NLP with NM News Coverage in the EP ICE Field Office

1 Introduction

This document outlines methods for and very preliminary results of performing distant reading of a corpus of news articles from New Mexico regarding immigration detention. It is important to note that the corpus is in the process of being constructed, it will change over time, and the results below are based on the status of the corpus on Friday July 16, 2021. A guiding aim of the research was to understand the history of events regarding immigration detention in what is now the El Paso ICE Field Office. We want to see what were the major events covered, how it was framed, and when there are changes in the intensity of that coverage. In addition to developing a timeline of events and their coverage, an ancillary goal of the work is to enrich understanding regarding the ways that news coverage of immigration and civil detention changed in New Mexico news papers over time.

The collection of a corpus of texts affords multiple lines of interrogating and investigating those texts, treating them an assemblage of artifacts. While some individuals involved in the project will be employing computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) to perform a close read of the texts (Saldaña 2016, Chapter 1), it is possible to simultaneously explore this same corpus using the distant reading methods of computational linguistics (Moretti 2013), specifically natural language processing (Lane, Howard, and Hapke 2019; Kulkarni and Shivananda 2019; Sarkar 2019; Hofmann and Chisholm 2016; Feinerer, Hornik, and Meyer 2008; Kwartler 2017; Žižka, Dařena, and Svoboda 2019). For example, if one aim is to examine changing sentiment of coverage this lends itself well to various approaches of sentiment analysis (Hutto and Gilbert 2014; Nielsen 2011). As a second example, addressing questions regarding changes in the use of terms to cover the issue of immigration and detention can be explored with simple approaches like ngram frequencies. This document provides a framework for doing initial proof of concept of NLP distant reading of news articles from New Mexico covering immigration detention. During early phases of this document, the primary emphasis is on the methods applied to collect the data and process them. As the work matures, larger social science questions will increasingly be explored and developed. For now, the focus is on how rather than what or why questions.

# NLP
library(readtext)
library(quanteda)
library(quanteda.textplots)
library(quanteda.textstats)
library(syuzhet)
library(vader)
library(sentimentr)

# Wrangling and formatting
library(tidyverse)
library(textclean)
library(lubridate)
library(kableExtra)

# Graphing
library(ggplot2)
library(DiagrammeR)
library(ggalt)
library(GGally)
library(RColorBrewer)
library(patchwork)

# Stats
library(rstatix)

2 Method

Two students are reviewing all news stories retrieved from a search of the NewsMax coverage of New Mexico news papers using the term “immigration detention.” The corpus of documents is in the early stages of being assembled but will grow in size over time (expected n > 800). Relevant articles from the NewsMax database are assembled into a public Zotero group library. For each news item logged, the article full text is stored in a Zotero “Child Note,” and the article parent record tagged thematically.

For import of the group library into NLP processing packages, the group library was exported as a comma delimited file (csv) ensuring that the “Translator Options” were set to “Export Notes.” Using these settings, the full text of the article is contained in the “Notes” field of the csv file and is associated with various fields of document metadata.

Initial NLP work is done in the R language and documented in R Markdown. At least in initial stages of work, the primary NLP package used is quanteda(Benoit et al. 2021). Quanteda brings many of the NLP functions available in python to the R language.

The readtext library (Benoit and Obeng 2020) from the larger quanteda project was used to read in the exported csv file. Use of quanteda generally involves at least three steps:

1. read the text;
2. build a corpus;
3. calculate a document-feature matrix (DFM).

A corpus is a group of texts or speech data assembled around a specific theme, and a corpus is also a conceptual entity that is similar to a database for holding and managing text documents in a particular way (Feinerer, Hornik, and Meyer 2008, 5). A corpus is also positional and represents a “string of words.”

A document-feature matrix is a matrix that associated values for certain features with each document where documents represent rows and features constitute columns. Features are a more generic concept than words, terms, or tokens because they can be raw terms, stemmed terms, parts of speech, terms after the removal of stopwords, etc. A DFM is often described as representing a “bag of words,” and is a model that facilitates several kinds of NLP analyses.

2.1 Reading the Text

The readtext function returns a data frame that is formatted according to the Text Interchange Format. The original news article full text was initially initially contained in the Notes field of the Zotero csv export file and after application of the readtext function the article text is stored in a data frame column called text.

It bears mention that the Zotero application stores notes as html and therefore the article texts stored as “Child Notes” contain some html tags. These tags can create problems for NLP and are best removed leaving only natural language in the text files.

To strip html tags from the article full text, the data frame field containing the article texts was processed with the replace_html() function from the textclean library (Rinker 2018). It is worth noting that textclean can provide a more robust report of other issues that might impact text analysis using the function check_text() as well as several other text cleaning functions. At this preliminary stage, only the replace_html() function was applied though it was applied to the entire data frame.

df <- readtext("../data/EP ICE Field Office Detention History.csv", text_field = "Notes")
df <- df %>% 
    mutate_at("doc_id", 
            str_replace, 
            "EP ICE Field Office Detention History.csv.", 
            "") %>% 
  mutate(doc_id = as.numeric(doc_id),
         text = replace_html(text),
         Date = ymd(Date),
         Date.Added = ymd(Date.Added),
         Date.Modified = ymd(Date.Modified),
         Access.Date = ymd(Access.Date)
         ) %>% 
  select(-c("ISBN", "DOI", "Abstract.Note",
            "Date.Added", "Date.Modified",
            "Num.Pages":"Type", "Archive.Location", "Call.Number", "Extra",
            "Link.Attachments",
            "Automatic.Tags":"Legislative.Body")) %>%

  # Ensure the texts are arranged chronologically
  arrange(Date)

2.2 Building the Corpus

With a bit of wrangling out of the way, the corpus() function from quanteda is applied to the dataframe. Larger corpora may benefit from sub-sampling. However, this is a relatively small corpus so the entire dataframe was read in. The corpus() function converts the dataframe into a vector of values. Even at this initial stage, even before the construction of a DFM, the corpus can return some informative summary data.

# Convert the data frame containing the articles into a corpus
df_corpus <- corpus(df)

# Rename the articles under the text column
# Currently commenting this out
# docid <- paste(df_corpus$Title,
#                df_corpus$Publication.Year,
#                df_corpus$Author,
#                sep = "-")
# docnames(df_corpus) <- docid

# Display the corpus summary as a table
df_corpus %>% 
  summary() %>% 
  tibble() %>% 
  select(Text,
         Types,
         Tokens,
         Sentences) %>% 
  head() %>% 
  kable(
    caption = "Select portions of the corpus data frame."
  ) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed"))

Table 2.1: Select portions of the corpus data frame.

Text	Types	Tokens	Sentences
38	277	692	31
39	267	600	29
37	271	530	26
65	220	426	21
69	112	178	8
122	87	124	5

2.2.1 Initial Corpus Examination: Tokens Over Time

Following the quanteda quickstart tutorial, we can save the output from the summary() function as a data frame and plot basic descriptive statistics. In the following example, the number of tokens per story are plotted over time. To do this, the lubridate library (Spinu, Grolemund, and Wickham 2021) is used to wrangle Zotero’s date field into a format that R recognizes as a date field. From there, the ggplot2 library can turn out a simple line plot illustrating the number of tokens per article over time.

tokeninfo <- summary(df_corpus)

ggplot(data = tokeninfo, aes(x = Date, y = Tokens, group = 1)) + 
  geom_line() + 
  geom_point()+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 708.6, linetype = 2)+
  labs(title = "Number of Tokens and Mean Number of Tokens per Article Over Time",
       subtitle = "Mean of 708.6 represented by a dashed line.",
       caption = "Source: NewsMax")

Figure 2.1: Plot showing the number of tokens and mean number of tokens per article over time.

It is possible to retrieve summary values for the number of types, tokens, and sentences per article.

tokeninfo %>% 
  select(Text, Types, Tokens, Sentences) %>% 
  summary() %>% 
  kable(
    caption = "Summary statistics regarding number of types, tokens, and sentences per article."
  ) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed"))

Table 2.2: Summary statistics regarding number of types, tokens, and sentences per article.

	Text	Types	Tokens	Sentences
	Length:100	Min. : 87.0	Min. : 124.0	Min. : 5.00
	Class :character	1st Qu.: 198.2	1st Qu.: 380.8	1st Qu.: 16.75
	Mode :character	Median : 262.5	Median : 540.5	Median : 24.00
	NA	Mean : 303.9	Mean : 710.5	Mean : 31.44
	NA	3rd Qu.: 335.5	3rd Qu.: 750.8	3rd Qu.: 33.00
	NA	Max. :1132.0	Max. :3265.0	Max. :162.00

2.2.2 Initial Corpus Examination: Key Words in Context (KWIC) and Lexical Dispersion Plots

KWIC is among the most common forms of concordance, it returns a search term in context to the words used around it. KWIC helps to see the settings and “context” (hence its name) of words of interest in the corpus. Concordances are commonly assembled for religious texts like the Bible, Vedas or corpora of epics like the Mahabarata and Ramayana or the Illiad and the Oddesy. The tables below illustrate three KWIC. The quanteda library also permits searching on key phrases in addition to individual key words.

df_tokens <- tokens(df_corpus)
kwic(df_tokens, pattern = "immigration") %>% 
  
  # Formatting
  tibble() %>% 
  select(docname, pre, keyword, post) %>% 
  kable(
    caption = "Key word in contect search of the corpus on the term \"immigration\"."
  ) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed")) %>% 
  scroll_box(height = "300px")

Table 2.3: Key word in contect search of the corpus on the term “immigration.”

