari\nTemperatuur",col.main="#666666", method="jitter",col="#1565C0",pch=1, vertical = TRUE, ylab = "°Celsius",frame=FALSE)
stripchart(klimaatNY$Feb,main = "c. Februari\nTemperatuur",col.main="#666666", method="stack",col="#ff8c00",pch=1, vertical = TRUE, ylab = "°Celsius",frame=FALSE)
stripchart(klimaatNY$Aug ,main = "d. Augustus\nTemperatuur",col.main="#666666",method="jitter",col="#212121",pch=1, vertical = TRUE, ylab = "°Celsius",frame=FALSE)
stripchart(klimaatNY$Okt,main = "e. Oktober\nTemperatuur",col.main="#666666", method="stack",col="#1565C0",jitter=0.5,pch=1, vertical = TRUE, ylab = "°Celsius",frame=FALSE)
stripchart(klimaatNY$Dec,main = "f. December\nTemperatuur",col.main="#666666", method="jitter",col="#ff8c00",pch=1, vertical = TRUE, ylab = "°Celsius",frame=FALSE)
Figuur 175 a t/m f. Stacked Stripcharts.
# Stack stripchart Variant
par(mar=c(5,4,2,1),mfrow=c(1,2))
# mar = marge in regels: bottom, left, top, and right
x <- list("Januari" = klimaatNY$Jan,"Jaargemiddelde" = klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde,
"Aug" = klimaatNY$Aug)
#maak plot met een strip per variabele
par(bty="l", bg="#FFFFFF")
stripchart(x,main = "a. Gemiddelde Temperatuur",sub="Central Park New York, 1869 - 2019 (n=151)",col.main="#444347",
xlab = "Temperatuur °C",col.lab="#444347", adj=0,
ylab = "Maanden",col.lab="#444347",
col = c("#1565C0", "#ff8c00","#cccccc"),
pch = 16,at=c(1.00,1.75,2.50),#plaatsen van de strips op de y-as
method = "jitter",frame=FALSE)
par( bty="l",bg="#FFFFFF")
stripchart(x,main = "b. Gemiddelde Temperatuur",sub="Central Park New York, 1869 - 2019 (n=151)",col.main="#444347",
xlab = "Temperatuur °C",col.lab="#444347", adj=0,
ylab = "Maanden & Jaargemiddelde",col.lab="#444347",ylim=c(1,3),
col = c("#1565C0", "#ff8c00","#cccccc"),
pch = 16,at=c(1.00,1.75,2.50),#plaatsen van de strips op de y-as
method = "stack",frame=FALSE)
Figuur 176 a en b. Varianten Stripcharts met verschillende methoden (‘jitter’ en ‘stack’)
par(bty="n",bg="#FFFFFF")
stripchart(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde,axes=FALSE,xlab="Temperatuur in°Celcius",col.lab="#444347", method = "stack", col="#ff8C00")
titel = "Jaargemiddelde Central Park, New York"
subtitel="Waarnemingen van de gemiddelde jaartemperaturen tussen 1869 - 2019 (151 jaar)"
#mtext(side=3,line=3,adj=0,cex=0,7,subtitel)
#mtext(side=3,line=2,,adj=0,cex=1,titel)
mtext(titel, side=3, line=1, adj=0, font=2, cex=1.5,col="#444347")
mtext(subtitel, side=3, line=0, adj=0,cex=1,col="#444347")
axis(1, col="#444347", col.ticks="#444347", col.axis="#444347", cex.axis=0.8)
Figuur 177. Nog een Stripchart. Methode ‘stack’ is gebruikt.
