Table 1. Demographics

Characteristic Healthy control, N = 451 Covid, N = 451 p-value2
Age (y) 57 (46, 64) 50 (43, 63) 0.4
sex 0.7
Male 25 (56%) 23 (51%)
Female 20 (44%) 22 (49%)
Education (y) 17.00 (15.00, 18.00) 17.00 (15.00, 18.00) >0.9
CAIDE dementia score 6.00 (3.00, 7.00) 5.00 (2.00, 7.00) 0.3

1 Median (IQR); n (%)

2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Pearson's Chi-squared test

Table 2. Covid cases features

Characteristic N = 451
Covid infection
Covid severity (WHO clinical progression scale)
Ambulatory mild disease 21 (60%)
Hospitalised: moderate disease 12 (34%)
Hospitalised: severe diseases 2 (5.7%)
Time of evaluation since diagnosis 120 (88, 202)
Risk factors
Hypertension 7 (16%)
Obesity 5 (11%)
Diabetes 1 (2.2%)
Smoke 1 (2.2%)
Cardiac disease 0 (0%)
COPD 0 (0%)
BMI 23.8 (22.7, 29.3)

1 n (%); Median (IQR)

Table 2a. Covid cases functionality after covid (WHODAS 2.0)

Estas son las preguntas de la OMS convertidas a los scores que postulan, hay que sacar la columna de asintomaticos y severos (que no tenemos), me parece importante mostrar que el mayor compromiso funcional de estos pacientes se encuentra en la cognicion

Characteristic Overall, N = 351 Ambulatory mild disease, N = 211 Hospitalised: moderate disease, N = 121 Hospitalised: severe diseases, N = 21 p-value2
Cognition 2.00 (1.00, 4.00) 2.00 (1.00, 2.00) 4.00 (2.50, 5.00) 4.00 (3.50, 4.50) 0.022
Life activities 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) 1.00 (0.00, 2.00) 3.00 (0.75, 4.50) 1.00 (0.50, 1.50) 0.11
Mobility 1.00 (0.00, 2.00) 1.00 (0.00, 2.00) 1.50 (1.00, 5.00) 3.00 (2.50, 3.50) 0.051
Self-care 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.00 (0.00, 0.25) 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.2
Getting along 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) 1.50 (0.00, 3.00) 1.00 (0.50, 1.50) 0.2
Participation 2.00 (2.00, 3.50) 2.00 (1.00, 3.00) 3.50 (2.00, 5.00) 3.00 (3.00, 3.00) 0.090
WHODAS total 7 (4, 12) 5 (3, 11) 12 (6, 25) 11 (10, 12) 0.037

1 Median (IQR)

2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test

Table 3 Cognition cases and controls

Characteristic Healthy control, N = 451 Covid, N = 451 p-value2
Screening
MoCA total 27.22 (1.99) 26.49 (2.90) 0.4
MMSE/MoCA crosswalk 27.22 (1.99) 26.04 (3.33) 0.15
CDT 9.78 (0.59) 9.13 (1.35) 0.007
Memory
RAVLT Total 50 (9) 43 (13) 0.018
RAVLT delayed recall 10.2 (2.9) 8.2 (3.5) 0.007
Benson figure delayed recall 12.27 (2.65) 10.50 (3.25) 0.009
Language
MINT/BNT crosswalk 30.31 (1.55) 29.47 (2.12) 0.058
Semantic fluency 22.6 (4.5) 18.9 (5.2) <0.001
Phonological fluency (p) 17.9 (4.3) 14.1 (4.6) <0.001
Attention
Digit span (direct) 6.89 (0.93) 5.89 (1.30) <0.001
Digit span (indirect) 5.09 (0.95) 4.04 (1.19) <0.001
Trial making test A 29 (7) 47 (25) <0.001
WAIS IV claves 13.5 (2.9) 11.8 (3.7) 0.010
Ejecutive System
Trial making test B 62 (22) 107 (76) <0.001
WCST cat 6.00 (0.00) 5.59 (1.04) 0.014
WCST pers 0.89 (1.29) 2.94 (4.63) 0.010
Visuospatial
Benson figure copy 16.24 (0.98) 16.26 (3.10) 0.2
Neuropsych
HADS anxiety 8.8 (3.4) 8.5 (3.4) 0.8
HADS depresion 6.1 (3.7) 5.9 (3.5) 0.7

1 Mean (SD)

2 Wilcoxon rank sum test

Multiple comparison corrections

Test Raw.p adjusted_BH
4 Benson_figure_delayed_recall 0.001 0.0030000
6 Semantic_fluency 0.001 0.0030000
8 Digit_span_direct 0.001 0.0030000
9 Digit_span_indirect 0.001 0.0030000
10 Trial_making_test_A 0.001 0.0030000
12 Trialmaking_test_B 0.001 0.0030000
7 Phonological_fluency 0.002 0.0051429
2 RAVLT_Total 0.003 0.0067500
16 CDT 0.004 0.0080000
11 WAIS_IV_claves 0.012 0.0216000
3 RAVLT_delayed_recall 0.014 0.0229091
13 WCST_cat 0.023 0.0345000
14 WCST_pers 0.032 0.0443077
1 MMSE/MoCA_crosswalk 0.050 0.0642857
5 MINT/BNT_crosswalk 0.061 0.0732000
15 Benson_figure_copy 0.200 0.2250000
18 HADS_depresion 0.700 0.7411765
17 HADS_anxiety 0.800 0.8000000