docname	pre	keyword	post
38	agent for the U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service said .
39	agent for the U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service said .
37	permit that the U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service has been
65	been helping them with their	immigration	paperwork , according to the
65	home found identification and an	immigration	work card issued to Macia
69	was helping him with his	immigration	paperwork was brought to court
122	was helping Macia with his	immigration	paperwork , was shot in
123	said she eluded U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service agents who
126	said Suzan Kern , an	immigration	rights activist . The investigation
127	until INS ( U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service ) picked
128	until INS ( U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service ) picked
129	Friday to passing its long-awaited	immigration	bill before going on vacation
129	to recent polls , but	immigration	is a powderkeg issue in
129	, deal primarily with illegal	immigration	. The Senate bill calls
129	must concentrate on terminating illegal	immigration	, if for no other
129	, " " because illegal	immigration	penalizes those who want to
131	Bay and were given special	immigration	parole status to enter the
132	are here under a special	immigration	parole status and can be
135	to charges she illegally practiced	immigration	law and defrauded undocumented Mexican
135	of unlawful acts under the	Immigration	and Nationality Law Practice Act
136	to charges she illegally practiced	immigration	law and defrauded undocumented Mexican
136	of unlawful acts under the	Immigration	and Nationality Law Practice Act
138	Albuquerque Refugees in Custody Federal	immigration	officials have joined a crackdown
138	the local office of the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service , said
138	the use of firearms .	Immigration	agents are attempting to locate
138	Florida cocaine suppliers . The	immigration	crackdown coincides with stepped-up efforts
138	persecution were granted a special	immigration	status called public interest parole
139	enlisted the help of the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service to try
141	enlisted the help of the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service to try
142	, Deportation The U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service says it
144	She escaped from U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service officers in
36	Janet Reno . U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service officials said
35	and federal agencies such as	Immigration	and Naturalization Service might need
34	the Albuquerque office of the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service reported .
34	authority to arrest them on	immigration	charges , Brown said .
33	" Through the INS (	Immigration	and Naturalization Service ) she
32	who did not have proper	immigration	documents . Baca and Arturo
31	. " " A 1996	immigration	" " reform " "
30	are they held by the	immigration	department in another state ,
30	she says : The Federal	Immigration	law , passed in September
30	waivers away in the Illegal	Immigration	Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act
30	is the head of the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service in Washington
29	not concerned with victims ’	immigration	status . People who might
28	evening that the U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service has ordered
27	from Mexico and illegally practicing	immigration	law in 1995 and 1996
27	the case . But after	immigration	attorneys and the Mexican Consulate
27	never filed applications with the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service , according
26	men are on an indefinite	Immigration	and Naturalization Service detention and
24	Since Oct . 1 ,	Immigration	and Naturalization Service agents in
25	Albuquerque branch of the federal	Immigration	and Naturalization Service , said
23	They were immediately taken by	immigration	officials for deportation to Mexico
23	deportation to Mexico . Two	immigration	officers were present just before
23	into the custody of the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service and that
21	border checkpoint to verify the	immigration	status of the driver .
22	Risk LAS CRUCES - An	Immigration	and Naturalization Service agent pleaded
20	jail originally had housed federal	immigration	detainees . A legislative study
18	" " by Customs or	Immigration	and Naturalization Service officials and
19	Border Patrol Stretch Resources Local	immigration	officers are working the night
19	through Wednesday morning . The	Immigration	and Naturalization Service , which
19	been called off early ,	immigration	officials said . " "
149	. Customs Service , the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service , the
150	. Customs Service , the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service , the
151	Bergeron , spokesman for the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service . The
152	To Deport Varies FARMINGTON When	immigration	officials discovered last week that
152	applied to both situations ,	Immigration	and Naturalization Service agents executed
152	with the Federation for American	Immigration	Reform . " " The
152	sanction work . " "	Immigration	experts say the practice of
152	of the American Federation of	Immigration	Lawyers . " " They’re
152	low unemployment rate , our	immigration	laws are not meeting the
153	. And because it’s an	immigration	violation , they might lose
154	United States by using forged	immigration	documents , police said .
155	an undercover vehicle from the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service in Albuquerque
156	Firearms , the U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service , the
157	prison for offenses like violating	immigration	laws . " " We
158	Job Corps Center and the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service Detention Center
159	The federal	Immigration	and Naturalization Service may be
160	Pete Golden said the federal	Immigration	and Naturalization Service is asking
160	each person . " "	Immigration	deals with federal law ,
161	Coast , the U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization Service said .
162	The telephone , Internet and	immigration	laws aren’t the only areas
163	with a crime or an	immigration	violation . Before the Sept
163	ACLU said . Longtime Albuquerque	immigration	attorney John Lawit said the
163	ruling The Federation for American	Immigration	Reform , one of the
163	one of the country’s largest	immigration	foes based in Washington ,
163	pleased that there were some	immigration	provisions included in the bill
163	who do have an unrelated	immigration	violation could end up being
163	executive director of the American	Immigration	Lawyers Association , a Washington
163	, D.C.-based organization of 7,500	immigration	practitioners nationwide . " "
163	of advocacy for the American	Immigration	Lawyers Association , said people
163	deport them . " "	Immigration	lawyer Lawit , himself a
163	a member of the American	Immigration	Lawyers Association , said he
163	, which seeks to reduce	immigration	levels , agreed . "
164	asked Gloria Nieto of the	Immigration	Task Force of Santa Fe
165	man accused of lying to	immigration	authorities in order to stay
165	a charge of presenting an	immigration	document containing false statements .
165	document he provided to the	Immigration	and Naturalization Service that he
166	charge that he lied to	immigration	authorities to stay in this
166	federal charge of presenting an	immigration	document containing false statements .
166	the INS as required by	immigration	law . As part of
167	coming and going . The	Immigration	and Naturalization Service has improved
17	the divorce wouldn’t affect her	immigration	status , Gillia said .
15	Wednesday at the U.S .	immigration	detention center in El Paso
15	20 for questioning about their	immigration	status . The detentions followed
15	Revenue Service and Bureau of	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . Two
15	in custody Wednesday on civil	immigration	charges pending deportation proceedings .
15	Leticia Zamarripa , spokeswoman for	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement in El
16	Wednesday at the U.S .	immigration	detention center in El Paso
16	20 for questioning about their	immigration	status . The detentions followed
16	Revenue Service and Bureau of	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . Two
16	in custody Wednesday on civil	immigration	charges pending deportation proceedings .
16	Leticia Zamarripa , spokeswoman for	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement in El
14	of them were detained on	immigration	charges labeled " " of
14	tried in secret on routine	immigration	charges , their names (
14	preventive law enforcement experiment ,	immigration	law is now used to
13	$ 360,000 bond . An	Immigration	and Naturalization Service detainer was
12	disdain , and it’s time	immigration	stepped in before he kills
11	of a crackdown on illegal	immigration	in Arizona last month ,
10	agent of the Bureau of	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and filed
10	federal employment , business and	immigration	documents as sources of information
9	crammed into it , an	immigration	agent testified . The indictment
9	asylum is scheduled before an	immigration	judge Oct . 18 .
7	, spokeswoman for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , said
8	New Mexico State Police and	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officers confronted
6	is being held on an	Immigration	and Naturalization hold . Solano
5	also being held on an	Immigration	and Naturalization hold . On
4	affairs officer for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , said
4	after the family’s fight with	immigration	officials over their residency status
4	be a significant factor under	immigration	law for people seeking residency
4	The U.S . Citizenship and	Immigration	Service Web site says that
4	their position with U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ( ICE
4	appeal to the Board of	Immigration	Review in 2001 , Taos
172	NORTHERN NEW MEXICO TAOS -	Immigration	officials have postponed for a
172	John Russo of Albuquerque .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ( ICE
172	. They have been fighting	immigration	officials since 1994 , and
173	fighting efforts by U.S .	immigration	officials to deport them to
173	he has been informed by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , the
173	years that he has practiced	immigration	law , " " this
174	been arrested by U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ( ICE
175	Firearms , the Bureau of	Immigration	Customs Enforcement , Espanola Police
176	have been overwhelmed by illegal-	immigration	cases . U.S . District
176	its criminal caseload involves illegal	immigration	. Gonzales said he knows
177	Sun-News reporter Illegal	immigration	is a growing problem in
177	wants the issue of illegal	immigration	addressed . The Senate is
179	was created in the Illegal	Immigration	Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act
180	spokeswoman for the U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement El Paso
180	Service and the Bureau of	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , said
180	than 400 immigrants from (	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ) and
180	as part of the Illegal	Immigration	Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act
181	longrange plan to curb illegal	immigration	through the nation’s northern and
181	promoting stronger worksite enforcement of	immigration	laws . The Department of
181	Mexico’s busiest corridor for illegal	immigration	. Richardson said after the
182	. Work place enforcement of	immigration	laws also be would stepped
183	and most facing various illegal	immigration	charges , fill the seats
183	. The sheer volume of	immigration	cases filed in federal courts
183	most of that explosion involves	immigration	offenses . The cases coming
183	. More than 1,800 felony	immigration	cases were filed in New
183	topping fiscal 2004 ’ s	immigration	case numbers by more than
183	ago ceased prosecuting all misdemeanor	immigration	cases , leaving that task
183	of them are for criminal	immigration	, " " said Gorden
183	U.S . Executive Office of	Immigration	Review . However , 1,867
183	. However , 1,867 felony	immigration	cases were filed in New
183	illegal immigrants charged with felony	immigration	crimes have some sort of
183	all have so-called " "	immigration	holds " " placed on
183	are also deluged with illegal-	immigration	cases : Robert Kinney ,
183	his office are handling are	immigration	-related . Kinney’s office earlier
183	year stopped defending most misdemeanor	immigration	cases . Those are now
183	Cruces courthouse by transferring some	immigration	cases to the federal courts
183	the process of handling illegal	immigration	, " " We don’t
183	lawyers in his office are	immigration	-related . JOSH STEPHENSON /
183	in the nation thanks to	immigration	cases . Even though many
184	the infrastructure needed to handle	immigration	cases . Congressional leaders have
184	Congressional leaders have signaled that	immigration	reform will be a priority
184	any of the major rival	immigration	bills in the Senate .
184	number of attorneys assigned to	immigration	cases by 1,000 , and
184	and the number of federal	immigration	judges by 500 . Congress
184	2010 . That will help	immigration	authorities ensure undocumented immigrants return
185	1,000 more attorneys assigned to	immigration	cases and 500 more immigration
185	immigration cases and 500 more	immigration	judges . " " There
185	. " " We support	immigration	reform , " " said
185	1,000 more attorneys for	immigration	cases - 500 more immigration
185	immigration cases - 500 more	immigration	judges - Newer technology for
185	of entry - More modernized	immigration	and detention facilities Photo Sun-News
186	the battle to curb illegal	immigration	and come to grips with
186	drop in the bucket .	Immigration	reform , a key plank
186	Patrol agents , funding more	immigration	attorneys and judges , and
187	has just become bigger as	immigration	has increased and taken on
187	give serious thought to the	immigration	issue in the next session
187	1,000 more lawyers to handle	immigration	cases , 500 new federal
187	covering almost every aspect of	immigration	. The author thinks the
189	WASHINGTON - Congress won’t tackle	immigration	reform until early next year
189	U.S . borders and improve	immigration	policy . U.S . House
189	politically thorny issue - that	immigration	reform will top the congressional
189	. border ports-of-entry , improve	immigration	court efficiency and add 5,000
189	years for people detained for	immigration	law violations . Sen .
189	try to lead on illegal	immigration	since , as a border
189	dealing with overall U.S .	immigration	policy - such as the
189	the holidays . Several other	immigration	and border proposals , including
189	we can act on needed	immigration	law reform , we must
189	bill would also add 1,000	immigration	attorneys and 500 immigration judges
189	1,000 immigration attorneys and 500	immigration	judges to process a massive
189	backlog of federal cases involving	immigration	law violations . " "
189	constituents deal with the illegal	immigration	every day . Pearce said
190	a personal statement that illegal	immigration	is a priority with his
190	U.S . dollars south ,	immigration	believed in many quarters to
3	people , tax documents ,	immigration	papers , motor vehicle records
2	overhaul of the nation’s tattered	immigration	laws . We do not
2	began intense debate on an	immigration	bill that has been getting
2	has been asking for an	immigration	overhaul since his the 2000
2	passage of a a tough	immigration	bill that would erect fences
2	and the Senate : An	immigration	reform bill needs to be
1	the recent protests ( on	immigration	policies ) . " "
64	Washington’s response to the out-of-control	immigration	hoards pouring across our southern
63	of Justice to prosecute additional	immigration	cases that are expected to
62	Bush administration for politicizing the	immigration	issue by combining it with
62	" We have complicated the	immigration	issue by tying together four
62	properly address the complexities of	immigration	reform , " " he
61	launch an offensive against illegal	immigration	in southern New Mexico that
60	inaction by Congress on an	immigration	bill , there is real
60	border life impacted by illegal	immigration	. But it is a
59	Metropolitan Detention Center on an	immigration	hold and on a $
58	reported earlier in error that	immigration	enforcement was briefly suspended while
56	been a deterrent to illegal	immigration	. Between this summer and
57	booking documents ( U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ) hold
57	said , referring to illegal	immigration	. Doña Ana County Sheriff
57	detained longer because of their	immigration	status , he said .
55	contacted United States Citizenship and	Immigration	Services , according to Mangiacapra
55	County Detention Center on an	immigration	hold .
54	Vargas Park in August were	immigration	officers after all , a
54	immigrants , a U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement spokesman told
54	of national debate over illegal	immigration	. But Carl Rusnok ,
51		Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officers have
51	criminal aliens , fugitives and	immigration	status violators , according to
51	arrested , mostly under administrative	immigration	violations . " " ’
51	enforcing orders issued by federal	immigration	judges . This operation targets
51	Others will be placed in	immigration	removal hearings , " "
51	city’s police officers don’t enforce	immigration	laws , but will ,
51	after individuals based only on	immigration	status , the department only
193	Group , working with the	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , confiscated
194	week’s local raids by the	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agency ,
194	told members of the city’s	Immigration	Committee on Tuesday , "
194	officials arrested 30 people that	immigration	officials described as " "
194	officials described as " "	immigration	fugitives . " " ICE
194	said more discussion of the	immigration	issue is necessary not just
194	the office of Santa Fe	immigration	attorney Jim Vincent . She
194	to Santa Fe to practice	immigration	law . Viilma sat in
194	required to appear before an	immigration	judge . But Viilma moved
194	Santa Fe and never gave	immigration	officials her updated address ,
195	too badly in the recent	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement sweeps that
195	that must be raised about	immigration	policy - or the lack
195	new acronym for the federal	immigration	police , at first represented
195	the 30 were guilty of	immigration	violations , of the sort
195	to show up before an	immigration	judge in Texas two years
195	you think of our current	immigration	policy or lack thereof .
195	for comprehensive reform of the	immigration	laws to include a reasonable
195	and productive residents , federal	immigration	authorities contribute to the meaninglessness
196	will be handed over to	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agents .
197	Border Patrol agents conducted an	immigration	inspection of the driver .
198	the Detroit airport when federal	immigration	officials detained him . Then
199	Convicted EL PASO - An	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agent has
199	drop charges against a Mexican	immigration	official jailed at a federal
199	from undercover agents to drop	immigration	charges against and change the
200	agents from the U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , who
201	as a result of illegal	immigration	, such as human and
201	They don’t want to enforce	immigration	law . " " We’re
201	more crimes due to illegal	immigration	. This might be useful
202	. Many of them are	immigration	detainees awaiting deportation .
203	any name they coin .	Immigration	reform in the present form
203	has made little progress on	immigration	; Americans are choking on
204	arrested and turned over to	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agents .
205	that choose to cooperate with	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement in enforcing
205	Customs Enforcement in enforcing the	immigration	laws , Domenici’s office said
206	to hammer out a comprehensive	immigration	bill . That’s because the
206	many complicated elements to the	immigration	issue , and widely varying
206	horse before the cart regarding	immigration	. Then the wrestling can
207	ED ABALOS Silver City Nix	immigration	bill Senator Sessions Thank you
207	NO on S-1348 , Comprehensive	Immigration	Reform Act of 2007 ,
208	the collapse of its much-maligned	immigration	reform package in late June
208	the outrage that erupted over	immigration	reform last spring . The
208	reforms in the U.S .	immigration	system to deal with the
209	A federal	immigration	agency is pulling hundreds of
209	Leticia Zamarripa of U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement said her
209	600 of them coming from	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , or
210	Albuquerque isn’t fit to house	immigration	detainees . Two deficiencies in
210	have prompted the U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement to pull
210	from landlord to slumlord .	Immigration	and Customs used to house
211	the roof , we have	immigration	problems , medical insurance problems
212	able to arrest him on	immigration	violations . On July 31
49	center for five weeks after	immigration	officers mistook him for someone
49	June 19 by U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . Guzman
47	the removal of about 600	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement inmates in
48	firings are a result of	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement pulling some
46	on doors to ascertain the	immigration	status of anyone , "
46	they then checked on the	immigration	status of the offender .
46	agencies should not be assisting	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials .
46	the government to assist the	Immigration	and Naturalization Services and Customs
46	about the collaboration with federal	immigration	agencies . The ACLU maintains
44	fear of being refered to	immigration	authorities . Blansett emphasized that
45	fear of being referred to	immigration	authorities . American Civil Liberties
45	the duty of enforcing federal	immigration	law should lie with the
45	fine if you’re a federal	immigration	agency of some sort ,
42	sheriff’s deputies and consequently with	immigration	authorities . " " It’s
42	requested anonymity because of her	immigration	status , said other parents
42	. " " We’re afraid	immigration	is going to show up
42	been detained because of his	immigration	status and had requested that
42	because of fear of (	immigration	) . " " The
43	and Rio Rancho police notified	immigration	officials . An immigration hold
43	notified immigration officials . An	immigration	hold was placed on the
40	states in his letter that	immigration	law should be forced by
40	to support swift and legal	immigration	to those granted " "
40	We have sufficient " "	immigration	" " laws that ,
230	. TIM McGEE Las Cruces	Immigration	costs Forty percent of all
230	are the result of illegal	immigration	. Over 90 percent of
230	are a result of illegal	immigration	. Twenty-nine percent of inmates
229	country , regardless of their	immigration	status , are promised by
229	using to try and govern	immigration	over the last several decades
229	federal government is responsible for	immigration	enforcement but local law enforcement
229	normal police business a person’s	immigration	status is found questionable .
229	warrants to request individuals ’	immigration	status . The Border Network
229	enforce civil violations of federal	immigration	law , " " according
229	and sheriff’s deputies are not	immigration	officers , " " said
229	lack the authority to enforce	immigration	laws or to make determinations
228	country , regardless of their	immigration	status , are promised by
228	using to try and govern	immigration	over the last several decades
228	federal government is responsible for	immigration	enforcement but local law enforcement
228	normal police business a person’s	immigration	status is found questionable .
228	warrants to request individuals ’	immigration	status . The Border Network
228	enforce civil violations of federal	immigration	law , " " according
228	and sheriff’s deputies are not	immigration	officers , " " said
228	lack the authority to enforce	immigration	laws or to make determinations
227	ALAMOGORDO -	Immigration	enforcement efforts have stirred up
227	say was a thinly veiled	immigration	raid . The cases go
227	enforcement officers should enforce federal	immigration	laws . Bill Slease ,
227	, is not to do	immigration	work , which is a
227	experts feel that participating in	immigration	raids jeopardizes a local agency’s
226	U.S .	immigration	officials deported a pregnant Roswell
226	school before notifying U.S .	immigration	officials of her illegal status
226	to Mexico by U.S .	immigration	officials Thursday . ( Daily
225	The	immigration	debate took center stage on
225	last week by U.S .	Immigration	and Naturalization officials as justified
225	her over to U.S .	immigration	officials who later deported her
225	going on with the illegal	immigration	issue . " " That’s
225	who helps immigrants obtain legal	immigration	documentation . " " We
225	school before notifying U.S .	immigration	officials of her illegal status
224	other than the war and	immigration	? I would like to
222	, agents from Metro-Narcotics and	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement were working
223	7 , Metro-Narcotics agents and	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement were working
221	at the school before notifying	immigration	officials of her illegal status
220	on Wednesday , according to	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . Sergio
219	a spokeswoman for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement confirmed .
219	been at an El Paso	immigration	detention center since Feb .
219	awaiting a hearing before an	immigration	judge . On Monday ,
219	. On Monday , an	immigration	judge ordered the former cartel
219	was handed over to Mexican	immigration	officers and agents of the
218	be operated for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . Officials
218	Otero County Processing Center .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement has a
216	guise that he was enforcing	immigration	laws . He reportedly was
217	in the contemporary problems of	immigration	and asylum bring some powerful
215	, which is interested in	immigration	reform in the U.S .
89	do not disagree that the	immigration	process is lengthy and difficult
214	do not disagree that the	immigration	process is lengthy and difficult
66	have been an issue .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement last year
66	evaluated . Removal of the	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement inmates has
67	States illegally , but said	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement was notified
68	about $ 3,000 each .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement spokeswoman Leticia
71	all criminal charges , his	immigration	status is in limbo .
71	turned over to U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement after he
71	she said . Generally ,	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officers go
72	and are opposed to illegal	immigration	, domestic partnership and a
73	" " He has an	immigration	hold and probably will be
73	and Rio Rancho police notified	immigration	officials after their Sept .
74	Agents with U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement are doubling
74	targets criminal illegal immigrants and	immigration	fugitives for further federal prosecution
75	said repeatedly that U.S .	immigration	policy should be compassionate and
75	show just how broken the	immigration	system really is . But
75	legalization as part of comprehensive	immigration	reform . Guest Editorial The
76	Meanwhile , Diaz is on	immigration	detainer for illegal entry into
77	officer called the Roswell police	immigration	officer ( I didn’t know
77	documents . He then called	immigration	to get permission to arrest
77	center . The Roswell police	immigration	officer left immediately after his
77	immediately after his call to	immigration	leaving instructions to the female
77	now under the jurisdiction of	immigration	, to also impound the
77	student’s rights ) , contacted	immigration	, they all became immigration
77	immigration , they all became	immigration	officers and our police department
77	for awhile , belongs to	immigration	. No one from immigration
77	immigration . No one from	immigration	was needed . My problem
77	taxes to sustain the federal	immigration	department , and I am
77	do than contact this in-house	immigration	officer every time there is
77	" " designated " "	immigration	officer , is he always
77	etc . , for doing	immigration	work for that day ?
77	? Perhaps we are doing	immigration	work with the money the
78	to check her on her	immigration	status . " " Holley
78	her over to U.S .	immigration	officials who later deported her
78	have been detained in a	immigration	-related case . Immigration and
78	a immigration -related case .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement spokeswoman Leticia
79	found he had a possible	Immigration	and Naturalization Service hold ,
80	agreed to expel Guy on	immigration	violations . Guy was arrested
81	Police contacted the FBI and	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , which
231	Norte Port of Entry .	Immigration	records reveal that Aguirre was
232	New Mexico State Police ,	Immigration	and Customs and the U.S
233	class-action lawsuit against the former	Immigration	and Naturalization Service for the
233	ruled in favor of the	immigration	agency on some points ,
233	by the Border Patrol and	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officers .
234	custody at the El Paso	immigration	detention center facing deportation ,
234	for the Executive Office of	Immigration	Review in Falls Church ,
234	Justice Department to decide Elzahabi’s	immigration	status . Adelina Pruneda ,
234	Department of Homeland Security ,	Immigration	& Customs Enforcement , in
234	Minnesota court of possessing fraudulent	immigration	documents based on his marriage
235	may end up in one	immigration	detention center in El Paso
235	, which is operated by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , or
235	centers are suspected of violating	immigration	laws and are either awaiting
235	Mexico region that can house	immigration	detainees . U.S . Rep
236	2.78 in increased expenses .	Immigration	reform Sen . Gerald Ortiz