par(mfrow=c(2,1),las=1,pch=19, cex=0.8, bty="n",bg="#FFFFFF")
x <- list("Jan." = klimaatNY$Jan, "Feb." = klimaatNY$Feb,
"Maart" = klimaatNY$Mar, "April" = klimaatNY$Apr,
"Mei" = klimaatNY$Mei, "Juni" = klimaatNY$Jun)
#maak plot met een strip per variabele
stripchart(x,main = "a. Maandtemperatuur Central Park New York,\n1869 - 2019 (n=151)",col.lab="#444347", xlab = "Temperatuur °C",
ylab = "Maanden",
col = c("steelblue", "coral2"),
pch = 16,
method = "jitter")
#maak plot met een strip per variabele
stripchart(x, main = "b. Maandtemperatuur Central Park New York,\n1869 - 2019 (n=151)",col.lab="#444347", xlab = "Temperatuur °C",
ylab = "Maanden",
col = c("steelblue", "coral2"),
pch = 16,
method = "stack",vertical=TRUE) 
Figuur 178. Twee stripcharts met meerdere maanden en met verschillende methoden (‘jitter’ en ‘stack’)
Histogrammen
par(mfrow=c(2,2),las=1,cex=0.8,bg = "#889AA3",mar = c(4, 4,4, 4))
hist(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde,main="a. Jaargemiddelde", las=1,breaks=6,col="steelblue1")
hist(klimaatNY$Jan,main="b. Januaritemperatuur", las=1,breaks=6,col="#1565C0")
hist(klimaatNY$Mei,main="c. Meitemperatuur", las=1,breaks=6,col="ghostwhite")
hist(klimaatNY$Aug,main="d. Augustustemperatuur", las=1,breaks=6,col="darkorange")
Figuur 179. Histogrammen gaan over spreiding van gegevens.
par(mfrow=c(2,2),las=1,cex=0.8,bg = "#889AA3",mar = c(4, 4,4, 4))
hist(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde,main="Standaard bins", las=1,breaks=6,col="steelblue1")
hist(klimaatNY$Jan,main="Met 10 bins",las=1,breaks=10,col="#1565C0")
hist(klimaatNY$Mei,main="Met 15 bins", las=1,breaks=15,col="ghostwhite")
hist(klimaatNY$Aug,main="Met 20 bins", las=1,breaks=20,col="darkorange")
Figuur 180. Histogrammen met variabele bins.
par(las=1)
hist(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde, las=1,breaks=6,col="steelblue1",
prob = TRUE, # show densities inplaats van frequencies
xlab = "Gemiddelde Jaartemperatuur",
main = "Histogram en densityplot gecombineerd weergegeven.")
lines(density(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde), # density plot
lwd = 2, # lijndikte
col = "#c70131")
Figuur 181. Histogram met densitylijn gecombineerd.
Beeswarm (met en zonder boxplot)
#install.packages("beeswarm")
library("beeswarm")
par(mfrow=c(1,2),las=1,bty="n")
beeswarm(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde,main="a. Gemiddelde Jaar-\ntemperatuur tussen 1869 - 2019.")
beeswarm(klimaatNY$Jan, pch = 16, col = 3,
main = 'b. Gemiddelde Januari-\ntemperatuur tussen 1869 - 2019.')
Figuur 182 a en b. Beeswarms.
par(las=1,pch=19, cex=0.9,bty="n")
boxplot(klimaatNY$Jan, outline = FALSE, # vermijdt double-plotting outliers ,
main = 'Boxplot + Beeswarm')
beeswarm(klimaatNY$Jan,col = 4, pch = 16, add = TRUE)
Figuur 183. Combinatie beeswarm & boxplot.
Lijngrafiek
par(las=1,cex=0.8,bty="n",bg="#FFFFFF")
x = 1869:2019
plot(klimaatNY$Feb~klimaatNY$Jaar, data=klimaatNY, type="l", col="#1565C0", ylim=c(-10,30),
axes=FALSE,las=1,xlab="Jaren",lwd=2, ylab="Temperatuur °C")
lines(klimaatNY$Aug~klimaatNY$Jaar, data=klimaatNY, type="l",lty=1, col="#ff8C00",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde~klimaatNY$Jaar, data=klimaatNY, type="l",lty=1, col="#CCCCCC",lwd=2)
axis(1,x,pos=-10,col="#444347", col.ticks="#444347", col.axis="#444347", cex.axis=0.8,tck=-.01)
axis(2,col="#444347", col.ticks="#444347", col.axis="#444347", cex.axis=0.8, las=1)
title(main="Temperatuur in Central Park New York (1869 - 2019, n=151)",adj=0, col.main="#444347", font.main=2)
abline(h=0.00264907,col="#444347",lty=3)
abline(h=-10, col="#444347",lty=3)
abline(v=1869,col="#CCCCCC",lty=3)
abline(v=2019,col="#CCCCCC",lty=3)
abline(h=23.66755,col="#444347",lty=3)
abline(h=12.20728,col="#CCCCCC",lty=3)
text(2018, 28, "Augustus temperatuur(gemiddeld)",cex = .9,col="#ff8C00",font=2,adj=c(1,0))
text(2018, 7, "Februari temperatuur(gemiddeld)",cex = .9,col="#2565C0",font=2,adj=c(1,0))
text(2018, 16, "Jaar temperatuur(gemiddeld)",cex = .9,col="#CCCCCC",font=2,adj=c(1,0))
Figuur 184. Lijngrafiek met direct labeling.
