HIV Map for 2011

HIV Status

5 Case Studies

5 Cases: Relation

Research Project

Research Questions

The project is about HIV. HIV is a kind of virus which would cause AIDS and damage man’s immune system. Since HIV was found in human, the number of people living with HIV has been generally increasing. At the meantime, some measures are taken for fighting against HIV although there is still no way to treat AIDS patients.

Problems this project will explore:

1. The status of HIV
2. Whether does number of people living with HIV has been increasing all the time?
3. Is there any progress in fighting against HIV?
4. Could economic level influence the spread of HIV?
5. Is there any other factor?

Data Sets

The project uses the Data Science Labs version of gapminder, with the following additional data sets from Gapminder.org:

1. People living with HIV (number, all ages)

The data set is available from Gapminder.org under a CC-BY 4.0 license.

Principal investigator

This project, HIV: Now & Before, was submitted on 21 June 2021 by Bethia, ID: 2017094021, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for ENG 3208A: Telling stories with Data, Shantou University, Spring Semester 2021.

HIV map for 2011

The map shows that five continents all have people living with HIV in 2011 and it is a large number of people with HIV, especially in Southern Africa and Nigeria. The result of this map shows that HIV is a kind of virus generally exist all around the world and influence a lot of people’s lives. Even though medical care and living standard has improved, a lot of people still live with HIV. Therefore, HIV is absolutely an important virus which we should concern about because it would damage our health and even our life. However, differences of number exist in different countries, regions and continents.

HIV Status

From the 1990s to the 2000s, number of people living with HIV was increasing in all continents and peaked in the 2000s. But then it was decreasing from the 2000s to the 2010s. Also, differences exist between different continents. Africa always has the largest number of people with HIV while Oceania has the lest number. Besides, number of people with HIV in Africa is much more larger than any other continents. Americas and Asia have similar number of people with HIV no matter in the 1990s, in the 2000s or in the 2010s. As for Europe, it’s number is always small.

According to this result, we could infer that economic level plays a important role in the fight against HIV which is presented from the great drop of number of people with HIV from the 2000s to the 2010s. However, it seems that some other factors also influence number of people with HIV. This could be inferred by the increasing of number from the 1990s to the 2000s and differences of number of people with HIV in different continents.

5 Case Studies

To study further for factors, choose one country from each continent as a case. They are chosen randomly but their numbers of people with HIV in 2011 are the same order of magnitude.

According to the result, numbers of people living with HIV have been generally increasing from 1990 to 2011 in these five countries. The numbers of Canada, Sudan and United Kingdom are much bigger than other two countries. However, number of people living with HIV in Sudan does not always increase from 1990 to 2011. Thus, number of people with HIV has a general tendency to increase but some factors cause some changes under the total tendency which causes the relationship between number and time not as linear relationship strictly.

5 Cases: Relation

According to the plot, curves of Australia, Canada, South Korea and the Uk look like lines. Thus, a linear relationship exists between number of people with HIV and time in these countries except for Sudan. No great difference of per capital GDP between those four countries but their number of people living with HIV are quite different which means that some other factors also play important roles on influencing the spread of HIV in these countries. Sudan’s number of people with HIV is larger than Australia, South Korea and the UK while its per capital GDP is the least one. This means that economic level could be one factor of the spread of HIV. However, the shape of Sudan’s curve is very different from other curves. The curve peak of Sudan and the big rise in the curve of the UK both indicate that various factors are influencing the spread of HIV except for economic level.

Africa: Regions

Sudan: HIV ~ Decades

EU: Regions

UK: HIV ~ Decades

Africa: Regions

For the 2000s, no statistically significant differences for average number of people living with HIV between Western Africa and Northern Africa, between Western Africa and Middle Africa, or between Northern Africa and Middle Africa. The CI range of these comparisons includes ZERO. Otherwise, for seven other comparisons, we reject the NULL hypothesis. The statistical results indicate that meaningful differences exist between the regions being compared.

Thus, according to this result, difference of number of people living with HIV exists between different regions in Africa.

Sudan: HIV ~ Decades

For Sudan, no statistically significant differences for average number of people living with HIV between the 2010s and the 2000s, between the 2010s and the 1990s, or between the 2000s and the 1990s. The CI range of these comparisons includes ZERO. Otherwise, for three other comparisons, we reject the NULL hypothesis. The statistical results of three other comparisons indicate that meaningful differences exist between decades being compared which means that progress worked in those periods.

Thus, according to the result, progress worked in Sudan from the 1970s to the 1990s while recently no progress made for reducing number of people with HIV.

EU: Regions

For the 2000s, no statistically significant differences for average number of people living with HIV between Western Europe and Southern Europe, between Western Europe and Eastern Europe, or between Southern Europe and Eastern Europe. The CI range of these comparisons includes ZERO. Otherwise, for three other comparisons, we reject the NULL hypothesis. The statistical results indicate that meaningful differences exist between the regions being compared.
Thus, according to the result, the status of HIV in Europe is not very nonuniform. Also, compared with this result of Europe, numbers of people with HIV between different regions in Africa are more various and more nonuniform than that in Europe. From this comparison, we might guess this situation would be caused by economic level or culture differences because these two factors are the biggest differences between Europe and Africa.

Uk: HIV ~ Decades

For United Kingdom, no statistically significant differences for average number of people living with HIV between the 2010s and the 2000s, or between the 1990s and the 1980s. The CI range of these comparisons includes ZERO. Otherwise, for four other comparisons, we reject the NULL hypothesis. The statistical results of four other comparisons indicate that meaningful differences exist between decades being compared which means that progress worked in those periods.

Thus, according to the result, progress worked from the 1990s to the 2010s in United Kingdom although no progress worked from the 2000s to the 2010s. However, the stagnation of progress for fighting against HIV is probably caused by a lack of data because data of the 2010s only contains data in 2010. Without considering the lack of data, progress always works in UK. Compared with the result of Sudan, Uk seems to have been making progress from the 1990s to the 2010s and less be influenced by factors. Therefore, we might guess that the change of progress in Sudan could be caused by some political issues or economic issues.

Analyses

From the plot of “Economic Africa” and the plot of “Economic: EU”, it is easy to discover that economic development is more uneven between different regions in Europe than that in Africa which is beyond expectation. However, the result of “Africa: Regions” and “EU: Regions” is that numbers of people with HIV between different regions in Africa are more nonuniform than that in Europe. From the different situations of economic development and HIV number, we could infer that the difference in the distribution of the number of people with HIV between different regions in Europe and Africa is mainly caused by other factors rather than economic level. These factors could be culture background, political issues or others which is different between different regions in Europe or in Africa.

Summary

This project explore the status of HIV in different countries, regions and continents. According to the results, HIV is widely distributed throughout the world and number of people living with HIV has a general tendency to increase. Economic level does influence the spread of HIV. However, there are some other factors also play an important roles in fighting against the spread of HIV which could be seen in the comparison between Europe and Africa and the exploration in the five case studies.