236	on record as supporting federal	immigration	reform . The memorial calls
236	to deportation , detention and	immigration	status , " " and
236	anti-Hispanic bias and actions in	immigration	matters be hereby denounced .
236	standards opposing anti-Hispanic bias respecting	immigration	. " "
292	policy , officers may contact	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement or the
292	officers from asking about the	immigration	status of victims or witnesses
292	has to stay put .	Immigration	and Nationality Law attorney Rebecca
292	an ICE representative said that	immigration	agencies can issue detainers for
292	to hold onto people until	immigration	gets there , " "
292	said . " " Calling	immigration	is not a reason to
292	not produce documentation of her	immigration	status after several days .
291	" " . . .	Immigration	is governed by a higher
291	police policy of asking for	immigration	documentation was destructive , and
291	for failing to have proper	immigration	documentation . Montoya said that
291	call in a report to	immigration	authorities if anyone they come
291	Security number and proof of	immigration	status . The passenger was
291	detention , regardless of their	immigration	status , could call in
291	phone number that would allow	immigration	agents to find them or
291	concerned that by inquiring about	immigration	status even after lawful traffic
291	lawful traffic stops and helping	immigration	enforcement agencies with raids -
291	Alliance members , incidents where	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement used police
291	" He also said that	immigration	is governed by a higher
291	, so the effects of	immigration	policy go far beyond that
291	policies limiting police involvement in	immigration	enforcement , including Albuquerque ,
291	still allow police to call	immigration	authorities about people who have
291	police to inquire about the	immigration	status of people accused of
291	policy with federal law .	Immigration	agencies do not have any
290	is accused of issuing an	immigration	permit to Rosa Elena Rodriguez
289	, spokeswoman for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . Both
288	for failing to have proper	immigration	documentation . Montoya said that
288	to keep him on an	immigration	hold . Andries gave Perez-Nevarez
288	: 08 p.m . An	immigration	detainer form faxed to the
288	day . According to both	immigration	attorney Rebecca Shreve and Immigration
288	immigration attorney Rebecca Shreve and	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement representative Leticia
288	Enforcement representative Leticia Zamarripa ,	immigration	detainers are usually used when
286	undocumented immigrants on request for	immigration	officers since he became an
286	from the Border Patrol and	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement always agreed
286	not preclude officers from notifying	immigration	authorities when an undocumented foreign
286	an undocumented foreign national to	immigration	authorities . " " The
286	policy allows officers to call	immigration	agents if they suspect that
286	undocumented , or inquiring about	immigration	status while investigating a petty
286	questioning or arresting minors for	immigration	offenses on church or school
286	unable to detain them for	immigration	violations . " " We
287	Marshals Service , U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , New
285	with the Border Patrol and	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement cast doubt
285	not preclude officers from notifying	immigration	authorities when an undocumented foreign
285	an undocumented foreign national to	immigration	authorities . " " The
285	been that officers could contact	immigration	authorities if they suspected someone
285	from asking about a person’s	immigration	status in petty misdemeanors .
285	. Deputies can ask about	immigration	status in more serious cases
284	Narcotics and the U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement took Omar
283	the authority to actively enforce	immigration	law . Opponents of the
283	RPD getting involved in illegal	immigration	cases . Proponents of the
283	drug dealers . Our country’s	immigration	policy is , to say
283	immigrants solely because of their	immigration	status , they can be
283	names and addresses , to	immigration	officials . Roswell police officers
283	could be rendered moot by	immigration	policy reform in the near
282	denied bond Thursday morning .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agents in
282	staff that they were not	immigration	agents and were not to
282	to ask customers about their	immigration	status , the agent testified
282	statement . For years ,	immigration	raids have taken place at
82	Local authorities are working with	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agents ,
82	Lopez-Aguilar both have " "	immigration	holds , " " but
82	States is unclear . An	immigration	hold generally means that ICE
82	to an alleged violation of	immigration	law or outstanding deportation order
83	Schultz told the Journal .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agents "
83	determine Tuesday whether Melgar had	immigration	holds at the time of
83	" If he had had	immigration	holds , he would not
83	said . A spokeswoman for	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement could not
83	details of the three men’s	immigration	status on Tuesday . "
83	officer did not believe his	immigration	status was pertinent to the
83	police officers should call federal	immigration	officers has been a hotly
83	seek proof of a person’s	immigration	status , unless the person
83	nonimmigration criminal violation and the	immigration	status of the person or
83	ICE agents regularly check the	immigration	status of all those booked
84	unclear when or why the	immigration	statuses changed . Both Ortiz’s
85	The top	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agent said
85	assistant Homeland Security secretary for	immigration	and customs , was in
85	ICE’s database to determine their	immigration	status . The system ,
86	: no law libraries in	immigration	detention centers . Where’s the
87	individuals solely to investigate their	immigration	status . It would also
87	prevent police from investigating the	immigration	status of witnesses and victims
87	officers to ask about the	immigration	status of anyone suspected of
87	allows them to notify federal	immigration	authorities of a suspected undocumented
87	police can inquire into the	immigration	status of people who violate
87	from inquiring into a suspect’s	immigration	status while investigating a petty
87	immigrants on verbal holds from	immigration	authorities . Smith said that
87	officers from asking about the	immigration	status of victims and witnesses
88	he’d impersonated an " "	immigration	officer , " " a
90	the term - " "	immigration	officer " " - without
91	under $ 15,000 bonds .	Immigration	officials have placed a "
92	will deliver a speech on	immigration	at the University of New
93	policy on checking a suspect’s	immigration	status makes Albuquerque a "
93	the crime does not involve	immigration	issues - such as drug
93	border . However , federal	immigration	officials are supposed to check
93	are supposed to check the	immigration	status of anyone arrested and
93	here illegally is reported to	immigration	for deportation . " "
93	deputies more leeway in checking	immigration	status of suspects . Chavez
94	being released by U.S .	immigration	authorities , Hickerson said Thursday
94	the United States that allows	immigration	officials to take someone into
94	be turned over U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement for a
95	special agent for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , testified
95	a fourth person arrested by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials Wednesday
96	LAS CRUCES - An	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agent has
96	booking paperwork . U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement spokeswoman for
97	to inquire about a person’s	immigration	status if that person has
97	of a crime and their	immigration	status is pertinent . Car
97	have a crime linked to	immigration	status . But there is
97	supposed to be checked by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . Albuquerque’s
97	Norte High School students for	immigration	questioning . In light of
97	bottom line is , playing	immigration	cop simply isn’t Job No
97	resident who obeys all non-	immigration	laws should be able to
98	held at an El Paso	immigration	detention center . The radio
98	said Carlos Spector , an	immigration	lawyer representing the family .
240	district vehicles . Brunch on	Immigration	Issues Is Albuquerque really a
240	be addressed in " "	Immigration	: An Open and Shut
281	the agency has placed an	immigration	" " hold " "
280	the agency has placed an	immigration	" " hold " "
278	from countries that don’t have	immigration	agreements with the U.S .
279	Concerns about a proposed	immigration	holding center planned for Las
279	nations that do not have	immigration	agreements with the United States
277	; Drug Enforcement Administration ;	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ; Bureau
276	operation also included U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , Customs
275	the Senate Judiciary Committee on	Immigration	, Refugees and Border Security
274	citizen could have risked losing	immigration	documentation for smuggling the plants
273	federal charges , with an	immigration	hold , according to his
272	in the country - the	immigration	status of individuals they "
272	. University Ave . ,	immigration	reform organization Somos un Pueblo
272	affected by that state’s new	immigration	law . New Mexico driver’s
271	announced that he would place	immigration	reform ahead of climate change
271	few GOP proponents of comprehensive	immigration	reform , Graham had spent
271	change and move straight to	immigration	reform appeared to Graham as
271	has failed to address an	immigration	system in this country that
271	Party and signing the tough	immigration	bill represented a way to
271	like fixing our country’s broken	immigration	system , curbing violence from
270	to be looking into Gonzalez’s	immigration	status in the coming days
269	have been told that the	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agency will
269	Enforcement agency will pursue an	immigration	case against Gonzalez after he
267	New Mexico State Police ,	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and the
268		Immigration	authorities say they were never
268	young children . U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement spokeswoman Leticia
268	been placed on an "	immigration	hold " at the Bernalillo
268	said ICE agents check the	immigration	status of adult inmates jailed
266	Federal agents will check the	immigration	status of everyone arrested in
266	police officers can check the	immigration	status of suspects . Berry’s
266	arrested , will have their	immigration	status checked by agents from
266	that there would be no	immigration	status inquiries of witnesses or
266	They are then referred for	immigration	proceedings or removed from the
266	local police shouldn’t enforce federal	immigration	laws . " At the
266	of seeing local police as	immigration	agents . " Berry said
266	no circumstances will I tolerate	immigration	status checks on victims ,
266	, police can check the	immigration	status if someone is a
266	, but only if the	immigration	status is pertinent to the
266	seek proof of a person’s	immigration	status , unless the person
266	criminal investigation for a non-	immigration	criminal violation and the immigration
266	immigration criminal violation and the	immigration	status of the person or
266	the clock to check the	immigration	status of suspects . MARLA
266	the center will have their	immigration	status checked by ICE agents
265	also to ask for larger	immigration	reforms from the federal government
265	As it stands , the	immigration	system doesn’t work , said
265	in New Mexico don’t check	immigration	status , that check is
265	Hall to protest the Arizona	immigration	law , SB 1070 .
264	. I also have an	immigration	plan that will unite all
263	to get out , federal	immigration	officials are just trying to
263	jail’s director contends U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement authorities racially
263	. The issue of illegal	immigration	has become a hot issue
263	new policy under which the	immigration	status of anyone arrested by
263	many of those arrested from	immigration	authorities . That frustrates ICE
263	inmates who may have violated	immigration	law . Santa Fe County
263	time that is requested by	immigration	offi- cials , 48 hours
263	out with any kind of	immigration	status , " Solano said
263	way to find out the	immigration	status of an individual .
263	take into account a person’s	immigration	status when asking a judge
263	Albuquerque’s effort to check the	immigration	status of everyone arrested .
263	is to be checked for	immigration	status . DA Pacheco was
99		Immigration	issue ? Or public safety
99	Transport Center to have their	immigration	status checked stirred fear ,
99	up in the U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement’s net .
100	to get out , federal	immigration	officials are just trying to
100	jail’s director contends U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement authorities racially
100	the jail to contact federal	immigration	authorities when it comes to
100	" The issue of illegal	immigration	has become a hot one
100	new policy under which the	immigration	status of anyone arrested by
100	many of those arrested from	immigration	authorities . That frustrates ICE
100	inmates who may have violated	immigration	law . Santa Fe County
100	amount of time requested by	immigration	officials , 48 hours .
101	Dear Editor :	Immigration	reform has been a topic
101	Democrats ? The new Arizona	Immigration	Law has Obama and the
102	becomes personal quickly , says	immigration	attorney Jennifer Landau of Albuquerque
102	Mexico Law School in the	Immigration	Law Practicum , a class
102	of the recently passed Arizona	immigration	law in New Mexico .
102	of a focus on connecting	immigration	and crime , she says
102	hearing in the federal regional	immigration	court in El Paso each
102	represent themselves in the federal	immigration	system that is at least
102	, " she says .	Immigration	law center La Plaza de
102	a central meeting place on	immigration	law issues , opens in
102	many families are of mixed	immigration	status , in which one
103	of U.S . citizenship or	immigration	status to obtain a driver’s
103	to fraud and encourages illegal	immigration	. New Mexico’s law does
104	enhances the likelihood of federal	immigration	law being enforced or gives
104	HB 2281 ) to the	immigration	bill , ( SB 1070
104	and they are to	immigration	what intelligent design is to
105	. By Sarah Portlock .	IMMIGRATION	DETENTION SAN ANTONIO In an
105	In an agreement U.S .	immigration	officials hope will begin to
106	officers have " never enforced	immigration	policy or gone out and
106	the officer asked about her	immigration	status . After receiving her
106	number , the officer called	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement on his
106	said . Arizona’s controversial new	immigration	law makes being in the
106	requires police to establish the	immigration	status of anyone suspected of
106	asking crime victims about their	immigration	status or investigating people whose
106	a new policy under which	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement will check
106	Customs Enforcement will check the	immigration	status of everyone arrested by
106	disputes to ascertain a person’s	immigration	status . Police would then
106	were asking Hispanics about their	immigration	status during routine traffic stops
106	said he believes the Arizona	immigration	law should be overturned ,
106	has sparked debate about comprehensive	immigration	reform . " What we
106	speeding and questioned about her	immigration	status . Cabrales is shown
106	cabrales was questioned about her	immigration	status by immigration and customs
106	about her immigration status by	immigration	and customs Enforcement after she
107	Thursday during his speech on	immigration	reform . Chula Vista ,
107	that Obama wants to pursue	immigration	reform without first committing adequate
107	for congressional approval of comprehensive	immigration	reform . White House officials
107	executive director of the National	Immigration	Forum in Washington , D.C
107	nothing to reform our legal	immigration	system so that it can
108	but no one had notified	immigration	authorities . Enter Gov .
108	CYFD to start notifying federal	immigration	authorities when a young illegal
108	agency to notify U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , as
109	the men . Working with	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and the
110	rival gang members . Local	immigration	attorney Carlos Spector , who
111	said the federal Bureau of	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement has placed
111	Customs Enforcement has placed an	immigration	hold on him , and
112	does not require proof of	immigration	status to get driver’s licenses
113	not dominate the society .	Immigration	is not inherently a bad
114	Police in cooperation with federal	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . He
115	years old . Working with	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and the
116	the country by U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . Salazar
262	. Holley said U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement was contacted
241	New Fingerprint System U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement is now
241	system that will help federal	immigration	officials identify foreign nationals who
241	then will determine the individual’s	immigration	status and take appropriate enforcement
261	said Holley . The mother’s	immigration	status is also in question
261	in question . U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement placed a
260	when he goes before an	immigration	judge in El Paso in
260	promptly separated and sent to	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement detention centers
260	to U.S . Citizenship and	Immigration	Services , an arm of
259	. Agents with U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement arrested Marco
258	court . " " (	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ) picked
257	to find out more about	immigration	enforcement in Albuquerque’s detention centers
257	its agreement with U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . The
257	ICE officers to check the	immigration	status of anyone booked into
257	in what is called an	immigration	hold . ACLU spokesman Micah
256	, 45 , detained by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement on a
256	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegally re-entering after
255	our zeal to punish illegal	immigration	, we are overlooking those
254	Another detainee at the federal	immigration	detention center in Otero County
254	says officials at Homeland Security’s	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement have responded
254	charged with crimes other than	immigration	offenses . Detention averages about
254	, Homeland Security officials said	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement would "
254	prison contractors to manage civil	immigration	detention ; expanding alternatives to
254	counsel for indigents going through	immigration	proceedings . But the policy
254	But the policy shift regarding	immigration	detainees has not been universally
254	ROMO / JOURNAL The federal	immigration	detention center in Otero County
253	, 24 , detained by	Immigration	& Customs Enforcement on charges
253	, 21 , detained by	Immigration	& Customs Enforcement on charges
253	, 23 , detained by	Immigration	& Customs Enforcement on a
253	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by re-entering the country
247	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by falsely claiming U.S
247	, 37 , detained by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement on a
247	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by using false documents
247	, 37 , detained by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement on a
247	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by using false documents
252	rethink is its exclusion of	immigration	detention centers from PREA’s reach
251	In 2007 , U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement removed some
249	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws via fraud and misuse
250	, 31 , detained by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement on a
250	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by providing false documents
248	, 22 , detained by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement on a
248	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws . • Juan C
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws via fraudulent use of
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal re-entry .
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws . • Ivan Silos-Facio
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws . • Victor Acevedo-Villagrana
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws . • Jose Oscar
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws . • Alvaro Recendez-Salas
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal re-entry .
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal re-entry .
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws . • Melchor Nolasco-Mendoza
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal re-entry .
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal re-entry .
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal re-entry .
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
246	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal re-entry after
246	, 39 , detained by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement on a
244	is being held at an	immigration	processing facility in Chaparral in
244	released to the custody of	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and sent
244	case they are caught by	immigration	officials while their children are
244	children wrote letters asking the	immigration	judge to let their father
244	in the U.S . Albuquerque	immigration	attorney Amara Aaron thinks Lira
244	eligible for a waiver under	immigration	law that would allow him
245	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by visa misuse .
245	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by visa misuse .
245	, 24 , detained by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement on a
245	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by re-entering after deportation
245	, 56 , detained by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement on a
245	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by re-entering after deportation
245	, 36 , detained by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement on a
245	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by re-entering after deportation
245	, 25 , detained by	Immigration	and Custom Enforcement on charges
117	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by entering without inspection
117	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by entering without inspection
169	Loosens Detention Rules WASHINGTON -	Immigration	officials say they will no
169	have no criminal history .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement spokeswoman Barbara
169	Barbara Gonzalez said Friday that	immigration	agents will now consider detaining
169	checks arrestees ’ fingerprints against	immigration	records . Immigrant advocates say
171	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
171	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
171	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
171	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
171	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
171	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
171	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
171	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
171	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
171	a charge of violating federal	immigration	laws by illegal entry .
118	. He was jailed at	immigration	detention facility . " "
170	. He was jailed at	immigration	detention facility . " "
119	Resource Officer Charlie Corn notified	immigration	officials of her illegal status
120	parents are in prison or	immigration	detention . More than 1.7
121	Some simply believe in unlimited	immigration	as an affirmation of what
124	criminal justice / corrections ;	immigration	, detention and border rights
178	gone . The purse contained	immigration	documents , $ 400 in
125	placed on her by federal	Immigration	& Customs Enforcement . A
130	Mexico Game and Fish ,	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , the
133	Metropolitan Detention Center and have	immigration	holds on them , jail
134	held without bond on the	immigration	charges .
137	of servitude - taking their	immigration	documents and using threats and
140	is being held on an	immigration	hold , according to court
143	and arrested the suspects .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials are
145	he did not know if	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement had been
146	was sent to U.S .	immigration	authorities in case she crossed
147	was investigated by U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement’s Homeland Security
148	arrested in New Mexico by	immigration	officials three days later when
294	abductor , said Diaz Chacon’s	immigration	status should play no role
294	, national origin , or	immigration	status , " Berry said
294	do good things since their	immigration	status still gets brought up
293	Police Department , U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and the
293	financial and surveillance records ,	immigration	documents and items such as
295	Las Cruces Police Department ,	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and the
295	financial and surveillance records ,	immigration	documents and items such as
296	bond . Both also have	immigration	holds on them preventing their
296	by LCPD , U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and the
296	and does not have an	immigration	hold barring her release .
296	also continuing to investigate whether	immigration	or trafficking laws were violated
297	agents from the FBI and	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement initiated search
297	ICE agents are investigating whether	immigration	or trafficking laws were violated
298	eventually will meet with an	immigration	judge and be sent to
299	Mexican national is facing multiple	immigration	violations after authorities say he
299	say the person faces multiple	immigration	violations , including illegal entry
300	evidence at trial established that	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agents encountered
300	a Mexican citizen without any	immigration	status in the United States
300	learned through a review of	immigration	records that Lozano-Morales previously had
301	federal custody due to apparent	immigration	violations . • Colby Booth
302	Holder also should recommend that	immigration	detention centers be covered by
303	was investigated by U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security
304	on a violation of federal	immigration	laws . An indictment or
305	by LCPD , U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and the
306	explain why . U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement deported Galindo
306	, spokeswoman for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , said
307	Lemus also has a prior	immigration	history of being previously ordered
307	previously ordered removed by an	immigration	judge in 2002 . Lemus
308	local officers do not enforce	immigration	policies . It’s not the
308	to the streets before	immigration	officials can detain them .
308	That’s according to U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials who
308	to help them enforce federal	immigration	law , the county and
308	a policy under which the	immigration	status of anyone arrested by
308	Jail has been criticized by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials for
310	certainly worth criticism . The	immigration	speech series at NMSU is
311	to solve disputes between federal	immigration	agents and the county jail
311	for sharing information and informing	immigration	enforcement agents on release dates
311	wanted by the feds .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials have
311	the prisoners into custody on	immigration	violations . ICE says it
311	law would have precedence on	immigration	issues . If the ordinance
311	he doesn’t believe checking the	immigration	status of everyone arrested in
312	, and her mother to	immigration	officials if the teen reported
168	Loosens Detention Rules WASHINGTON -	Immigration	officials say they will no
168	have no criminal history .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement spokeswoman Barbara
168	Barbara Gonzalez said Friday that	immigration	agents will now consider detaining
168	checks arrestees ’ fingerprints against	immigration	records . Immigrant advocates say
188	by private companies and to	immigration	detention facilities under the Department
191	a relative who worked at	Immigration	and Naturalization Services . He
192	the debate over U.S .	immigration	policy rages on , community
192	Mexico State University conference ,	Immigration	Policy and Human Rights :
192	Communities , will address how	immigration	policies are posing difficult challenges
192	see that the lack of	immigration	reform at the federal level
192	about this conference because the	immigration	debate has not led to
192	problems and potential solutions for	immigration	policy in both the U.S
192	, the historical aspects of	immigration	, human trafficking , human
192	groups that are concerned with	immigration	. " " Attendees will
192	El Paso to discuss how	immigration	policies affect farm workers ,
192	reflect on the need for	immigration	reform and how it may
192	looks at the Obama administration’s	immigration	policies and conditions in detention
213	State Police ask about the	immigration	status of those they arrest
213	policy in 2010 requiring an	immigration	status check of everyone arrested
213	having federal officials check the	immigration	status of criminal suspects .
213	has " always maintained that	immigration	reform should take place at
213	government’s failure to address the	immigration	issue , " Martinez said
213	law enforcement from asking about	immigration	status solely to determine whether
213	turned into longer detentions while	immigration	status is checked , and
213	for an overhaul of federal	immigration	laws . " Until Congress
213	" Until Congress passes comprehensive	immigration	reform , we’re inviting states