Boxplot
par(mfrow=c(2,2),font.lab=3,cex.lab=0.8,font.main=2,cex.main=1,adj=0,bg="#F8F8FF",bty="n")
boxplot(klimaatNY$Jan, main= "a. Boxplot:\nMediaan Januaritemperatuur",col.main="#444347",
ylab="Temperatuur °C", las=1, col="#1565C0", ylim=c(-10,10),medcol="#212121",boxlty=0,staplelwd = 1.5,outpch = 16 )
abline(h=0, col="#1565C0",lty=3)
boxplot(klimaatNY$Aug, main= "b. Boxplot:\nMediaan Augustustemperatuur",col.main="#444347",
ylab="Temperatuur °C", las=1, col = "#ff8c00", ylim=c(20,28),medcol="#212121",boxlty=0,staplelwd = 1,outpch = 16 )
abline(h=23.6,col="#ff8c00",lty=3)
boxplot(klimaatNY$Jan, main= "c. Boxplot:\nMediaan Januaritemperatuur", col.main="#444347",
xlab="Temperatuur °C", las=1, col="#1565C0", ylim=c(-10,10),medcol="#212121",boxlty=0,staplelwd = 1,outpch = 16,
horizontal =TRUE)
abline(v=0, col="#1565C0",lty=3)
boxplot(klimaatNY$Aug, main= "d. Boxplot:\nMediaan Augustustemperatuur",col.main="#444347",
xlab="Temperatuur °C", las=1, col = "#ff8c00", ylim=c(20,28),medcol="#212121",boxlty=0,staplelwd = 1,outpch = 16,
horizontal =TRUE)
abline(v=23.6,col="#ff8c00",lty=3)
Figuur 185. Boxplots.
# meer statistische info boxplot: o.a. over uitbijters
summary(klimaatNY$Jan)## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -5.700000 -1.750000 0.000000 -0.002649 1.700000 6.200000Violinplot
# hoe meer waarden in een bepaalde "range" hoe breder de violin wordt
# lijkt erg op een boxplot (zie midden in de violin)
#install.package("vioplot)
library(vioplot)## Loading required package: sm## Package 'sm', version 2.2-5.6: type help(sm) for summary information## Loading required package: zoo##
## Attaching package: 'zoo'## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## as.Date, as.Date.numeric par(bty="l",cex=0.8, bg="#F8F8FF")
x1 <- klimaatNY$Jan
x2 <- klimaatNY$Aug
x3 <- klimaatNY$Dec
vioplot(x1, x2, x3, names=c("Januaritemperatuur", "Augustustemperatuur", "Decembertemperatuur"),col="#ff8c00", ylab="Temperatuur °C", las=1)
title("Mediaan van de Maandtemperatuur in Central Park New York, 1869 - 2019", col.main="#1C1C1C",adj=0)
abline(h=-0.002649007, col="#ff8c00",lty=3)
abline(h=23.6, col="#ff8c00",lty=3)
abline(h=2.2, col="#ff8c00",lty=3)
Figuur 186. Violinplot. In de ‘vlinder’ zit een boxplot, met mediaanstip.
Dotchart
data2 = klimaatNY[order(klimaatNY$Jaar),]
dotchart(data2$Jaargemiddelde,ylab="", cex = .9,
main = "Alle Jaargemiddelden van 1869 - 2019 (151 jaar)\n Central Park New York.",
xlab = "Gemiddelde Jaartemperaturen in °C",
pch = 19, col = c("#212121","#ff8c00"),
cex.main = 1, cex.lab = 0.5)
Figuur 187. Dotchart 1869 - 2019. Gemiddelde Jaartemperaturen.
barplot(klimaatNY$Jan~klimaatNY$Jaar,data=klimaatNY, main= "Kolomdiagram Januaritemperatuur",col.main="#444347",
xlab="Jaar", las=1, col = "#ff8c00", ylim=c(-10,10),ylab="Temperatuur °C",border=NA)
Figuur 188. Kolomdiagram.