Comparacion de composites

Table 4.a Cognition cases and controls (by composites)

Characteristic Healthy control, N = 291 Covid, N = 291 p-value2 Effect size
Memory (composite) 0.20 (-0.19, 0.60) -0.19 (-0.76, 0.06) 0.016 0.7346320
Attention (composite) -0.12 (-0.57, 0.28) -1.16 (-1.66, -0.60) <0.001 1.2728217
Executive (composite) 0.10 (-0.02, 0.31) -0.62 (-1.52, -0.21) <0.001 1.4837583
Language (composite) 0.05 (-0.22, 0.42) -0.49 (-0.76, 0.04) 0.002 0.8771819

1 Median (IQR)

2 Wilcoxon rank sum test

#Individual performance by Covid severity

Frequency of cognitive compromise

at -1.5 Zscore level

Composite behaviour in two dimensinal data

Cognition vs severity

Figure 1. Cognition vs severity

Table Cognition vs severity

Characteristic Ambulatory mild disease, N = 191 Hospitalised: moderate disease, N = 71 Hospitalised: severe diseases, N = 21 p-value2
Memory (composite) -0.19 (-0.69, -0.01) -0.73 (-1.06, -0.20) 0.35 (0.20, 0.49) 0.2
Attention (composite) -1.16 (-1.60, -0.63) -1.31 (-1.76, -0.88) -1.15 (-1.60, -0.70) 0.8
Executive (composite) -0.62 (-1.50, -0.32) -1.23 (-1.92, -0.58) -0.21 (-0.21, -0.21) 0.2
Language (composite) -0.54 (-0.71, 0.11) -0.49 (-0.81, -0.24) -0.30 (-0.32, -0.28) 0.8

1 Median (IQR)

2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test

Figure 2. Cognitive complaint by domain and severity

Differences in the frequency of compromise by severity

Perfecentage of preserved

Characteristic Ambulatory mild disease, N = 191 Hospitalised: moderate disease, N = 71 Hospitalised: severe diseases, N = 21 p-value2
Memory 18 (95%) 6 (86%) 2 (100%) 0.5
Attention 13 (68%) 4 (57%) 1 (50%) 0.8
Executive 14 (74%) 4 (57%) 2 (100%) 0.7
Language 17 (89%) 7 (100%) 2 (100%) >0.9

1 n (%)

2 Fisher's exact test

predictors of cognitive impairment

Characteristic OR1 95% CI1 p-value
CAIDE dementia score 0.25 0.03, 1.16 0.14
Age (y) 1.20 0.89, 1.75 0.3
sex
Male — —
Female 49.8 0.67, 41,986 0.14
Education (y) 1.00 0.26, 6.54 >0.9
Obesity 4,472 0.97, 5,012,838,000 0.11
Diabetes
Hypertension 0.00 >0.9
Smoke
HADS depresion 2.22 1.17, 6.54 0.056
HADS anxiety 0.49 0.18, 0.84 0.043
actividad_fisica 0.21 0.00, 10.1 0.4

1 OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval 

## 
## Call:
## glm(formula = compromise ~ total_caide + age + sex + escolaridad + 
##     mh_obesity + mh_diabetes + mh_hta + mh_smoke + hads_dep + 
##     hads_ans + actividad_fisica, family = "binomial", data = base5)
## 
## Deviance Residuals: 
##      Min        1Q    Median        3Q       Max  
## -1.67390  -0.50988  -0.00003   0.66161   1.91813  
## 
## Coefficients: (2 not defined because of singularities)
##                    Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)  
## (Intercept)      -3.846e+00  1.588e+01  -0.242   0.8086  
## total_caide      -1.376e+00  9.271e-01  -1.485   0.1377  
## age               1.819e-01  1.604e-01   1.134   0.2569  
## sexFemale         3.907e+00  2.648e+00   1.476   0.1400  
## escolaridad       1.654e-03  7.140e-01   0.002   0.9982  
## mh_obesity        8.406e+00  5.238e+00   1.605   0.1086  
## mh_diabetes              NA         NA      NA       NA  
## mh_hta           -1.794e+01  2.877e+03  -0.006   0.9950  
## mh_smoke                 NA         NA      NA       NA  
## hads_dep          7.983e-01  4.169e-01   1.915   0.0555 .
## hads_ans         -7.126e-01  3.514e-01  -2.028   0.0426 *
## actividad_fisica -1.553e+00  1.991e+00  -0.780   0.4352  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
## 
##     Null deviance: 34.296  on 24  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 18.300  on 15  degrees of freedom
##   (4 observations deleted due to missingness)
## AIC: 38.3
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 17