213	Until we get serious about	immigration	reform in Washington , these
242	Court Monday critically wounded Arizona’s	immigration	law , striking down three
242	law trumps state law on	immigration	. The court should have
242	generally a victory for reasonable	immigration	policy , the Obama administration
242	It also should mean that	immigration	policy and immigration reform need
242	mean that immigration policy and	immigration	reform need to be settled
242	immigrants to obtain or carry	immigration	registration papers , making it
242	requiring police to check the	immigration	status of someone they suspect
242	read to avoid concerns that	immigration	status checks could lead to
242	including those against both illegal	immigration	and racial profiling , "
242	the problems caused by illegal	immigration	while that process continues ,
242	So if you don’t like	immigration	policy , and there’s a
243	Court didn’t gut Arizona’s over-the-top	immigration	law , but it came
243	to take enforcement of federal	immigration	law into its hands -
243	notice to other states that	immigration	policy remains primarily Washington’s domain
243	law officers to check the	immigration	status of anyone stopped or
243	individuals solely to verify their	immigration	status would raise constitutional concerns
243	while trying to verify his	immigration	status . But there is
243	and the presumption of illegal-	immigration	status is often arrived at
243	, what remains of Arizona’s	immigration	law may not survive future
243	American debate over the dysfunctional	immigration	system . After an initial
238	turned over to U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security
239	are misusing federal agents in	immigration	probes . Somos Un Pueblo
237	, Lopez had two prior	immigration	charges resulting in his removal
313	bedroom days earlier and taken	immigration	papers , according to the
314	a news release . During	immigration	inspections aboard a passenger bus
315	but that details on their	immigration	status aren’t immediately available .
316	We’ve needed to revamp our	immigration	system for years . But
316	referenced by people opposed to	immigration	reform is " " my
316	on the nation’s views toward	immigration	. The Naturalization Act of
316	Naturalization Act of 1790 restricted	immigration	to " " free white
316	Act of 1882 banned all	immigration	from China and led to
316	1800 ’ s we thought	immigration	of Europeans was so important
316	. Do we believe that	immigration	has had a positive effect
317	jail held them illegally for	immigration	reasons after their mother tried
317	because of an " "	immigration	hold " " by the
317	by the commission backing comprehensive	immigration	reform . Amelia Ruiz Fischer
317	too long because of the	immigration	status holds . " "
317	" " legal " "	immigration	status , according to their
317	jail employee that " "	immigration	holds had been lodged against
317	detention center because of those	immigration	holds , " " the
317	they were both eligible for	immigration	relief to stay in the
317	said they never report someone’s	immigration	status to authorities , but
317	. " " If (	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ) ID’d
317	practices in general . The	immigration	" " hold " "
317	Center held them illegally for	immigration	reasons after their mother tried
318	two sisters based on their	immigration	hold at the detention center
319	prosecution’s case in an alleged	immigration	crime . But , one
319	profiling to enforce U.S .	immigration	laws . " " It’s
320	discriminatory tactics used to enforce	immigration	laws . Mesilla is no
320	of local officers enforcing federal	immigration	laws . In February ,
320	deputies should not be enforcing	immigration	laws . State legislatures should
320	legislatures should not be passing	immigration	laws . This broken system
321	work diligently to pass the	immigration	bill , all you have
321	he has done for the	immigration	movement . Actually he opposes
322	said . " " The	immigration	judge granted a rare instance
322	Spector alleges that U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ( ICE
322	over to Mexican customs and	immigration	officers in Piedras Negras only
323	of the unrelenting tide of	immigration	cases , Gonzales says his
323	set up primarily to handle	immigration	and narcotics cases , the
324	history is wrought with anti-	immigration	periods that we eventually weathered
325	the bureaucracies of U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and New
326	of Catholic Charities provides professional	immigration	legal services to moderate and
326	and naturalization , and other	immigration	-related service . For legal
327	have a daily quota of	immigration	detainees - 34,000 at this
327	conservative legislators thought U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement wasn’t deporting
327	of those who appear in	immigration	court almost half get to
327	, according to the TRAC	Immigration	Project . And , to
328	of Catholic Charities provides professional	immigration	legal services to moderate and
328	and naturalization , and other	immigration	-related service . For legal
329	get driver’s licenses regardless of	immigration	status ; reorganizing the Department
330	of Catholic Charities provides professional	immigration	legal services to moderate and
330	and naturalization , and other	immigration	-related service . Info /
337	of America . But our	immigration	system is broken . As
337	proposal to reform our country’s	immigration	policies . That was over
337	Senate bill would modernize our	immigration	system to meet the needs
337	New Mexico - overwhelmingly supports	immigration	reform . But here we
337	to hold a vote on	immigration	reform , but they can’t
337	doing enough to clarify American	immigration	policy for young Central Americans
337	would pass the Senate’s bipartisan	immigration	bill . The bill that
337	of laws , and our	immigration	laws are broken and badly
337	Republicans fail to act on	immigration	reform is also another day
337	to debate and pass accountable	immigration	reform . I urge House
336	funding to help stem an	immigration	crisis on the Mexican border
336	Congress and move to change	immigration	policy where he can through
336	president said he will refocus	immigration	enforcement onto a Mexican border
336	plan won’t solve the nation’s	immigration	problem in the long term
336	Republicans to take up an	immigration	reform bill passed by the
336	another Band-Aid on our broken	immigration	system , " Lujan Grisham
336	interest last week in the	immigration	reform debate . I think
336	in Congress to put comprehensive	immigration	reform to a vote .
336	gridlocked on the subject of	immigration	reform . " I am
336	, Obama plans to concentrate	immigration	resources on the border areas
336	and not familiar with our	immigration	system , " said Wendy
336	as children to navigate our	immigration	system . " Melysa Sperber
336	to use executive action on	immigration	issues .
335	the custody of the federal	immigration	authorities , church officials have
334	arrive today . U.S .	immigration	authorities have asked nonprofit groups
334	and released while they await	immigration	hearings . Others are being
332	But on the issue of	immigration	, they politely agree to
332	from locals - concerns that	immigration	officials said were unfounded .
332	how vicious and angry the	immigration	issue got in California in
332	back . " A senior	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement representative at
332	Yates weighs in on the	immigration	controversy in Artesia . Yates
333	stepped off a U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement bus outside
333	themselves in to U.S .	immigration	authorities in hopes of receiving
333	Church leaders say U.S .	immigration	authorities have flown some 1,200
333	to go while they await	immigration	hearings to review their cases
333	other cases , U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement is sending
331	by steering clear of any	immigration	officials they see . The
331	border are finding the first	immigration	official they can to voluntarily
338	in . That’s not an	immigration	policy - that’s a failure
338	Department of Homeland Security and	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials to
338	being housed . " The	immigration	situation we face today is
338	touted the need for federal	immigration	reform . Some of her
338	make changes to the nation’s	immigration	system . Rep . Michelle
338	Tuesday to cope with the	immigration	crisis . OBAMA : Adds
339	to send a specialist in	immigration	issues and a second staff
340	, will tour an illegal	immigration	detention center in Artesia today
340	Republicans to adopt a comprehensive	immigration	reform bill principally supported by
340	and standard-of-living threats and illegal	immigration	advocates who say the immigrants
340	be the focus before comprehensive	immigration	reform or any pathway to
340	and worksite enforcement of our	immigration	law smarter and more effective
340	need desperately to update our	immigration	laws and get down and
340	the national media and illegal	immigration	supporters that the immigrants from
340	a sudden spike in illegal	immigration	from Central America . "
340	. " Pearce said any	immigration	legislation that grants amnesty for
340	House Republicans to adopt an	immigration	reform bill principally supported by
340	the best solution is comprehensive	immigration	reform that secures our borders
340	to pass the Senate’s comprehensive	immigration	reform bill , " Udall
340	said the term " comprehensive	immigration	reform " is a euphemism
340	. If we’d enforce our	immigration	laws , our borders would
340	better ; we’d still have	immigration	, but it would be
340	but it would be legal	immigration	. " Johnson testified Thursday
340	have currently is , (	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ) is
340	of laws , but our	immigration	system is broken and must
341	. Two weeks ago ,	immigration	authorities converted part of the
341	travesties , " said Albuquerque	immigration	attorney Olsi Vrapi . "
341	present their case before an	immigration	judge . It’s a complex
341	" As unfair as our	immigration	system is with a lawyer
341	process ? " U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials said
341	present their case to an	immigration	judge . " The legal
341	community , particularly New Mexico	immigration	lawyers , are concerned that
341	" said Lauren Armstrong ,	immigration	staff attorney with Catholic Charities
341	proving such cases before an	immigration	judge has been difficult in
341	Obama’s handling of the recent	immigration	crisis in a flash poll
341	his funding request for the	immigration	crisis A3 THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
341	, public information officer for	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , shows
341	Artesia on Friday . COURTESY	IMMIGRATION	AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT A woman
342	Gonzalez , press secretary for	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , leads
342	Gonzalez , press secretary for	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ( ICE
342	said she has worked in	immigration	for 16 years and every
342	detention centers , hire more	immigration	judges and take other steps
342	to do with failed Obama	immigration	policies , such as the
343	handling of the Central American	immigration	crisis isn’t selling well in
343	backed-up administrative courts that handle	immigration	issues . However , the
343	what’s widely been called an	immigration	crisis . " Our message
343	of Obama’s handling of the	immigration	surge . The Journal flash
343	the broader debate over federal	immigration	policies - or the lack
343	are to blame for the	immigration	crisis , calling the situation
343	Obama’s handling of the recent	immigration	issue . Seventy-five percent said
343	points . COURTESY U.S .	IMMIGRATION	AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT Artesia Temporary
344	. A prickly situation Federal	immigration	policy aside , the determination
344	failure to reform our broken	immigration	system is another important factor
344	on the topic of comprehensive	immigration	reform . In spite of
344	push to reform the nation’s	immigration	system that had a chance
344	genuinely worked at passing comprehensive	immigration	reform , as a whole
345	Federal	immigration	authorities on Monday deported the
345	she said . U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement opened the
345	by ICE while they await	immigration	hearings that could take years
345	an opportunity to see an	immigration	judge and are often released
345	money to bolster the overloaded	immigration	court system . However ,
345	the Washington , D.C.-based American	Immigration	Council . " The fact
345	" COURTESY OF U.S .	IMMIGRATION	AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT Nearly 40
346	surge resources , such as	immigration	judges and asylum officers to
346	committed to enforcing our nation’s	immigration	laws , and this flight
346	forward to ( U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ) continuing
347	Artesia facility since U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement began housing
347	earlier this week . Federal	immigration	authorities deported the first group
348	and turned over to federal	immigration	authorities . Released on their
348	be required to report to	immigration	court there for deportation proceedings
349	gathering information about a person’s	immigration	status . Proponents of the
349	law enforcement improperly enforcing federal	immigration	laws . " " Personally
349	deputies to stop asking about	immigration	status or for Social Security
349	manner that inappropriately considers the	immigration	status or citizenship of residents
349	agency is involved in enforcing	immigration	-related laws - something he
349	be used to enforce federal	immigration	laws , which includes Doca
349	government had taken action on	immigration	before now . Misconduct provision
349	information regarding " " the	immigration	status of a person .
349	county services or benefits upon	immigration	status . • including on
349	or services , questions about	immigration	standing . • helping or
349	any ( U.S . )	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement or Customs
349	the civil provisions of federal	immigration	law . " " County
349	with respect to asking about	immigration	status . Practices Garrison said
349	that’s not aimed at enforcing	immigration	laws , but rather is
349	, regardless of a person’s	immigration	status . At times ,
349	for criminal warrants , not	immigration	status , he said .
350	their way to enforce federal	immigration	laws . In a 5-0
350	employees from asking residents about	immigration	status . It calls for
350	employees not to enforce federal	immigration	laws or use county resources
350	or use county resources for	immigration	purposes unless required by federal
351	, reported impacts of illegal	immigration	on border ecosystems to the
352	, reported impacts of illegal	immigration	on border ecosystems to the
353	not expend resources enforcing federal	immigration	laws . After passing measures
353	in June to end federal	immigration	holds at the county detention
353	prevent sheriff’s officers from enforcing	immigration	laws , the county voted
353	information regarding " " the	immigration	status of a person .
353	county services or benefits on	immigration	status . - Including questions
353	. - Including questions about	immigration	status on application forms ,
353	any ( U.S . )	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement or Customs
353	alleged violations of the federal	immigration	law . It’s unfortunate the
353	does not mean asking about	immigration	status . We recognize that
353	enforcement shouldn’t be involved in	immigration	enforcement . The law is
353	ask crime victims about their	immigration	status , it keeps them
354	of Catholic Charities provides professional	immigration	legal services to moderate and
354	and naturalization , and other	immigration	-related service . Info /
355	Inaccuracies in column on Pearce	immigration	record In response to the
355	" Pearce a roadblock to	immigration	reform , " " I
355	election time and the pro-	immigration	groups are coming out of
355	to fix the issue of	immigration	. I agree that some
355	Democrats did nothing to pass	immigration	reform the entire time they
355	security efforts and has supported	immigration	reform efforts since taking office
355	The tactics employed by pro-illegal	immigration	groups in my community of
355	addresses the need for comprehensive	immigration	reform and the issue of
355	major roadblock " " to	immigration	reform , and blames him
355	. Maez’s solution to comprehensive	immigration	reform is open borders and
356	of Catholic Charities provides professional	immigration	legal services to moderate and
356	and naturalization , and other	immigration	-related service . Info /
358	being Mexican nationals with no	immigration	documents , the release states
358	awaiting court proceedings for his	immigration	violation before he is extradited
357	or given court dates .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement spokeswoman Leticia
360	or legal advice on an	immigration	? You can get 30
360	, Texas . The American	Immigration	Council , National Immigration Project
360	American Immigration Council , National	Immigration	Project of the National Lawyers
360	and co-counsel , the National	Immigration	Law Center and Jenner &
359	allow time to investigate their	immigration	status . Some local officials
359	that honoring the so-called "	immigration	holds " puts them at
359	lawsuits . But U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials say
359	released into communities . Federal	immigration	authorities say thousands have been
359	Circuit in Philadelphia ruled that	immigration	detainer requests are just that
361	detaining them in jail on	immigration	holds . According to the
361	while federal officials checked their	immigration	status . " " Instead
361	I was detained until an	immigration	officer could come to the
361	. Earlier this year ,	immigration	attorneys warned New Mexico counties
361	a hold request from federal	immigration	authorities . Lawyers said the
361	was common for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials to
361	suspected of not having proper	immigration	documents . Recently , the
361	bail , based on an	immigration	hold . Follow Russell Contreras
362	WASHINGTON - U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement announced Tuesday
362	to ICE . The federal	immigration	agency is expanding its detention
362	highlights the need for comprehensive	immigration	reform . " With its
362	Security’s announced closure of the	immigration	processing center in Artesia fulfills
363	the United States to await	immigration	court hearings . The Associated
363	surge of Central American illegal	immigration	never showed up for appointments
363	up for appointments with federal	immigration	agents . The American Civil
363	release Tuesday that U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement is transitioning
363	will be released to await	immigration	court hearings . The Associated
363	failed to meet with federal	immigration	agents within 15 days ,
363	between an ICE official and	immigration	advocates . In the recording
363	for follow-up appointments at federal	immigration	offices . Immigration advocates have
363	at federal immigration offices .	Immigration	advocates have complained that the
363	Catholic Bishops , the American	Immigration	Lawyers Association and others will
363	families await the outcome of	immigration	hearings or a return to
363	why Congress must pass comprehensive	immigration	reform to secure our borders
363	borders and clarify and strengthen	immigration	law . " U.S .
363	Security’s announced closure of the	immigration	processing center in Artesia fulfills
365	Liberties Union and the American	Immigration	Law Association . 2 Responses
364	were released , according to	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . During
364	likely pass muster with an	immigration	judge . The approval rate
364	effort that brought some 335	immigration	attorneys to Artesia to represent
364	Portland , Ore . ,	immigration	attorney who helped coordinate the
364	Olsi Vrapi , an Albuquerque	immigration	lawyer who represented four women
364	discouraging . " SOURCE :	IMMIGRATION	AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT SOURCE :
364	AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT SOURCE :	IMMIGRATION	AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT Barbara Gonzalez
364	, public information officer for	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , shows
364	in July . SOURCE :	IMMIGRATION	AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT SOURCE :
364	AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT SOURCE :	IMMIGRATION	AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT The temporary
366	were housed at a temporary	immigration	center in Artesia that just
366	released to appear later at	immigration	hearings and in some cases
366	they could appear before an	immigration	judge . However , backlogged
366	judge . However , backlogged	immigration	courts mean that could take
366	September , a U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement official revealed
366	listening to the administration’s mixed	immigration	messages , where politics and
367	Artesia . One local illegal	immigration	advocate wrote that our coverage
367	Let them decide the illegal	immigration	issue at the polls .
367	for their appointments with federal	immigration	agents , some were transferred
367	stop or even slow illegal	immigration	with President Barack Obama in
368	those and other questions on	immigration	trends during the bilingual 11th
368	Mexico’s increasing crackdown on illegal	immigration	through its territory and the
368	Mexico in human rights and	immigration	advocacy . They touched on
369	visit a Tennessee friend .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agents pulled
370	like detention and prison ,	immigration	, sexual and gender identity
371	areas including human rights ,	immigration	, detention centers , citizenship
372	high speed flight from an	immigration	checkpoint . Borja Valdez is
373	in corrections administration at federal	immigration	and local detention centers .
373	office director for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement in Harlingen
374	turned over to U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agents .
375	office director for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement in Harlingen
376	wonder how Canada feels about	immigration	. I don’t understand the
377	. maintains the world’s largest	immigration	detention system ? Immigration detention
377	largest immigration detention system ?	Immigration	detention means imprisoning immigrants while
377	await a determination of their	immigration	status or potential deportation .
377	441,000 people in over 200	immigration	jails across the country .
377	jails across the country .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement runs the
378	office director for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement in Harlingen
379	with this awesome responsibility ?	IMMIGRATION	: I love the picture
380	cover private prisons used by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , which
381	year into a new federal	immigration	enforcement program , New Mexico
381	seen a sharp decline in	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement’s use of
381	agents time to investigate their	immigration	status . The number of
381	for a heads-up when suspected	immigration	offenders are about to get
381	studies for the Center for	Immigration	Studies , a think tank
381	tank that advocates for tougher	immigration	enforcement . " The people
381	As a result , federal	immigration	enforcement can be patchy ,
381	being formally charged with an	immigration	violation . The terms of
381	the backlog at federal civil	immigration	courts climbed to an all-time
382	talks grandly of " comprehensive	immigration	reform , " but Obama
382	to be exempt from federal	immigration	law . The press said
383	to the increase in illegal	immigration	at New Mexico’s southern border
383	, in 2012 , illegal	immigration	at New Mexico’s southern border
384	about various topics , including	immigration	, U.S . policy in
384	of issues of justice ,	immigration	and the impact of global
385	supervised release and Padilla-Conde for	immigration	related issues . The documents
386	White Sands Missile Range .	Immigration	debate As for how to
386	is pretty loose as an	immigration	policy . It’s a very
386	with Soules ’ views on	immigration	. She said Soules has
386	I go to the (	immigration	) detention center in Texas
386	really the whole issue about	immigration	. " " Soules billed
387	the custody of U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement in Otero
387	. I understand they broke	immigration	law , but they haven’t
387	a U.S . Citizenship and	Immigration	Services officer affirms their claim
387	right to a hearing in	immigration	court - but ICE can
387	at the Washington-based Center for	Immigration	Studies , which advocates for
387	, which advocates for tougher	immigration	enforcement . " Every country
388	awaiting transfer to U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement for processing
388	Border Patrol , ICE (	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ) and
388	and Customs Enforcement ) and	immigration	is trying to do is
388	important to understand that when	immigration	does not have capacity ,
388	through the security databases of	immigration	, FBI and all of
389	Hope Border Institute and Borderland	Immigration	Council will share their research
389	report identifies the failures of	immigration	agencies and officials in the
389	115 . Commissioner to host	immigration	meeting LAS CRUCES - District
389	23 in Anthony to discuss	immigration	issues , according to a
389	as they relate to various	immigration	issues . Translation services will
389	a statement opposing U.S .	Immigration	& Customs Enforcement raids among
390	village residents , regardless of	immigration	status , should feel safe
390	currently do not ask the	immigration	status of people they stop
390	He said interaction with federal	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ( ICE
390	Congress is responsible for making	immigration	laws . He said the
391	request of the U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . The
391	keeping inmates held on non-	immigration	charges in custody after they
391	at the request of the	immigration	agency has been declining in
391	charges accusing them of violating	immigration	law . " The federal
391	declined to comment on her	immigration	status .
392	policies regarding inmates and their	immigration	status or national origin .
392	Unido , a Santa Fe-based	immigration	rights group , on behalf
392	the jail on U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , or
392	Enforcement , or ICE ,	immigration	detainers . John C .
392	how county jails should respect	immigration	detainers only when accompanied by
392	if jail officials comply with	immigration	detainers without judicial orders ,
392	than a week on an	immigration	detainer in April 2012 .
392	the jail on an ICE	immigration	detainer in the three years
392	the proposed settlement , an	immigration	detainer must be accompanied by
392	not ask about an individual’s	immigration	status or national origin and
393	identified several purported failures by	immigration	agencies in the El Paso
393	Seekers at the Hands of	Immigration	Authorities along the U.S.-Mexico Border
393	Border Institute and the Borderland	Immigration	Council . The report’s chief
393	Paso Sector , which include	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and Customs
393	asylum is rarely granted by	immigration	judges because cases are extremely
393	said El Paso has six	immigration	judges and each have denied
394	the president authority to restrict	immigration	and travel to the U.S
395	undocumented status from possible federal	immigration	enforcement on school premises .
395	store data about students ’	immigration	status . Also , the
395	office was directed to reject	immigration	agents ’ requests to access
395	rather than worrying about possible	immigration	enforcement . School board member
395	possible deportation or detention by	immigration	authorities , they’re unlikely to
395	do anything to inhibit federal	immigration	enforcement near - but not
395	second school . U.S .	Immigration	& Customs Enforcement does have
395	have a policy stating that	immigration	enforcement action at " "
395	in the weeks after the	immigration	raid . And it recommended
396	a hard-line stance on illegal	immigration	that he laid out during
396	have a lawful system of	immigration	. You should do what
396	. Attorney’s Offices to make	immigration	enforcement a priority and that
396	be responsible for overseeing criminal	immigration	enforcement efforts . There will
396	. There will be 50	immigration	judges added this year with
396	to reduce a backlog of	immigration	cases , Sessions said .
396	to expand the capacity of	immigration	detention facilities and will attempt
396	and will attempt to process	immigration	cases as close as possible
396	our approach to deterring illegal	immigration	, " " Kelly said
397	on several promises relating to	immigration	; one was the deportation
397	a wall to block further	immigration	. It doesn’t seem likely
397	pay for thousands of new	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and Border
398	lobby for and profit from	immigration	enforcement and detention . "
399	to honor detention requests from	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . Few
399	their officers to inquire about	immigration	status when they detain or
399	local officers to inquire about	immigration	status at traffic stops ,
399	getting involved in enforcing federal	immigration	laws for a simple reason
399	friends may become subject to	immigration	enforcement , " " the
399	bar sheriff’s deputies from enforcing	immigration	law . The lawsuit that
400	over the weekend at an	immigration	checkpoint near Las Cruces .
400	turned over to U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security
401	designations . We welcome legal	immigration	. According to the article
401	a policy not to conduct	immigration	enforcement operations in schools ,
401	sinister " " about enforcing	immigration	law unless , I guess
402	report Thursday to a federal	immigration	office in Albuquerque chose not
402	cheered outside the U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement office in
402	case before the U.S .	Immigration	Court , she said .
403	said he’s prohibiting on-duty federal	immigration	agents from entering Diocese schools
403	Seitz called for a comprehensive	immigration	reform that promotes the unity
403	Seitz has prohibited U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and Border
403	to confront the issue of	immigration	with compassion at a time