Declutter (Vraagt om Selectie!)
Uitwerking van de lijngrafiek uit afbeelding 184.
par(cex=0.8,bty="n",bg="#FFFFFF",mar=c(5,5,5,0),las=1)
x = 1869:2019 # x heeft een waarde van het jaar 1869 tot en met 2019
plot(klimaatNY$Jan~klimaatNY$Jaar,data=klimaatNY,type="l", col="#1565C0", ylim=c(-10,30),
axes=FALSE,xlab="Jaren",lwd=2,ylab="Temperatuur °C")
lines(klimaatNY$Feb~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#ffa42e",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Mar~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#ff6d3e",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Apr~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#ff5264",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Mei~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#f94588",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Jun~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#d94aa6",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Jul~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#ad56bb",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Aug~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#7360c4",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Sep~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#1565c0",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Okt~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#1460b7",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Nov~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#135bae",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Dec~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#1157a5",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#10529c",lwd=2)
axis(1,x,pos=-10, col="#444347", col.ticks="#444347", col.axis="#444347", cex.axis=0.8,tck=-.01)
axis(2, col="#444347", col.ticks="#444347", col.axis="#444347", cex.axis=0.8)
# Maak de titel,kleur grijs bold/italic font7360c4
title(main="Temperatuur in Central Park New York (1869 - 2019, n=151)", col.main="#444347", font.main=2)
abline(h=0, col="#444347")
legend(1990,30, legend=c ("Januari","Februari","Maart","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Augustus","September","Oktober","November","December","Jaargemiddelde"),
col=c("#ffa42e", "#ff8C00","#ff6d3e","#ff5264","#f94588","#d94aa6","#ad56bb","#7360c4","#1565c0","#1460b7","#135bae","#1157a5","#10529c"),pch =19, cex=.9,
box.col = "#FFFFFF",bg = "#ffffff95")#transparant wit door de twee cijfers na de letters
Afbeelding 189. Alle informatie uit de dataset wordt gebruikt voor een visualisatie. Dat levert een ‘spaghetti-afbeelding’ op, volstrekt onleesbaar voor een gebruiker. Hier moet selectie op worden toegepast. Weglaten van gegevens moet verantwoord gebeuren! Keuze om te generaliseren!
par(cex=0.8,bty="n",bg="#FFFFFF",mar=c(5,5,5,0),las=1)
x = 1869:2019 # x heeft een waarde van het jaar 1869 tot en met 2019
plot(klimaatNY$Jan~klimaatNY$Jaar,data=klimaatNY,type="l", col="#1565C0",
ylim=c(-10,30),axes=FALSE,xlab="Jaren",lwd=2,ylab="Temperatuur °C")
lines(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#ab3a2c",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Aug~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#ffa500",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Feb~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="grey90",lwd=1)
lines(klimaatNY$Mar~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="grey90",lwd=1)
lines(klimaatNY$Apr~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="grey90",lwd=1)
lines(klimaatNY$Mei~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="grey90",lwd=1)
lines(klimaatNY$Jun~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="grey90",lwd=1)
lines(klimaatNY$Jul~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="grey90",lwd=1)
lines(klimaatNY$Sep~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="grey90",lwd=1)
lines(klimaatNY$Okt~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="grey90",lwd=1)
lines(klimaatNY$Nov~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="grey90",lwd=1)
lines(klimaatNY$Dec~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="grey90",lwd=1)
axis(1,x,pos=-10, col="#444347", col.ticks="#444347", col.axis="#444347", cex.axis=0.8,tck=-.01)
axis(2, col="#444347", col.ticks="#444347", col.axis="#444347", cex.axis=0.8)
# Maak de titel,kleur grijs bold/italic font7360c4
title(main="Temperatuur in Central Park New York (1869 - 2019, n=151)", col.main="#444347", font.main=2)
abline(h=0, col="#444347")
legend("topright", legend=c ("Augustus","Jaargemiddelde","Januari"),
col=c("#ffa500","#ab3a2c","#1565c0"),pch =19, cex=.9,bty="n",
bg = "#ffffff95")#transparant wit door de twee cijfers na de letters
Figuur 190. Mogelijkheid 1: Maak grijs wat minder belangrijk is. Zet de legenda-onderdelen in de juiste volgorde, gelijk aan de volgorde van de lijnen.