404	outside the Albuquerque U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement office .
404	President Ronald Reagan signed the	Immigration	Reform and Control Act and
404	According to Remer-Thamert and other	immigration	advocacy groups , ICE so
405	Thursday at the U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement detention center
406	outside the U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement processing center
406	, and his parents ’	immigration	lawyer , Iliana Holguin ,
406	that said , " "	Immigration	is the American way .
407	Act would not include further	immigration	provisions such as : additional
408	is the ACLU’s director of	immigration	policy and campaigns
409	, political correctness and illegal	immigration	. " The visit ,
410	parents with children released by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement or ICE
410	as their cases move through	immigration	court . The uptick in
410	to the decline in undocumented	immigration	overall with CBP reporting a
411	son who were detained by	immigration	authorities last week . The
411	were detained by U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agents in
411	the U.S . Board of	Immigration	Appeals over a procedural error
411	ICE , call for more	immigration	agents and detention beds ,
412	be a death sentence .	Immigration	Judge Robert Hough ruled in
412	attorney representing Gutierrez noted that	immigration	judges in El Paso have
412	Journalism Institute . We urge	immigration	officials to reconsider this decision
413	a Mexican journalist held by	immigration	officials after he was denied
413	the journalist said U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement’s detainment and
413	is asking the Board of	Immigration	Appeals to reopen Gutià ©
413	prevent their deportation after an	immigration	judge in July denied their
413	. Carlos Spector , an	immigration	attorney in El Paso ,
414	southern New Mexico desert ,	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement’s Otero County
414	said Melissa Lopez , an	immigration	attorney who visits the facility
414	, given the direction of	immigration	policy , Maestas says .
414	Justice Project . Caption :	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials transport
415	had warrants and checked their	immigration	status . In addition to
416	talk about being free and	immigration	, " Crider said .
417	that Iraqi immigrants detained by	immigration	authorities for more than six
417	1,400 Iraqis swept up in	immigration	raids starting in March 2017
417	The change triggered the federal	Immigration	Customs and Enforcement roundups of
418	CIVIC ) is the national	immigration	detention visitation network , which
418	working to end U.S .	immigration	detention by monitoring human rights
418	, other volunteers , even	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement employees who’ve
418	the thundering deportation juggernaut our	immigration	system has become . I
419	turn over policies related to	immigration	enforcement . The DOJ in
419	information it shares with federal	immigration	authorities , according to a
419	or personnel to ascertain anyone’s	immigration	status or to apprehend anyone
419	to apprehend anyone based on	immigration	status , unless required to
419	would be released just because	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement requests that
419	inmates be detained so their	immigration	status could be checked .
419	area kept inmates on non-	immigration	charges in custody at the
419	can determine the detainees ’	immigration	status . Require MDC to
419	doesn’t think deputies should enforce	immigration	laws , but he said
419	communicate and work with federal	immigration	agents . " These (
419	to help enforce U.S .	immigration	laws . Attorney General Jeff
419	Protecting criminal aliens from federal	immigration	authorities defies common sense and
419	actively thwart the federal government’s	immigration	enforcement - enough is enough
420	a vigil Wednesday night demanding	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement release Martinez
420	Trump administration to enforce federal	immigration	laws in local communities .
420	turn over policies related to	immigration	enforcement . The letters ,
421	reduction in family eligibility for	immigration	and an end to the
421	aimed at reframing the	immigration	debate and forcing action by
421	would resolve the most pressing	immigration	issue facing Congress : what
421	threat to enact his hard-line	immigration	policies . " " We
421	credited Trump for bringing the	immigration	issue to the forefront of
421	to restrict U.S . family-based	immigration	allowances to include only children
421	He said the " bipartisan	immigration	meeting was a reminder that
422	Democrats attempted to strong-arm an	immigration	bill protecting the Dreamers as
422	" said Richard Morales ,	immigration	policy director of PICO National
422	, decrease the number of	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement detention centers
422	threat to enact his hardline	immigration	policies . " " Ali
423	and parents to curb illegal	immigration	. " We’re seeing this
424	others who were affected by	immigration	enforcement . " It isn’t
424	Transport Center in Downtown for	immigration	agents to check the immigration
424	immigration agents to check the	immigration	status of arrestees . It’s
424	employee will inquire about someone’s	immigration	status . So immigration agents
424	someone’s immigration status . So	immigration	agents won’t be able to
424	prohibit city employees from notifying	immigration	agents about someone’s pending release
425	proceedings , and attending frequent	immigration	check-ins - he began supporting
425	) Unfortunately , his first	immigration	lawyer missed a deadline .
425	in detention . Why ?	Immigration	said he’s a flight risk
426	Schlaefli with fleeing from an	immigration	checkpoint , carjacking resulting in
427	issues . In respect to	immigration	, the League supports and
428	were ordered . The new	immigration	policy of the Trump administration
428	vote on a pair of	immigration	bills next week - one
428	and make changes to legal	immigration	that he has called for
429	it comes to our broken	immigration	system , " Hurd said
430	it comes to our broken	immigration	system . " " As
431	their cases moved through the	immigration	courts . Part of the
431	before proceeding to the official	immigration	checkpoint . Some Central American
431	while their cases move through	immigration	court . But asylum seekers
431	is devastated , " said	immigration	attorney Eduardo Beckett , who
431	her asylum case from an	immigration	judge . Her grandson Matheus
431	up outside the El Paso	Immigration	Detention Center on Tuesday for
431	a spokesman for Americans for	Immigration	Reform , an organization that
431	and lower levels of legal	immigration	. " They’re just going
432	candidates both agree the nation’s	immigration	system is broken . But
432	fueled the national debate over	immigration	. Pearce , a member
432	border " and fix the	immigration	system . Lujan Grisham ,
432	inhumane . " She visited	immigration	detention centers in San Diego
432	on a " compromise "	immigration	proposal being negotiated by Republican
432	border wall , cut legal	immigration	and end " our obligation
432	a Journal interview request on	immigration	. The intense political pressure
432	The intense political pressure on	immigration	comes after the Trump administration
433	Park to the U.S .	Immigration	and Custom Enforcement’s El Paso
433	said that loopholes in existing	immigration	law make it impossible to
433	children to push its anti-	immigration	policies , as well as
433	department is just enforcing current	immigration	laws and that it is
434	border and fix our broken	immigration	system . We must take
434	comprehensive , bipartisan laws for	immigration	, " " something that’s
434	that’s a good plan for	immigration	in the United States ,
435	is absolutely no heart in	immigration	enforcement anymore . " "
435	. Nationwide , U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement arrests of
435	, who heads an Albuquerque	immigration	law firm with 10 attorneys
435	is absolutely no heart in	immigration	enforcement anymore . " "
435	since spent decades in one	immigration	process or another , applying
435	Saenz explains how U.S .	immigration	policy has affected her children
435	Within six months of an	immigration	raid or other arrest ,
435	legally prohibited from inquiring into	immigration	status , Cesar Chavez Elementary
435	families torn apart by tougher	immigration	enforcement . " " One
435	at risk , it’s always	immigration	status that you think of
435	news of court cases or	immigration	raids . She keeps a
435	is absolutely no heart in	immigration	enforcement anymore . " "
436	Committee , which helps pay	immigration	bonds so immigrants can be
436	RAICES , provides " "	immigration	-related legal services , advocacy
436	One of the ministries is	Immigration	& Refugee Services , which
436	being released by U.S .	Immigration	officials May 7 at the
437	from parents who faced illegal	immigration	charges . However , Tornillo
437	Texas on Wednesday started dismissing	immigration	cases against parents who entered
437	unfortunate . " " Illegal	immigration	is a difficult topic in
437	bad " " about the	immigration	situation , he said .
438	around the country to await	immigration	-court proceedings . The immigrants
438	entry seeking asylum through civil-law	immigration	courts . Legally , they’re
438	country are handled by federal	immigration	courts . Local attorneys have
438	or attorneys . The nearest	immigration	court to Las Cruces is
438	, they’re routed to the	immigration	court . A conviction on
438	on short-term stints to prosecute	immigration	cases , including in Las
438	In light of the federal	immigration	crackdown , Maynard said people
438	School protest the Trump administration’s	immigration	policies . Josh Bachman /
439	criticism over the years from	immigration	attorneys and advocates for warehousing
439	debates the Trump administration’s stepped-up	immigration	enforcement policies at the border
439	County into an U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement detention center
440	protest against the Trump administration’s	immigration	policies Sunday in Tornillo drew
440	said the U.S . government’s	immigration	practices " " have attacked
440	reform of the U.S .	immigration	system , Salazar said .
440	was in San Diego touring	immigration	detention centers when she heard
441	Amid the national debate over	immigration	policy , several prominent New
441	prison and a U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement detention center
441	separation policy , among other	immigration	-related issues . An Attorney
441	in response to Trump administration	immigration	policies . In respective statements
441	not advocate for or against	immigration	enforcement or detention policies .
442	community and families of mixed	immigration	status . New Mexico Dream
442	Customs and Border Patrol and	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , "
442	status , sexual orientation or	immigration	status feels like they are
442	just on the conversation about	immigration	, " she said .
443	amid a national debate over	immigration	policy . " The GEO
443	prison and a U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement detention center
444	criticism over the years from	immigration	attorneys and advocates for warehousing
445	director of communications for Lutheran	Immigration	and Refugee Services , speaking
445	by ICE ( U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ) to
446	a Tuesday afternoon news conference	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement notified the
447	was contacted by U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement last Friday
448	their parents . U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement facilities in
448	whose asylum claim is before	immigration	court . Thursday was the
448	and orders to appear in	immigration	court at their final destination
448	Harsh words Mayor Keller criticized	immigration	policy on national TV news
449	were arrested and detained by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement in December
449	. But the Board of	Immigration	Appeals reinstated the appeal ,
449	scheduled to appear before an	immigration	judge next month to argue
449	all smiles outside the federal	immigration	detention center where they had
449	the ( U.S . )	immigration	process and for criticizing the
450	I teach and practice	immigration	law , and I am
450	has also sought to use	immigration	detention authority to jail parents
450	seekers . Those laws include	Immigration	and Nationality Act provisions that
450	. They also include decades-old	immigration	rules , which prohibit locking
450	time . These provisions require	immigration	officials to release children as
450	also the constitutional law that	immigration	detention may not be used
450	of Law and directs its	Immigration	Clinic .
451	. Indeed , even fervent	immigration	advocates worry that open borders
451	: The solution to America’s	immigration	problems is open borders ,
451	the United States imposes no	immigration	restrictions at all . If
451	outweigh the costs . Illegal	immigration	will disappear , by definition
451	definition . Much commentary on	immigration	Trump and fellow travelers
451	aside - suggests that legal	immigration	is good and that illegal
451	is good and that illegal	immigration	is bad . So ,
451	. So , legalize all	immigration	. Government will then have
451	so on . When all	immigration	is legal , these issues
451	re-enter legally . Expenditure on	immigration	enforcement would shrink to nothing
451	at airports , ICE (	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ) ,
451	deportations , detention centers or	immigration	courts . A 2013 report
451	A 2013 report estimated that	immigration	enforcement cost more than $
451	open borders , any added	immigration	will plausibly come from those
451	, although the rate of	immigration	might increase . Instead ,
451	Instead , much of the	immigration	will be temporary . Return
451	, which has mainly abolished	immigration	restrictions among member states .
451	Little evidence suggests that our	immigration	restrictions prevent terrorist attacks .
452	ruling by the Board of	Immigration	Appeals . Down the road
453	Homeland Security and U.S .	Immigration	Customs Enforcement . Officers found
453	deported to Mexico . An	immigration	detainer was placed on Hernandez-Carrillo
454	to request asylum , or	immigration	courts , or ankle bracelets
455	taken into custody by federal	immigration	authorities on Tuesday . "
455	non-immigrant visitor visa , "	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement spokeswoman Leticia
456	taken into custody by federal	immigration	authorities . The others have
457	taken into custody by federal	immigration	authorities . The three remaining
458	The American	Immigration	Council and American Immigration Lawyer’s
458	American Immigration Council and American	Immigration	Lawyer’s Association filed a joint
458	violations of due process .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement officials could
458	executive director of the American	Immigration	Lawyers Association , during a
458	their asylum process moved through	immigration	court . " Similar group
458	National Advocacy Counsel with the	Immigration	Justice Campaign , in a
459	to protest the U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agency’s treatment
459	transgender people being held in	immigration	detention facilities . " This
460	make it more difficult for	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agents to
460	a formal order regarding federal	immigration	enforcement in New Mexico courthouses
460	for U.S . Citizenship and	Immigration	Services in Texas did not
461	would make it harder for	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agents to
462	detainees in the custody of	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement have obscured
462	sexual assault and harassment in	immigration	detention " " are not
463	while still drawing contrasts on	immigration	and other topics . In
464	pivoted to a critique of	immigration	policy under the Obama Administration
465	skepticism about Trump’s portrayal of	immigration	and border security situations amid
465	" and much of the	immigration	that is occurring stems from
466	border region medical facilities ,	immigration	attorneys and judges and contracts
467	of migrants just released from	immigration	detention in El Paso .
467	years ago , U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement provided a
467	date to appear at an	immigration	office nearby . More than
468	every day , U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement releases asylum-seeking
469	the holding of children in	immigration	detention facilities for more than
469	migrants released by U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , the
470	address the need for comprehensive	immigration	reform and smart border security
470	change the fact that the	immigration	detention and processing system is
470	unconscionable actions of the federal	immigration	system , to promote himself
470	do not contribute to comprehensive	immigration	reform and border security .
471	to turn themselves in to	immigration	authorities there , to ask
471	order of appearance ( for	immigration	court ) , but they
471	said Theresa Brown , an	immigration	expert with the Bipartisan Policy
471	quickly ended up in an	immigration	detention center and was deported
473	country to have a functional	immigration	system . Humanitarian aid to
473	to sponsors . However the	immigration	system is broken . There
473	for systemic change for the	immigration	system . Kathy Nickodemus ,
472	is a clear and moral	immigration	system , which includes a
472	including a clear and moral	immigration	system . " " Rep
474	local arm of Trump’s federal	immigration	agencies . The last thing
475	week , a U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agent visits
475	and that includes denying federal	immigration	agents access to non-public areas
475	the purpose of enforcing federal	immigration	law " unless they have
475	used to discern an individual’s	immigration	status or apprehend anyone solely
475	on the basis of their	immigration	status , unless otherwise required
475	from asking individuals about their	immigration	status , citizenship , place
475	does not track inmates ’	immigration	status , but it does
476	its personnel have notified federal	immigration	officers when certain inmates are
476	have occasionally called U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement about particular
476	resources to identify any individual’s	immigration	status or apprehend anyone based
476	apprehend anyone based solely on	immigration	status , unless otherwise required
476	resources to help enforce federal	immigration	law . It also bans
476	the county will refuse federal	immigration	agents access to nonpublic areas
476	the purpose of enforcing federal	immigration	law unless they have a
476	. " It places "	immigration	detainers " on those it
477	release Thursday from U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ( ICE
477	operation carried out by federal	immigration	officials Monday . ( Submitted
478	warn that unless Congress overhauls	immigration	laws to remove the incentive
478	days . A backlog in	immigration	court means families can remain
479	after they are released from	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement detention .
480	threat . Guatemalan convicted in	immigration	case LAS CRUCES - Prosecutors
482	Under	immigration	law , the United States
482	individual is in custody ,	immigration	authorities do an initial interview
482	to appear " before an	immigration	judge - bypassing the credible
482	order to appear before an	immigration	judge , which is usually
482	being taken into custody by	immigration	authorities during that time .
482	more than 800,000 cases in	immigration	courts . The length of
481	among a growing number of	immigration	attorneys , advocates and journalists
481	his political views , the	immigration	lawyer said they wanted to
483	are equipped to address our	immigration	challenges in safe and humane
484	released from a New Mexico	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement detention center
485	whom were being held on	immigration	offenses and one of whom
485	the attention of U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement a day
485	was a Mexican citizen without	immigration	documents , according to court
486	injury claim against U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement and the
487	up to Congress to change	immigration	law . Last week ,
487	being transferred to U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , or
488	and without complying with the	immigration	processes . People have historically
489	a series of articles on	immigration	at the southern border ,
490	to house migrants detained by	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement . The
490	burdening an overtaxed system of	immigration	courts , but they provide
490	of them are there on	immigration	-related charges . The federal
490	wend their way through administrative	immigration	courts . A report in
490	, including ones that are	immigration	-related . As of April
490	up about 58,000 people on	immigration	offenses , according to that
490	held in New Mexico on	immigration	-related charges in recent years
490	of inmates being held on	immigration	-related offenses has increased by
490	of federal inmates detained for	immigration	-related offenses , Brice said
490	on drug charges - not	immigration	-related crimes . " "
490	for more " " illegal	immigration	" " .
491	Homeland Security , ICE (	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ) and
491	We are not in the	immigration	business , but we are
491	Paso Sector has shut down	immigration	checkpoints and moved agents to
492	in recent weeks depict an	immigration	detention system dangerously overstuffed and
493	Along with trade ,	immigration	has been one of President
493	is the turmoil at Trump’s	immigration	agencies . His Department of
493	years in office , illegal	immigration	was at multiyear lows .
493	changes that could discourage illegal	immigration	, such as changing asylum
493	To survey Trump’s actions on	immigration	, however , is to
494	horrifying " " system of	immigration	detention at the nation’s southern
494	a crowd of media ,	immigration	activists and protesters at a
494	of the news conference .	Immigration	activists chanted " " No
494	children must be treated in	immigration	detention - reported children in
494	out standards of care for	immigration	detention centers , but that
494	209 million to U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement to pay
494	to beef up the overtaxed	immigration	court system , including hiring
495	Patrol processing facilities , federal	immigration	detention centers , and private
495	rights of detainees . Denying	immigration	and asylum applicants the ability
495	a bond offends U.S .	immigration	laws and the Constitution .
495	charged with a crime ;	immigration	law provides a bond process
495	. The alleged behavior of	immigration	officials engaging in inappropriate and
495	reflect a culture permeating the	immigration	enforcement community . These "
495	the desensitization employed in the	immigration	enforcement training and operational philosophy
495	created by the U.S .	immigration	enforcement system . We are
495	of international and U.S .	immigration	law . We now know
496	to Mexico to await their	immigration	hearings in the U.S .
496	asylum hearings in U.S .	immigration	court . ’ A lot
496	" Maikel said . Her	immigration	court date is scheduled for
496	" he said . Aguilera’s	immigration	court date is Aug .
496	his asylum case moved through	immigration	court . His most pressing
497	have died in U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement custody since
497	. Setting aside the larger	immigration	question , it’s clearly an
498	allegations of sexual abuse in	immigration	detention settings involving employees of
498	citizens who had encounters with	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ( ICE
498	to a new analysis of	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement data by
498	Enforcement data by the American	Immigration	Council . The AIC had
499	America’s southern border , after	immigration	lawyers began reporting on the
499	situation - confirmed reports by	immigration	lawyers that agents have asked
499	that . " " As	immigration	flows change , the scene
499	seen as a hard-liner on	immigration	issues . He has often
500	a previous letter concerning the	immigration	situation on our southern border
500	does enforcing our laws on	immigration	constitute " " dehumanizing an
501	region . A surge in	immigration	in the region this year
501	their hearings in U.S .	immigration	court so far this year
501	during a period of increased	immigration	of families and children ,
501	been the site of temporary	immigration	holding facilities , including for
501	temporary facility . U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement is operating
501	civil - not criminal -	immigration	process , meaning they may
501	while their case snakes through	immigration	court . A $ 2
501	record number of people in	immigration	detention . That number doesn’t
502	while their cases move through	immigration	court . " " By
502	are decided in U.S .	immigration	court . There’s also been
503	to take action to reform	immigration	laws . " " This
503	was met with criticism from	immigration	advocates . Avideh Moussavian ,
503	legislative director for the National	Immigration	Law Center , said in
504	while their cases move through	immigration	court . " " Children
504	We all recognize that our	immigration	system is broken , but
505	does enforcing our laws on	immigration	constitute ’ dehumanizing an entire
506	is due process . Existing	immigration	policy gives the government a
506	requests will pass muster with	immigration	courts , nor should they
506	days provides enough time for	immigration	officials to review claims and
506	parts of a broadly dysfunctional	immigration	system . As a nation
506	our borders , block illegal	immigration	and regulate legal immigration .
506	illegal immigration and regulate legal	immigration	. Temporarily detaining legal migrants
507	before the August U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement raids in
507	to decide what kind of	immigration	that we want , "
507	want secure borders with legal	immigration	? Or do we want
507	officer started questioning her brother’s	immigration	status , she said ,
507	in 2013 . " "	Immigration	came into the jail and
507	is part of the federal	immigration	regulatory process . According to
507	employers , Benner said .	Immigration	advocates said mass raids seem
507	, to address issues surrounding	immigration	. He blames the problems
508	prison and a U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement detention center
508	during a national debate over	immigration	policy , and several prominent
509	separated from their parents by	immigration	agents , neighborhoods with dangerous
510	U.S . to wait for	immigration	courts to rule on their
510	? As with most things	immigration	-related , the answer is
510	with the goal of avoiding	immigration	authorities , and living and
510	says Memphis , Tennessee ,	immigration	attorney Lily Axelrod , who
510	from U.S . Citizenship and	Immigration	Services to determine whether they
510	policy in court . At	immigration	authorities ’ discretion , single
510	States and wait for an	immigration	court hearing , which can
510	times vary by state ,	immigration	court cases are pending an
510	New York . In Memphis	Immigration	Court , for instance ,
510	have virtually no contact with	immigration	authorities . But in other
510	But in other cases ,	immigration	officials monitor asylum-seekers closely .
510	closely . The U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement agency runs
510	been waiting to see an	immigration	judge ever since . The
510	the federal government and the	immigration	court system . In fiscal
510	awaiting court decisions on their	immigration	status . What do asylum
510	. Kathryn Maceri , an	immigration	attorney in Memphis , Tennessee
510	are seeking certain types of	immigration	relief . " " But
510	. " " The (	immigration	) judges don’t usually ask
510	are subject to the same	immigration	court proceedings as their parents
510	deported , too . While	immigration	cases are pending , many
510	asylum seekers to win their	immigration	cases ? Not very likely
510	Although the rate at which	immigration	judges grant asylum varies by
510	the federal Executive Office for	Immigration	Review , a branch of
510	12 of the nation’s 62	immigration	courts grant asylum more than
510	to the Executive Office of	Immigration	Review , 44 percent of
510	population of all migrants in	immigration	proceedings - end with an
510	" said Maceri , the	immigration	attorney . " " I
511	United Church of Santa Fe	Immigration	Task Force , we are
511	asking the wrong questions about	immigration	. They are asking :
511	lens through which they view	immigration	. The real questions we
511	our leaders to look at	immigration	in a way that honors
511	is a member of the	Immigration	Task Force of the United
512	commit suicide this month .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement confirmed two
512	decision from a U.S .	immigration	court . Acosta-Columbie said he
512	. His hearing before an	immigration	judge is scheduled for December
512	of Cuban asylum cases by	immigration	judges who believe relocation within
513	to await a decision from	immigration	court on their asylum cases
514	These are numbers that no	immigration	system in the world can
514	children cannot be held in	immigration	detention for more than 20
514	await a decision from an	immigration	court on their asylum cases
514	cases by a U.S .	immigration	court . Perez acknowledged a
515	tout a drop in illegal	immigration	Tuesday at the Southwest border
515	their day in U.S .	immigration	court . More than 55,000
517	conditions for detainees at all	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement detention facilities
517	inhumane treatment at U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement ( ICE
517	long-term detention for people in	immigration	proceedings , including the "
519	Paso spokeswoman for U.S .	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement , which
519	cases wind their way through	immigration	court . The immigrant detention
519	year , mostly on civil	immigration	violations . The detainees live
520	capacity issues " " at	Immigration	and Customs Enforcement detention centers
520	assistance and wariness that the	immigration	process was being abused .
520	federal government for leaving an	immigration	problem on the city’s sidewalks
520	differences in the community over	immigration	, Sanchez said the humanitarian

It is possible to plot the location of keywords in the context of each document in the corpus. As this corpus consists of news items, which are generally short, and there will be many texts, the method may not be particularly valuable. Still, it is possible to plot the location of a given key word across all texts and this method is an extension of the kwic function. In the plot below, text names are shortened to their key for figure readability.

# Shorten the article names for the plot
docid <- paste(df_corpus$Key)
docnames(df_corpus) <- docid

df_tokens <- corpus_sample(df_corpus, size = 50) %>% tokens()

textplot_xray(
  kwic(df_tokens, pattern = "immigration"),
  kwic(df_tokens, pattern = "detention")
)

Figure 2.2: Lexical dispersion plot applied to random sample of 50 individual texts in the corpus. Note the scales are relative.

# Reset the article names as titles
docid <- paste(df_corpus$Title,
               df_corpus$Publication.Year,
               df_corpus$Author,
               sep = "-")
docnames(df_corpus) <- docid

In the second example of lexical dispersion plots, all of the documents in the corpus are merged into a single longer text rather than many short individual texts. Once merged, the same technique of lexical dispersion of keywords is applied to the corpus. In this second version of a lexical dispersion plot, the figure shows the location of the key terms in the entire body of news articles grouped and concatenated.

In reading the CSV file, Craig enforced sorting by date programmatically to ensure the documents are arranged chronologically. This step is performed after the readtext function and before the corpus function.

df_corpus_group <- corpus_group(df_corpus, groups = Archive)
textplot_xray(
  kwic(df_corpus_group, pattern = "immigration"),
  kwic(df_corpus_group, pattern = "detention"),
  kwic(df_corpus_group, pattern = "alien"),
  kwic(df_corpus_group, pattern = "illegal"),
  kwic(df_corpus_group, pattern = "criminal")
  )+
labs(
  title = "Lexical Dispersion Plot Applied to Merged Corpus"
)

Figure 2.3: Lexical dispersion plot applied to merged corpus.

remove(df_corpus_group)

2.3 Making a Document Feature Matrix

When constructing a DFM it is often common to remove stopwords, or commonly used terms in any language. Examples include terms like: the, is, at, on, by. Another common procedure in DFM construction is stemming which is the process of reducing inflected words to their word stem. A third procedure common to DFM construction is the removal of punctuation, as the DFM represents a bag of words.

DiagrammeR::mermaid("
                    graph LR
                    Works --> Work
                    Worked --> Work
                    Workers --> Work
                    Working --> Work
                    end
                    ")

Figure 2.4: Schematic diagram illustrating the concept of stemming.

df_tokens <- tokens(df_corpus, remove_punct = TRUE)

df_dfm <- df_tokens %>% 
  dfm() %>% 
  dfm_remove(stopwords("english")) %>% 
  dfm_wordstem()

convert(df_dfm, to = "data.frame") %>% 
  select(doc_id, alleg, coyot,also,bust,dozen,illeg,mexican, immigr,work,west) %>% 
  head() %>% 
  kable(
    caption = "Subset of DFM illustrating its general structure as a bag-of-words by article."
  ) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed"))

Table 2.4: Subset of DFM illustrating its general structure as a bag-of-words by article.

doc_id	alleg	coyot	also	bust	dozen	illeg	mexican	immigr	work	west
INS Arrests 12 Illegals on West Side-1995-Sanchez, Tom.1	2	3	1	1	2	9	1	6	6	1
Illegals Arrested at Work Site-1995-Sanchez, Tom.1	1	2	0	0	2	12	1	9	3	1
Borders No Barrier to Singer’s Success-1995-Steinberg, David.1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	4	0
A story in Wednesday’s Albuquerque Journal incorrectly stated that Juan Sierra Macia had been arrested Wednesday on murder charges. Police filed a warrant Wednesday charging him with a homicide, but the warrant has not been served. The error was made in reporting. SUSPECT SHOWED OFF GUN: POLICE-1995-Crowder, Carla.1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	2	0
Metro Watch-1995-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Metro Watch-1995-Staff Writer.2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0

2.3.1 Examine Most Common Features

From the DFM, one can access the 50 most frequently occurring features.

topfeatures(df_dfm, 50) %>% 
  kable(
    caption = "Subset of DFM illustrating its general structure as a bag-of-words by article."
  ) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed")) %>% 
  scroll_box(height = "300px")

Table 2.5: Subset of DFM illustrating its general structure as a bag-of-words by article.

	x
said	3724
immigr	2823
border	1499
counti	1374
new	1338
state	1258
mexico	1246
offic	1158
	1156
charg	1041
peopl	994
polic	968
las	927
detent	920
feder	905
center	879
cruce	876
detain	866
year	839
children	808
law	797
illeg	793
famili	779
court	753
one	743
enforc	704
depart	677
el	675
also	660
ice	653
two	648
$	639
time	630
accord	593
say	589
arrest	576
report	566
countri	562
paso	555
work	552
agent	552
go	544
offici	533
can	531
ana	518
get	494
call	494
servic	492
jail	487
patrol	485

2.3.2 Visualize Most Common Features

df_frequency <- df_dfm %>% 
  textstat_frequency(.,n =50)
df_frequency$feature <- with(df_frequency, reorder(feature, -frequency)) 

df_frequency %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=feature, y = frequency))+
  geom_point(aes(color = docfreq))+
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust =)
  )+
  labs(title = "Feature Frequency in Corpus",
       subtitle = "Document frequency represented by color",
       caption = "Source: NewsMax",
       color = "Document\nFrequency")+
  xlab("Feature")+
  ylab("Frequency")

remove(df_frequency)

2.3.3 Visualize Most Common Features as Wordcloud

The corpus is re-tokenized this time without stemming but removing punctuation, numbers, and symbols. From this second unstemmed DFM, a wordcloud is created. Wordclouds are visualizations that illustrate feature frequency and can help communicate and understand the structure of term frequencies. In this case, the feature “said” is the most common term and appears the largest. Other common terms are: border, immigrants, immigration, and illegal. Wordclouds and feature frequencies can help shape other kinds of explorations like KWIC analsis mentioned above.

# Recreating DFM without stemming
# For making a wordcloud

df_tokens <- tokens(df_corpus,
                    remove_punct = TRUE,
                    remove_numbers = TRUE,
                    remove_symbols = TRUE)

df_dfm <- df_tokens %>% 
  dfm() %>% 
  dfm_remove(stopwords("english"))

set.seed(500)
textplot_wordcloud(df_dfm, min_count = 15,
                   min_size = 0.5,
                   max_size = 8,
                   random_order = FALSE,
                   rotation = 0.25,
                   color = RColorBrewer::brewer.pal(8, "Dark2"))

2.3.4 Group Documents by Document Variables

One might be interested in examining documents based on a given variable, like author, year, or article type (news story vs. opinion editorial). Below the DFM is grouped by author and feature frequences are shown under each author.

df_corpus %>% 
  tokens(remove_punct = TRUE) %>% 
  tokens_remove(stopwords("en")) %>% 
  dfm() %>% 
  dfm_group(groups = Author) %>% 
  dfm_sort() %>% 
  
  # Formatting output
  convert(.,to = "data.frame") %>% 
  select(doc_id, said, county, border, immigrants, mexico, new, immigration, illegal, police) %>% 
  kable(
  caption = "Subset of DFM with documents grouped by Author to illustrate structure."
  ) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed")) %>% 
  scroll_box(height = "300px")

Table 2.6: Subset of DFM with documents grouped by Author to illustrate structure.

doc_id	said	county	border	immigrants	mexico	new	immigration	illegal	police
Adriana Gómez Licón	3	0	0	1	3	5	4	1	0
Aguilar, Julian	7	0	1	0	0	1	5	0	0
Alba, Diana	28	0	2	7	0	0	1	0	0
Alba, Diana M.	84	26	27	17	23	25	14	13	3
Anderson, Lindsey	17	0	4	2	1	2	2	0	0
Andres, Carlos	15	0	5	1	3	3	6	0	0
Archibeque, Jennifer	14	4	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Baca, Marie C.	9	1	2	0	9	9	5	0	0
Baker, Deborah	14	2	0	4	4	9	11	1	3
Balke, Daniel	0	0	1	1	0	1	6	0	0
Baltazar Martinez, Sandra	12	2	0	0	4	3	6	0	1
Beasley, Dana	4	0	0	1	4	3	1	0	0
Bergfeldt, Carina	14	1	15	3	4	4	1	4	0
Bernal, Dolores M.	8	0	10	0	1	1	6	0	0
Boetel, Ryan	33	32	0	11	12	15	28	2	1
Borunda, Daniel	65	2	28	9	16	4	27	4	10
Borunda, Daniel; Ybarra, Maggie	18	3	3	0	2	0	1	0	1
Boyd, Dan	26	2	4	11	16	24	11	5	2
Boyd, Dan; Mckay, Dan	10	0	3	2	1	6	1	0	0
Bracamontes, Ramon	3	2	0	0	2	0	4	0	0
Brunt, Charles D.	1	0	0	4	4	6	1	3	2
Buey, Kevin	4	5	1	0	2	2	1	0	3
Bureau, Vic Vela	9	6	0	3	1	2	8	7	2
Calloway, Larry	8	0	0	0	1	3	1	0	0
Carrillo, Edmundo	29	4	0	0	0	1	3	1	0
Chá, Adriana M.	10	1	1	2	2	0	2	2	1
Chávez, Adriana M.	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Chávez, Adriana M.; Bracamontes, Ramon	10	2	0	1	2	0	1	0	1
Cochran, Barbara	1	0	0	0	4	1	3	0	0
Cole, Thomas J.	4	53	0	0	0	4	2	0	0
Coleman, Michael	86	1	35	25	26	55	30	16	5
Coleman, Michael; Soussan, Tania	42	0	0	2	5	12	1	1	2
Coleman, Michael; Villagran, Lauren	13	0	13	0	4	5	13	0	0
Connolly, Daniel	9	0	11	12	5	3	27	1	0
Contreras, Guillermo	75	2	7	21	10	22	24	2	7
Contreras, Russell	7	4	0	2	2	2	8	0	0
Crowder, Carla	36	47	1	0	4	19	3	0	6
D’Ammassa, Algernon	26	12	13	0	7	12	5	1	0
Daniels, Bruce	18	3	0	4	5	2	7	1	6
Davis, Ouisa	0	0	3	3	5	0	10	0	0
Dawe, William	0	0	0	0	1	2	2	4	0
Ditzler, Joseph	8	1	8	6	3	2	1	0	7
Dominguez-Lund, Debra	0	0	0	3	1	1	0	1	0
Dominguez, Debra	8	0	2	6	4	2	4	6	0
Dunlap, Lisa	4	14	11	6	5	5	3	2	0
Dyer, Jessica	22	28	0	2	3	13	15	0	0
Figueroa, Lorena	6	0	0	0	5	1	1	0	0
Flores, Aileen B.	45	0	16	4	4	0	9	0	2
Gaines, Barry	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	0
Gallagher, Mike	53	0	0	6	2	2	7	0	26
Galvan, Astrid	12	0	0	5	1	1	3	1	3
Gibbs, Jason	13	14	10	6	1	1	6	0	2
Gilman, Denise	1	0	1	0	0	0	7	0	0
Gilot, Louie	17	6	18	12	5	4	5	6	5
Glover, Cindy	5	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1
Gonzales, María Cortés	24	0	1	1	2	1	4	0	0
Gonzalez, Maria Cortes	35	4	5	3	1	6	5	2	0
Guest Editorial	1	0	0	2	0	0	3	3	0
Gumprecht, Blake	19	13	4	0	5	6	1	0	0
Hanson, Victor Davis	1	0	1	0	1	0	2	2	0
Haussamen, Heath	3	1	5	14	9	4	6	1	0
Hay, Kiera	13	1	0	4	1	1	7	2	7
Heidgerd, Diana	2	0	0	2	0	0	2	1	0
Heinrich, Martin	0	0	3	0	2	3	10	0	0
Holzka, Kathryn	14	0	0	0	3	6	3	1	0
Holzka, Kathy	30	1	0	0	4	6	6	0	0
Hughes, Hank	0	0	2	0	0	0	5	0	0
Jacques, Richard	26	5	0	1	9	1	9	6	9
Jadrnak, Jackie	22	13	0	1	1	4	6	1	0
Jennings, Trip	0	2	1	2	13	14	3	0	0
Johnson, Erica Molina; Sanchez, Stephanie	25	1	0	1	0	0	3	0	0
Jones, Jeff	49	16	8	17	20	22	20	22	15
Jones, Jeff; Burford, Katie	31	2	0	0	1	1	1	0	11
Journal Staff Report	19	11	0	6	26	30	21	3	17
Journal Staff Writer	11	3	0	0	1	1	3	0	0
Kaplan, Elise	4	1	0	0	2	2	2	0	1
Kellogg, Joshua	8	13	0	2	0	1	10	2	1
King, Martin W.G.	0	0	0	1	0	1	2	0	0
Kocherga, Angela	186	19	137	10	60	51	58	6	2
Kolenc, Vic	16	11	0	0	2	9	2	0	0
Licón, Adriana Gómez	10	1	1	1	1	1	2	0	2
Linan, Ali	11	0	3	1	1	3	4	0	0
Linthicum, Leslie	15	0	11	1	2	5	2	1	0
Lohmann, Patrick	24	0	0	0	2	1	1	0	3
Lopez, Carlos Andres	14	4	4	1	8	2	5	0	8
Lozano, Juan A.	21	1	0	10	6	6	1	9	4
Lyman, Andy	13	0	1	0	3	3	3	0	0
Macaraeg, Sarah	16	9	0	1	7	11	4	0	0
Mahesh, S.U.	14	4	0	0	4	1	3	1	15
Martinez, Aaron	57	1	52	1	2	4	10	0	0
Martinez, Rozanna M.	21	8	0	0	3	0	9	2	48
Massey, Barry	1	3	0	0	5	6	1	0	0
Mauritson, Martha	5	4	0	0	0	0	1	0	2
McCamley, Bill	0	0	1	3	0	4	7	0	0
McClannahan, Rory	21	15	0	0	3	3	3	3	5
Mckay, Dan	36	13	7	6	2	10	24	5	9
Mckay, Dan; Sandlin, Scott	15	3	0	0	0	0	3	0	0
Medina, Jose L.	57	36	24	24	8	10	26	14	5
Meeks, Ashley	57	24	15	2	16	13	23	3	33
Molinar-arvizo, Karla	1	0	5	0	9	8	0	1	0
Monteleone, James	16	0	5	7	4	5	8	0	0
n.a.	72	19	51	26	21	23	20	25	12
Nathanson, Rick	42	8	6	20	13	15	14	1	5
Olmstead, Donna	0	0	0	8	5	9	9	0	0
Olson, Sean	60	21	1	4	0	7	8	2	2
Opinion Piece	16	59	51	33	53	62	58	43	10
Pacheco, Jerry	0	9	9	2	8	3	3	3	0
Palmer, J.	5	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	2
Parker, Richard	1	0	2	4	2	3	5	7	0
Pawloski, Jeremy	29	21	0	0	0	0	2	0	0
Perez, Janet	3	0	11	1	5	3	11	0	0
Proctor, Jeff	70	6	1	3	18	21	21	4	32
Ragan, Tom	19	2	11	14	4	3	2	12	4
Ramirez, Steve	47	8	46	17	15	12	4	17	0
Rayburn, Rosalie	13	4	0	3	1	1	4	0	1
Reed, Ollie	21	2	0	1	1	2	1	0	0
Reisen, Matthew	8	2	6	0	5	5	4	0	0
report, Sun-News	1	5	2	0	5	5	2	0	0
Reports	2	0	0	0	2	2	3	0	0
Roberts, Kathaleen	13	0	3	1	2	2	2	0	1
Robinson, Matt	0	2	2	0	6	6	1	1	1
Rodriguez, Juan Carlos	22	5	0	1	3	3	11	4	5
Romero, Simon	33	1	38	0	2	10	4	0	0
Romo, Rene	131	29	67	39	34	20	50	23	17
Rosales-Ortiz, Uriel	0	0	7	0	4	4	1	0	0
Ross, Alex	10	0	9	0	1	7	5	0	0
Roybal, Rebecca	24	1	3	0	2	0	1	0	4
Rubel, Walter	1	1	4	0	3	3	4	1	0
Ruelas-Venegas, Renee	5	3	0	0	3	0	1	0	0
Ruffner, Brent	18	5	8	2	3	1	5	4	14
Salazar, Martin	6	3	0	0	14	7	1	0	4
Salinas, Carmela	1	0	1	2	2	4	1	0	0
Sanchez, Sara	10	0	1	0	4	0	5	0	0
Sanchez, Tom	22	0	2	12	3	1	2	18	0
Sandlin, Scott	36	0	0	2	15	20	9	3	10
Santo, Diane Dal	0	0	1	0	1	1	4	1	0
Sharpe, Tom	30	3	0	0	0	2	2	0	3
Shepard, Maggie	2	2	0	8	4	4	4	0	8
Shoup, Steve	8	2	1	8	2	0	2	5	0
Sinovic, Steve	4	4	0	1	4	4	1	0	0
Soular, Diana Alba	141	76	14	26	20	26	56	0	2
Staff Reporter	6	2	0	0	1	0	1	1	3
Staff writer	14	4	0	0	1	1	1	0	0
Staff Writer	252	260	195	110	200	275	283	89	361
Staley, James	14	5	4	0	3	4	3	0	14
Stallings, Dianne L.	1	6	2	0	2	1	2	0	2
Standifer, Cid	88	10	28	24	8	11	45	7	66
Steinberg, David	6	0	1	0	4	3	1	0	0
Sun-News report	16	36	7	1	18	25	19	12	32
Sun News Report	5	4	2	5	4	2	11	3	2
Swetlitz, Ike	13	15	2	0	7	9	11	1	0
The Associated Press	17	1	3	6	9	7	2	6	4
Thowsare	24	0	7	6	3	6	6	2	0
Toney, Lauren E.	12	17	2	0	2	3	2	1	0
Tucker, Jeff	63	1	57	42	10	11	39	50	1
Tuley, Sarah	2	0	4	3	0	0	4	0	0
Turnbell, Michael	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Turner, Scott	43	7	4	3	8	11	10	0	1
Uyttebrouck, Oliver	10	0	0	1	0	0	3	0	1
Valdez, Diana Washington	29	0	28	2	4	11	8	2	1
Valdez, Diana Washington; Ortega, Marisela	11	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	5
Varuola, Bill	5	5	1	2	1	4	7	5	0
Vela, Vic	49	27	0	6	2	5	18	10	6
Villagran, Lauren	75	29	125	45	67	67	88	5	0
Villagran, Lauren Courcy	9	1	13	0	0	1	7	0	0
Villegas, Bobby	0	0	0	0	1	2	14	0	8
Vogel, Chris	7	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	3
Washington Valdez, Diana	46	4	15	1	16	5	10	0	6
Waters, Beth	8	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Wilham, T.J.	5	0	1	3	0	2	3	3	2
Wilson, Katie	16	0	1	1	1	0	9	0	0
Wong, Raam	8	0	0	0	1	1	2	0	0
Wong, Raam; Willson, Kate	12	0	0	2	0	0	3	3	2