windowsFonts(
A=windowsFont("Verdana"),
B=windowsFont("Bookman Old Style"),
C=windowsFont("Bahnschrift Light"),
D=windowsFont("Symbol"))
auteur <- c("© 2021 Hans den Hartog")
par(las=1,cex=0.8,bty="n",bg="#FFFFFF",adj=0,family="C", mar=c(5,5,5,8))
x = 1869:2019 # x heeft een waarde van het jaar 1869 tot en met 2019
plot(klimaatNY$Jan~klimaatNY$Jaar,data=klimaatNY,type="l",
col="#1565C0", ylim=c(-10,30),axes=FALSE,xlab="Jaren",lwd=2,ylab="",cex=0.7)
lines(klimaatNY$Aug~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#ffa500",lwd=2)
lines(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde~klimaatNY$Jaar,type="l",lty=1,col="#AB3A2C",lwd=2)
mtext("Temperatuur°C",side=3,line=-0.5,at=1869,cex=0.7,font=2,col="#444347")
axis(1,x,pos=-10, col="#444347", col.ticks="#444347", col.axis="#444347", cex.axis=0.8,tck=-.01)
axis(2, col="#444347", col.ticks="#444347", col.axis="#444347", cex.axis=0.8)
# Maak de titel,kleur grijs bold/italic font7360c4
title(main="Temperatuur in Central Park New York (1869 - 2019, n = 151)", col.main="#444347", font.main=2,cex.main = 1)
abline(h=0, col="#444347",lty=3)
abline(h=12.2, col="#AB3A2C",lty=3)
abline(h=23.66, col="#ffa500",lty=3)
mtext(side=4,at=klimaatNY$Aug[length(klimaatNY$Aug)],text ="Augustus",col="#ffa500",line=0.3,las=2)
mtext(side=4,at=klimaatNY$Jan[length(klimaatNY$Jan)],text ="Januari",col="#1565C0",line=0.3,las=2)
mtext(side=4,at=klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde[length(klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde)],text ="Jaargemiddelde",col="#AB3A2C",line=0.3,las=2)
mtext(auteur, side=1,line=3, cex=0.7, col="#444347", adj=1)
Figuur 191. Uitlichten van enkele belangrijke gegevens geeft de gebruiker meer inzicht in de informatie van deze grafiek. De drie toegevoegde lijnen geven de gemiddelde temperatuur weer voor januari, augustus en het jaargemiddelde.
windowsFonts(
A=windowsFont("Verdana"),
B=windowsFont("Bookman Old Style"),
C=windowsFont("Bahnschrift Light"),
D=windowsFont("Symbol"))
auteur <- c("© 2021 Hans den Hartog")
par(las=1,bty="n",adj=0,family="C")
plot(klimaatNY$Jaar~klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde,xlab="Jaargemiddelde Temperatuur in °Celsius tussen 1861 - 2019.",ylab="",main="Wordt het gemiddeld warmer in Central Park?",frame=FALSE,xlim=c(10,15),ylim=c(1850,2050),pch=21,bg="#AB3A2C",
cex=0.8)
reg<-lm(klimaatNY$Jaar~klimaatNY$Jaargemiddelde)
abline (reg, col="red",lwd=2,lty=2)
abline(h=2019, col="#ffa500",lty=3)
mtext("Jaartallen",side=3,line=-0.5,at=10,cex=1,font=1,col="black")
mtext("2019",side=3,line=-2.5,at=10,cex=0.7,font=2,col="#ffa500")
mtext(auteur, side=1,line=3, cex=0.7, col="#444347", adj=1)
Figuur 192. Spreidingsdiagram Jaar & Jaargemiddelde Temperatuur.
De grafieken van afbeelding 191 en 192 wil ik gebruiken voor een presentatie (“storytelling with data”) aan een publiek van geïnteresseerde “klimaatactivisten”.
…… ter info link naar het Central Park Beheer ……
Figuur 193. Central Park New York, standbeeld Columbus, oktober 2012, ©2021 Hans den Hartog.
Figuur 194. Kaartje Central Park New York, met locatie standbeeld Columbus in Central Park.