It is also possible to grouping words based on a dictionary. When there is prior knowledge that a set of words indicate particular traits whose measurement is of interest, it can be useful to create a dictionary (or apply an existing one). One might want to tally words related to positive or negative sentiment. Here, we will construct groups of words that are treated as equivalent and are then tallied.

# Construct a small sample dictionary
dict <- dictionary(
  list(crime = c("crime", "criminal", "illegal", "fugitive"),
       migrant = c("immigrant", "migrant", "alien", "nonresident", "non-resident"),
       incarceration = c("detention", "inmate", "prison", "jail"))
)

df_corpus %>% 
  tokens() %>% 
  tokens_lookup(dictionary = dict) %>% 
  dfm() %>% 
  
  # Formatting output
  convert(.,to = "data.frame") %>% 
  kable(
  caption = "DFM grouped by sample custom dictionary composed of the terms \"crime,\" \"migrant,\" and \"incarceration.\""
  ) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed")) %>% 
  scroll_box(height = "300px")

Table 2.7: DFM grouped by sample custom dictionary composed of the terms “crime,” “migrant,” and “incarceration.”

doc_id	crime	migrant	incarceration
INS Arrests 12 Illegals on West Side-1995-Sanchez, Tom.1	8	1	2
Illegals Arrested at Work Site-1995-Sanchez, Tom.1	10	2	2
Borders No Barrier to Singer’s Success-1995-Steinberg, David.1	0	0	1
A story in Wednesday’s Albuquerque Journal incorrectly stated that Juan Sierra Macia had been arrested Wednesday on murder charges. Police filed a warrant Wednesday charging him with a homicide, but the warrant has not been served. The error was made in reporting. SUSPECT SHOWED OFF GUN: POLICE-1995-Crowder, Carla.1	0	0	1
Metro Watch-1995-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
Metro Watch-1995-Staff Writer.2	0	0	1
Deportation Try Fails: ‘I Sort of Wasn’t There’-1996-Sharpe, Tom.1	0	0	4
Guatemalan Women Allege Sex Assault by Border Agent-1996-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
Traffic Stops Net 107 Illegals-1996-Ragan, Tom.1	7	0	5
107 Illegals Caught in Traffic Stops-1996-Ragan, Tom.1	5	0	2
Dole: Ok Immigration Bill-1996-Parker, Richard.1	7	0	1
Cuban Drug Takeover-1996-Gallagher, Mike.1	10	1	6
Chavez Wants Feds to Look at Refugees, Drugs-1996-Gallagher, Mike.1	0	0	1
Cuban Denies Immigration Charge-1996-Staff Writer.1	2	2	2
Woman Denies Immigration Scam-1996-Staff Writer.1	2	2	2
Ins Joins Cuban Narcotics Cleanup-1996-Gallagher, Mike.1	2	0	1
Mayor Seeks Help in Drug War-1996-Glover, Cindy.1	1	0	1
Mayor Gets Ideas on Crime-1996-Turnbell, Michael.1	0	0	1
Ins to Prosecute Forger-1997-Sharpe, Tom.1	2	1	3
Convicted Forger Faces Arraignment-1997-Mahesh, S.U..1	0	1	2
Cubans Among 21 Sought in Local Drug Crackdown-1997-Sandlin, Scott.1	3	0	4
Counties Catching Prison Fever-1997-Crowder, Carla.1	2	0	46
Neighbors’ Complaints Lead to Deportations-1997-Shoup, Steve.1	5	0	1
Johnson Shoulda Listened This Time-1997-Calloway, Larry.1	0	0	1
Immigrant Indicted in Slaying of His Friend-1997-Mahesh, S.U..1	2	1	1
Family Protests Re-Entry Charge-1998-Romo, Rene.1	3	1	5
Feds Must Detain Convicted Cubans-1998-Santo, Diane Dal.1	4	3	6
Cop Impersonator Suspect Arrested-1998-Jones, Jeff.1	2	0	1
Shoplifting Busts Lead to Stash of Hot Items-1998-Jones, Jeff.1	3	0	2
Charges Added in Immigrant Fraud-1998-Daniels, Bruce.1	1	0	2
Murder Charges Dismissed Due to Delay-1999-Daniels, Bruce.1	0	0	2
2 Dozen Migrants in Wreck-1999-Lozano, Juan A..1	9	0	1
More Illegal Immigrants Caught in N.M.-1999-The Associated Press.1	5	0	1
Two Men Freed Into INS Custody-1999-Daniels, Bruce.1	1	0	4
Border Patrol Seizes Marijuana Shipment-1999-The Associated Press.1	1	0	1
INS Agent Pleads Innocent to Bribery-1999-Romo, Rene.1	0	0	1
N.M. Private Prisons Face Less Regulation-1999-Massey, Barry.1	0	0	14
Tragedy Bewilders Deming-1999-Roybal, Rebecca.1	1	0	1
600 Illegal Immigrants Held This Month-2000-Contreras, Guillermo.1	1	1	1
Store Owner Arrested-2000-McClannahan, Rory.1	5	0	1
Owner of Moriarty Military Shop Waives Court Hearing-2000-McClannahan, Rory.1	2	0	4
More Inmates, More Guards, Warden Says-2000-Staff writer.1	1	7	16
Ins Tactics Called Inconsistent-2000-Staff Writer.1	5	0	1
Dangerous Crossings-2000-Romo, Rene.1	1	0	3
2nd Suspect Remains a Mystery-2000-Mahesh, S.U..1	3	0	5
2 Boys Accused of Stealing Ins Car Loaded with Ammo-2000-Contreras, Guillermo.1	0	0	3
Documents Show 3 Convicted for Counterfeiting-2001-Contreras, Guillermo.1	1	0	1
Torrance Jail May Import Prisoners-2001-Archibeque, Jennifer.1	0	0	12
Alliant and LandM get federal contracts-2001-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
INS Could Send Detainees To Torrance County Prison-2001-McClannahan, Rory.1	0	0	11
Immigrants Await INS Questioning-2001-Staff Writer.1	6	0	2
Man Faces Charges of Transporting Illegals-2001-Contreras, Guillermo.1	2	1	1
Freedom From Fear Pitted Against Personal Freedoms-2001-Coleman, Michael; Soussan, Tania.1	2	1	2
Questions Raised About Immigrants’ Rights-2001-Contreras, Guillermo.1	2	2	5
Detentions Spark Protest-2001-Ditzler, Joseph.1	0	2	4
Man Denies Lying to INS-2002-Contreras, Guillermo.1	0	0	1
Judge Releases Immigrant-2002-Contreras, Guillermo.1	0	0	2
Different way of life-2002-Coleman, Michael.1	0	0	1
Cops: Suspect Spoke Of Killing His Wife-2003-Jones, Jeff; Burford, Katie.1	0	0	1
Arab Says He Refused to Spy-2003-Romo, Rene.1	0	0	1
Arab: FBI Asked Him to Spy-2003-Romo, Rene.1	0	0	1
PATRIOT Act Report Paints Troubling Picture-2003-n.a..1	3	0	1
Man Charged With Raping 7-Year-Old-2004-n.a..1	3	2	1
Iraqi Charged With Attempted Murder-2004-Vogel, Chris.1	0	0	1
Death in the Desert-2004-Romo, Rene.1	7	4	1
Workers ‘Indentured Servants’-2004-Sandlin, Scott.1	0	0	1
Language Barrier Hinders Labor Case-2004-Sandlin, Scott.1	5	1	1
15 migrants return home; larger case is suspected-2004-Haussamen, Heath.1	1	0	1
State Police arrest Utah man on drug smuggling charges-2004-Sun-News report.1	0	0	2
Santa Fe Inmate Says She Was Raped-2004-Pawloski, Jeremy.1	0	0	25
Alleged Rape Prompts Security Plans-2004-Pawloski, Jeremy.1	1	0	28
Taos Residents Rally for Immigrant Family-2004-Holzka, Kathy.1	0	0	2
Taos Immigration Case Is Delayed-2004-Reports.1	0	0	1
Palestinians Get To Stay in Taos-2004-Holzka, Kathryn.1	1	1	1
3 booked on immigrant smuggling charge-2005-Ramirez, Steve.1	12	3	1
Feds Cut Pipeline For Drugs-2005-Salazar, Martin.1	2	0	1
AG Won’t Discuss High Court Chances-2005-Linthicum, Leslie.1	2	0	1
Domenici talks border security with law officers-2005-Alba, Diana M..1	4	0	1
Feds Ease Deportation Rule-2005-Coleman, Michael.1	7	2	2
Brazilian, Honduran Citizens Detained - Over 430 Illegal Immigrants Held-2005-Dominguez, Debra.1	6	4	2
Security Chief Tours Artesia Border Training Site-2005-Romo, Rene.1	3	1	2
Artesia trainees muster for Homeland chief-2005-Staff Writer.1	4	0	1
Court Overload - Illegal immigrants crush courts in an already overburdened judicial system Seventh in a series. It’s reached a crisis point. So say judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys and the U.S. marshals service. Immigration cases are overwhelming the federal court system <U+0097> with no end in sight.-2005-Jones, Jeff.1	28	1	12
Domenici Plans To Introduce Border Bill - $1 Billion Wanted For Ports of Entry-2005-Romo, Rene.1	0	1	1
Border bill focuses on people-2005-Bernal, Dolores M..1	0	0	1
Immigration Back On D.C. List of Priorities-2005-Staff Writer.1	3	0	1
New attention to an old problem-2005-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
N.M. Delegates Tackle Immigration - Domenici, Bingaman, Pearce push proposals for reform-2005-Coleman, Michael.1	3	0	2
Bush talks tough on the border-2005-Staff Writer.1	4	0	1
News from the West-2006-n.a..1	2	0	3
Thousands of Guard troops going to border-2006-n.a..1	9	1	1
Local officials say border funds needed-2006-Ramirez, Steve.1	4	0	1
Sound Off!-2006-n.a..1	0	0	1
NM to benefit from $94.5B in fed funds-2006-Ramirez, Steve.1	2	0	1
Candidate proposes changing visa system-2006-n.a..1	4	0	1
Border Patrol tightens release rules-2006-n.a..1	5	1	2
Our view-2006-n.a..1	2	0	1
In Briefs-2006-n.a..1	1	0	1
Update: Dona Ana Flood Information (updated 6:02 P.m.)-2006-n.a..1	0	0	2
Immigrant Detention Proves Worthwhile-2006-n.a..1	5	0	0
Groups say immigrants held illegally in NM-2006-Alba, Diana M..1	3	0	3
Man Arrested in Break-In - Suspect Jailed On Immigration Hold-2006-Martinez, Rozanna M..1	1	1	1
ICE Admits Its Agents Were at Santa Fe Park - Agency Initially Denied Incident-2007-Wong, Raam; Willson, Kate.1	4	0	1
Akal Security Lands Contract-2007-n.a..1	0	0	1
Church Gets Ready For Fat Tuesday-2007-Dominguez-Lund, Debra.1	2	1	1
ICE Nabs 28 In City Sweeps - Federal Officers Target Criminals-2007-Hay, Kiera.1	8	0	1
Police briefs-2007-Staff Writer.1	2	0	1
Mayor Wants Info On Raids - Coss seeking communication among all parties involved-2007-Wilson, Katie.1	0	1	2
Raids Reveal Flaws in System-2007-Staff Writer.1	5	1	1
Police briefs-2007-Staff Writer.2	0	0	1
Police reports-2007-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
Interactive Exhibit Taps Post-9/11 Fear-2007-Roberts, Kathaleen.1	0	0	2
Around New Mexico April 19-2007-Journal Staff Writer.1	1	0	4
Around the Metro Area-2007-Staff Writer.1	3	0	2
Garrison to Take Part in Border Sheriff Conference-2007-Alba, Diana M..1	8	0	3
U.S. Examines Death at Downtown Jail - Judge’s concerns about health services at lockup add to woes-2007-Mckay, Dan.1	0	0	11
Letters to the editor-2007-Opinion Piece.1	8	1	3
Police reports-2007-Staff Writer.2	4	0	7
Senators Say Bill Would Help N.M.-2007-Coleman, Michael.1	2	0	2
Border Bill Finally Puts the Horse-2007-Opinion Piece.1	2	0	1
Letters to the Editor-2007-Opinion Piece.1	1	1	1
At Last, U.S. Border Might Be Controlled-2007-Staff Writer.1	2	0	1
Hundreds of Detainees Pulled from Jail - Federal Agency: Lockup is Deficient-2007-Mckay, Dan; Sandlin, Scott.1	0	0	12
What’s So Wrong At The Downtown Jail?-2007-Staff Writer.1	0	0	7
Sound Off!-2007-Staff Writer.1	1	0	3
Local fugitive found in Kuwait-2007-Gibbs, Jason.1	4	0	1
Police briefs-2007-Staff Writer.3	5	0	1
ICE Arrested Wrong Man - Santa Fe resident was held for five weeks by immigration officials-2007-Wong, Raam.1	0	0	2
Inmates Might Be Shipped to Texas - Bernalillo County Commission to consider agreement to reduce crowding at jail-2007-Olson, Sean.1	0	0	11
Downtown Jail Cuts 82 Positions - Lockup Lost 600 Inmates in July-2007-Olson, Sean.1	0	0	8
ACLU: Immigrant operation a matter of trust-2007-Gibbs, Jason.1	2	1	1
UPDATE: Operation Stonegarden underfire-2007-Medina, Jose L..1	5	0	1
Otero Sheriff talks of ‘Stonegarden’ involvement (5:09 p.m.)-2007-Medina, Jose L..1	10	1	2
Fear lingers at schools, businesses-2007-Medina, Jose L..1	2	0	1
Two Charged in Burglaries-2007-Martinez, Rozanna M..1	3	0	1
County Official Explains Jail Move - Judge Is Said To Cause ICE Concern-2007-Olson, Sean.1	0	0	0
Sound Off!-2007-Opinion Piece.1	11	0	3
Letters to the Editor-2007-Opinion Piece.2	16	3	1
Groups sue Otero County sheriff, allege racial profiling (4:46 p.m.)-2007-Medina, Jose L..1	2	0	1
Otero Sheriff Faces Suits-2007-Medina, Jose L..1	2	0	1
UPDATE:-2007-Gilot, Louie.1	8	3	1
Rhs Senior Deported; Parents Concerned-2007-Jacques, Richard.1	2	1	1
Immigration Protest Staged in Downtown Roswell-2007-Jacques, Richard.1	4	1	1
Letters to the Editor-2008-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	1
Agents Nab Fugitive at Border Crossing-2008-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
Colorado Murder Suspect Nabbed in Dona Ana County (10:05 A.m.)-2008-Ruelas-Venegas, Renee.1	1	0	1
Return of RISD Resource Officers Postponed-2008-Ruffner, Brent.1	1	0	1
Illegal Immigrants Appear in Court - Men Were In Stopped Van-2008-Proctor, Jeff.1	6	0	4
Ex-Drug Cartel Leader Deported (6:09 A.m.)-2008-Borunda, Daniel.1	0	0	2
New Prison Offers Job Opportunities-2008-Kolenc, Vic.1	1	0	11
Border Patrol Impersonator Suspect Surrenders-2008-Medina, Jose L..1	1	0	1
’Odyssey’Adaptation a Dramatic Challenge for New Company-2008-Gaines, Barry.1	2	0	1
Dispute Flares Over Border Land Tract-2008-Pacheco, Jerry.1	2	0	2
Sound Off! (April 10, 2008)-2008-Opinion Piece.1	2	0	1
Sound Off! (April 10, 2008)-2008-Staff Writer.1	2	0	1
Jail Suit Drags on - Inmate Lawyers Not Satisfied with County Efforts-2008-Cole, Thomas J..1	2	0	71
Police Seize Marijuana - Illegally parked car leads officers to 430 pounds of pot-2008-Proctor, Jeff.1	0	0	4
Suspects Held Without Bond - Brazilian man and his Kazakhstan girlfriend are charged in driver’s license scheme-2008-Journal Staff Report.1	0	0	1
Sound Off May 6-2008-Sun-News report.1	1	0	2
Priest found not guilty in sexual assault case (6:08 a.m.)-2008-Johnson, Erica Molina; Sanchez, Stephanie.1	1	0	3
Long list of candidates awaits primary voters-2008-Toney, Lauren E..1	2	0	1
Burglar Gets Probation - DA Says Man May Be Deported-2008-Martinez, Rozanna M..1	1	0	1
ICE doubles security efforts to ensure Juarez violence doesn’t spread (6:20 a.m.)-2008-Chá, Adriana M..1	3	0	1
No double standard-2008-Guest Editorial.1	3	1	1
Slaying Suspect Freed - National Database Matches DNA to Another Man-2008-Sandlin, Scott.1	2	0	2
City arrests immigrant-2008-Villegas, Bobby.1	4	4	2
Accident witness claims police target undocumented Hispanics-2008-Ruffner, Brent.1	3	2	2
Neighbors Help Bust Suspected Trampoline Thieves-2008-Martinez, Rozanna M..1	2	0	2
Judge lays 15-year sentence on fugitive nabbed in Kuwait-2008-report, Sun-News.1	1	0	4
Man Faces Forgery Charges - Suspect May Be Linked To Human Trafficking Operation-2008-Proctor, Jeff.1	1	0	4
September 26-2008-Staff Writer.1	4	0	4
Bail set for suspect in Deming murder-2008-Buey, Kevin.1	1	0	1
Handling of Immigrant Children Is Criticized (7:42 A.m.)-2008-Washington Valdez, Diana.1	0	1	2
Suspected Operative for Al-Qaida Held at Center in El Paso (11:54 A.m.)-2008-Washington Valdez, Diana.1	0	1	2
Gitmo Detainees May Come to Otero-2009-Bracamontes, Ramon.1	0	0	4
Fischmann Pushes New TIDD Legislation-2009-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
ACLU: RPD Violating Law-2009-Standifer, Cid.1	4	2	3
Council, Alliance Tackle RPD Policy-2009-Standifer, Cid.1	7	4	1
Border Officer Faces Federal Obstruction Charge-2009-Toney, Lauren E..1	0	0	3
2 Mexican Men Charged in Plot to Buy American Weapons (5:35 A.m.)-2009-Borunda, Daniel.1	0	0	1
Details Unfold in Deportation Case-2009-Standifer, Cid.1	0	1	8
RPD Changes Detention Policy Stops Detaining Undocumented Immigrants for Border Patrol-2009-Standifer, Cid.1	3	1	1
11 plead not guilty in Barrio Azteca trial-2009-Meeks, Ashley.1	0	0	4
Roswell Police End Policy of Holding Immigrants (1:20 P.m.)-2009-Staff Writer.1	2	1	1
Las Cruces Police Arrest Man Wanted in Connection with El Paso Homicide (1:53 P.m.)-2009-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
RPD policy change-2009-Staff Writer.1	15	2	2
Alleged Immigrant Smuggler Faces Life in Jail (5:10 A.m.)-2009-Borunda, Daniel.1	1	3	2
Fugitive ‘Armed And Dangerous’ - Two Suspects in Custody; At Least One More Sought in Deadly Holdup-2009-Proctor, Jeff.1	0	0	3
Alleged Robbers In U.S. Illegally - 1 Suspect Had Been Deported Previously-2009-Proctor, Jeff.1	3	0	4
Shooting Renews License Criticism - Denny’s suspects had N.M. identification-2009-Proctor, Jeff.1	0	0	2
Immigration Agency Targets Gang Members - Suspect Returned After Deportation-2009-Wilham, T.J..1	4	0	5
Sound Off! (Aug. 1)-2009-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	1
New rules on immigrants?-2009-Standifer, Cid.1	2	1	2
Border Patrol impersonation trial expected to go to jury today-2009-Meeks, Ashley.1	0	0	1
Border Patrol impersonator found guilty-2009-Meeks, Ashley.1	3	0	2
Men arrested for extortion, threatening Dona Ana County family (2:32 p.m.)-2009-Sun-News report.1	1	0	1
Around New Mexico Sept 10-2009-Journal Staff Report.1	1	0	1
Candidates Not on The Same Page - Mayor Hopefuls Differ on Key Issues-2009-Olson, Sean.1	4	0	1
Mexican activist calls U.S. detention unfair (4:59 a.m.)-2009-Flores, Aileen B..1	0	0	8
Alleged smuggler was Customs and Border Protection manager (4:54 a.m.)-2009-Licón, Adriana Gómez.1	0	2	3
ICE agent faces charges of assault-2009-Meeks, Ashley.1	0	0	1
Berry Right To Temper Sanctuary City Rhetoric-2009-Journal Staff Report.1	5	0	1
Journalist, family seek political asylum (5:07 a.m.)-2010-Borunda, Daniel.1	1	0	1
Around New Mexico Dec 10-2010-Staff Writer.1	1	1	1
Immigrants Arrested for Allegedly Tying up, Burglarizing Elderly Couple Near Rodeo, N.M. (7:33 P.m.)-2010-Alba, Diana M..1	1	1	2
Immigrants Arrested in Home Invasion Case-2010-Alba, Diana M..1	1	1	2
Immigrant Detention Facility Raises Questions-2010-Ramirez, Steve.1	0	0	7
Our View: Immigration Center Proposal Requires Careful Thought-2010-Staff Writer.1	0	0	2
Officials: Aztecas Gang Suspected in Killing of 3 with U.s. Consulate Ties (5:18 A.m.)-2010-Washington Valdez, Diana.1	0	0	1
Heat on Aztecas: Clues to Slayings Sought (5:03 A.m.)-2010-Borunda, Daniel; Ybarra, Maggie.1	0	1	2
Us Delegation Applies Pressure on Killings, Policy (5:05 A.m.)-2010-Washington Valdez, Diana.1	0	0	1
Dirty Diaper Yields Unusual Contents-2010-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
Indictments (april 25)-2010-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
New Mexicans question Arizona law-2010-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
Daniel Balke: Arizona’s immigration law: The politics of division-2010-Balke, Daniel.1	0	0	1
Man Charged in Assault of Girl at Gym - Suspect Told Officers He Touched Kids Before-2010-Proctor, Jeff.1	2	0	2
Police: Suspect Has Sex Assault History - Competency Issue Prevented Prosecution-2010-Proctor, Jeff.1	1	0	1
36 Arrested in Grant County Warrant Roundup (5:02 A.m.)-2010-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
ICE Will Seek To Deport Alleged Rapist - Feds Say They Were Not Notified of Earlier Allegations-2010-Rodriguez, Juan Carlos.1	2	1	1
Berry: ABQ No Longer ‘Sanctuary’ for Crime - Immigrants’ Rights Group Criticizes New Policy-2010-Mckay, Dan.1	9	4	8
Demonstrators Gather at City Hall to Protest Arizona Immigration Law-2010-Meeks, Ashley.1	0	0	1
Primary Election 2010-2010-Staff Writer.1	3	0	1
Jail Official: ICE Racially Profiles - Feds Say Lockup Least Cooperative-2010-Vela, Vic.1	11	4	24
Mayor Berry’s Policy About Safety, Not Race-2010-Journal Staff Report.1	3	1	2
Santa Fe Jail Shields Its Prisoners From ICE - Officials Claim Racial Profiling-2010-Bureau, Vic Vela.1	8	2	24
Immigration reform-2010-Dawe, William.1	4	0	2
Rewarding work - Lawyer helps provide legal services to immigrants facing deportation-2010-Olmstead, Donna.1	2	5	1
Passport Needed for Ariz. Visit? - Bingaman: N.M. driver’s license may not be enough to prove citizenship-2010-Coleman, Michael.1	5	0	1
Their View: Arizona law selective in its crackdown-2010-Varuola, Bill.1	2	0	1
The state at 4:30 a.m.-2010-Heidgerd, Diana.1	1	0	3
Immigrant Dilemma - N.M. Municipalities Vary Widely On Helping Federal Agents Nab Illegal Immigrants-2010-Romo, Rene.1	12	3	2
Border city crime down: Crime statistics show decline in 2008-2009 (4:58 a.m.)-2010-Valdez, Diana Washington.1	8	0	1
CYFD, Gov.’s Policies At Odds - Mandate Came Amid Notifications Repeal-2010-Rodriguez, Juan Carlos.1	4	3	1
Man indicted in child porn case-2010-Meeks, Ashley.1	2	0	1
Lawyer: Consulate killings suspect working with US (4:25 a.m.)-2010-Chávez, Adriana M.; Bracamontes, Ramon.1	1	0	2
Around New Mexico Sept 9-2010-Journal Staff Report.1	0	0	3
Man Faces Forgery Charges - Police: Suspect Tried To Get Immigrants Licenses-2010-Brunt, Charles D..1	4	0	2
The U.S. is in demise, but it can be remedied-2010-Varuola, Bill.1	0	0	1
Ex-Official Faces Porn Charges - Former PUC Chair Among 8 Arrested by Task Force-2010-Sandlin, Scott.1	0	0	1
Feds to prosecute local man in child porn case-2010-Meeks, Ashley.1	2	0	3
Man who attacked brother to be deported-2010-Meeks, Ashley.1	1	0	2
Mother Charged for Leaving Child in Car-2010-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
Around New Mexico Dec 10-2010-Staff Writer.2	4	0	2
Child Tests Positive for Drugs-2010-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
Journalist Seeks Asylum in U.S. - Reporter Says He’s Been Threatened by Mexican Army-2010-Romo, Rene.1	1	0	1
Denial of Bond Is Appealed in Ex-Teacher’s Child-Porn Case (4:08 A.m.)-2010-Chávez, Adriana M..1	1	0	1
As Marine Readies to Deploy, His Father Faces Deportation-2010-Meeks, Ashley.1	4	0	1
ACLU Suing City Over Docs - Group Requested Information in July-2010-Rodriguez, Juan Carlos.1	0	0	2
Detention Center blotter (Jan. 20)-2011-Staff Writer.1	3	0	1
Their View: Of Sports, Profanity, Video Games and Substance Abuse-2011-Varuola, Bill.1	1	0	1
Watchdog Slams N.M. ICE Facility - ACLU Report: Otero County Center Needs to Improve Treatment of Federal Immigration Detainees-2011-Romo, Rene.1	3	2	19
Detention Center blotter (Jan. 27)-2011-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
Detention Center (Feb. 3)-2011-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
Their View: Landmark Law Attempts End to Prison Rape-2011-Staff Writer.1	0	0	4
Rental Lockup Needs Risk-Reward Analysis-2011-Staff Writer.1	0	0	4
Detention Center (Feb. 10)-2011-Staff Writer.1	7	0	4
Detention Center (Feb. 11)-2011-Staff Writer.1	1	0	2
Detention Center blotter (Feb. 19)-2011-Staff Writer.1	2	0	3
Doña Ana County Detention Center (Feb. 21)-2011-Staff Writer.1	13	0	5
Father Facing Deportation Throws Family in Limbo (10:18 A.m.)-2011-Baltazar Martinez, Sandra.1	0	1	3
Jail blotter (March 1)-2011-Staff Writer.1	2	0	5
Detention center (March 4)-2011-Staff Writer.1	3	0	3
Asylum pending, Juárez Valley ex-police chief let go (4:19 a.m.)-2011-Adriana Gómez Licón.1	4	1	2
Detention Center (March 10)-2011-Sun-News report.1	10	0	3
Slain Las Cruces teen’s brother will stay in US (4:24 a.m.)-2011-Flores, Aileen B..1	1	0	1
Slain Las Cruces teen’s brother will stay in US (4:24 a.m.)-2011-Flores, Aileen B..2	1	0	1
Officers to return to city high schools-2011-Staff Reporter.1	1	0	3
Symposium to focus on children of inmates-2011-Sun-News report.1	0	0	3
Their View: Social Security is still an empty lockbox-2011-Varuola, Bill.1	2	0	1
Event to focus on prisoners’children-2011-Sun-News report.1	1	0	1
Doña Ana County blotter (April 5)-2011-Sun-News report.1	2	0	3
After 7-year hunt, Carlsbad fugitive behind bars (8:27 a.m.)-2011-Mauritson, Martha.1	1	0	5
Suspect under arrest in triple slaying-2011-Meeks, Ashley.1	3	0	2
Details Emerge In Alleged ID Fraud - Albuquerque notary arrested in heroin bust linked to documents-2011-Boyd, Dan.1	5	0	2
CBP nabs man trying to falsely enter US (1:52 p.m.)-2011-Sun News Report.1	1	0	1
Feds: 2 Endured Years Of Servitude - N.M. Couple Brought Women to America-2011-Romo, Rene.1	2	0	3
Indictments (June 12)-2011-Sun-News report.1	24	0	6
Around New Mexico June 25-2011-Journal Staff Report.1	0	0	1
Man attempts murder, rape-2011-Palmer, J..1	1	0	1
Downtown Juárez raids spark inquiry into human trafficking (8:58 a.m.)-2011-Valdez, Diana Washington; Ortega, Marisela.1	0	0	1
Jury convicts Artesia man in child pornography (4:18 a.m.)-2011-Sun-News report.1	0	0	2
Man extradited to Canada in killing-2011-Sun News Report.1	2	0	1
Mexican Citizen, American Hero - Undocumented Status Doesn’t Change Accolades Coming His Way-2011-Galvan, Astrid.1	3	5	1
Massage Parlor Stings Lead to Woman’s Arrest-2011-Meeks, Ashley.1	0	0	2
One Arrest Made After Massage Parlor Sting in Las Cruces (10:09 A.m.)-2011-Meeks, Ashley.1	0	0	2
2 More Arrests Made in Massage Parlor Raid-2011-Meeks, Ashley.1	1	0	2
More Employees Arrested in Las Cruces Massage Parlor Sting (12:28 P.m.)-2011-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
Illegal Border Crossings down: More Officers, Border Wall Deter Immigrants (4:32 A.m.)-2011-Bergfeldt, Carina.1	5	0	5
AROUND NEW MEXICO-2011-Staff Writer.1	2	0	1
Man Guilty of Illegal Re-Entry-2011-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
Indictments (Nov. 15)-2011-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
Their View: Proposed Bill Reduces Rape Behind Bars-2011-Staff Writer.1	0	0	3
Feds Seek Forfeiture of Gun Store Property (4 A.m.)-2011-Robinson, Matt.1	1	0	1
13 Years Later, Suspect Indicted in Attack on Clerk-2011-Meeks, Ashley.1	5	0	1
New Leaders, Freeze Mark Las Cruces’ 2011-2011-Staff Writer.1	1	0	3
Suspect Had Been Deported to Mexico - Man Held in Baby’s Death Had Been Arrested Numerous Times-2012-Martinez, Rozanna M..1	5	1	3
Agents Halt U.S. Entry to Sex Offender (4:03 A.m.)-2012-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
ICE Critical of Santa Fe Jail - County Lockup, Feds At Odds Over Immigrants-2012-Vela, Vic.1	4	3	21
ICE Critical of Santa Fe Jail - Lockup, Feds At Odds Over Inmates-2012-Vela, Vic.1	0	0	0
Sound Off! (Feb. 13)-2012-Opinion Piece.1	1	0	2
County Debates Working With ICE - Lawyer Questions ‘Bogus’ Detainers by Federal Agents-2012-Jadrnak, Jackie.1	2	0	13
Top 15 Fugitive Arrested Friday Morning-2012-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
Around New Mexico April 28-2012-Journal Staff Report.1	4	1	2
Their View: An epidemic of abuse in our nation’s prison system-2012-Sun-News report.1	0	0	5
Woman Alleges 5 Years Of Abuse - Man Accused of Holding Victim Against Her Will-2012-Journal Staff Report.1	2	0	1
NMSU conference tackles social consequences of U.S. immigration policies-2012-Perez, Janet.1	0	0	2
Ruling Unlikely To Shift Policy in New Mexico-2012-Baker, Deborah.1	2	0	1
Court ruling guts law-2012-Staff Writer.1	8	3	1
Their View: Ruling a warning for states passing immigration laws-2012-Sun News Report.1	4	0	1
319 pounds of marijuana seized at Santa Teresa Port of Entry-2012-Sun-News report.1	0	0	1
Around New Mexico July 11-2012-Journal Staff Report.1	0	2	1
Deming Border Patrol agents arrest convicted sex offender-2012-report, Sun-News.1	0	1	1
Family of Man Shot by Police Say He May Suffer from Mental Illness-2013-Staley, James.1	5	0	1
Las Cruces Border Patrol Agents Arrest Undocumented Immigrant Convicted of Child Sex Offenses-2013-Staff Writer.1	1	1	1
AROUND NEW MEXICO-2013-Staff Writer.1	2	0	1
Their View: Pass Real Immigration Reform Now-2013-McCamley, Bill.1	2	1	1
Sisters Sue Doand#241;a Ana County Over Prolonged Jail Stay Prompted by Immigration Status-2013-Soular, Diana Alba.1	0	0	16
Your View: Facebook responses (June 8)-2013-Opinion Piece.1	1	0	2
Traffic Stop Ruling Raises Racial Profiling Claims-2013-Staley, James.1	1	0	1
Their view: LULAC may have been right-2013-Rubel, Walter.1	1	1	1
Sound Off! (July 3)-2013-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	1
Mom, Son Reveal Toll of Deadly Extortion in Juárez-2013-Valdez, Diana Washington.1	1	0	1
U.S. Attorney Moves to Federal Judgeship in Las Cruces - for Three Years, He Led Federal Prosecutors in N.M.-2013-Sandlin, Scott.1	4	0	1
Opportunity Squandered After Fall of USSR-2013-Staff Writer.1	2	0	1
Turnaround Cut Short - New U.S. Citizen Trying to Leave Gangs and Go Back to School Is Fatally Shot-2013-Lohmann, Patrick.1	0	0	6
Religion briefs (Oct. 25)-2013-Staff Writer.1	0	0	5
Immigrant Detainee Quota Makes No Sense-2013-Staff Writer.1	5	1	3
Religion Briefs (nov. 1)-2013-Staff Writer.1	0	0	4
LEGISLATURE 2014: WHAT THEY DID-2014-Baker, Deborah.1	3	0	1
Religion briefs (Feb. 28)-2014-Staff Writer.1	0	0	3
Martin Heinrich: Republicans in House Must Act Quickly to Pass Immigration Reform-2014-Heinrich, Martin.1	1	2	1
Obama Says He’ll Go It Alone on Immigration - 2 Members of NM Delegation Critical-2014-Coleman, Michael; Villagran, Lauren.1	0	2	1
First Central American Immigrants to Arrive Thursday in Las Cruces-2014-Alba, Diana.1	0	1	1
NEW MEXICO-2014-Staff Writer.1	0	1	1
Artesia Divided on Detainees - Most of the Immigrants Are Deported After a Few Days-2014-Nathanson, Rick.1	1	2	3
Las Cruces Volunteers Welcome Immigrants-2014-Villagran, Lauren.1	0	1	3
Exodus Speaks Poorly for Home Countries-2014-Pacheco, Jerry.1	2	3	1
Gov. Blames Obama for Border Crisis - Martinez Also Faults Congress for Federal ‘Failure of Leadership’-2014-Boyd, Dan.1	0	1	2
NEW MEXICO-2014-Staff Writer.2	0	0	3
Dhs Secretary Johnson to Visit Fletc Today-2014-Tucker, Jeff.1	15	4	1
‘We Will Send You Back’ - Immigrants in Artesia Detention Center Face Deportation as DHS Talks Tough-2014-Villagran, Lauren.1	3	4	10
400-Plus Central Americans Now at FLETC; Additional Detention Facilities Planned, Dhs Secretary Says-2014-Thowsare.1	3	0	4
New Mexicans Cold on Obama Immigration Response - Pollster: Broader Immigration Debate Might Affect Responses-2014-Monteleone, James.1	0	0	1
We Must Treat Central American Immigrants Humanely-2014-Haussamen, Heath.1	0	2	2
First Planeload of Immigrants Sent Back from Artesia - About 40 Adults and Children Put on a Flight for Honduras-2014-Villagran, Lauren.1	1	7	8
First Flight of Immigrants Left from Roswell-2014-Tucker, Jeff.1	4	2	1
NEW MEXICO-2014-Staff Writer.3	0	1	1
Las Cruces Church Provides Cot, Clothes, Compassion to About 200 Migrants-2014-Anderson, Lindsey.1	0	4	2
Doña Ana County Commissioners Aim to Curb Immigration Status Questions (update)-2014-Soular, Diana Alba.1	4	0	1
NEW MEXICO-2014-Alba, Diana M..1	0	0	1
2014 Girl Scouts’ Women of Distinction-2014-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
Girl Scouts of the Desert Southwest honors 10 Las Cruces Women of Distinction-2014-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
Editorial: Immigration Measure Should Include Sheriff-2014-Staff Writer.1	2	2	2
Religion Briefs (sept. 19)-2014-Staff Writer.1	0	1	1
Letters: Sept. 21-2014-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	1
Religion Briefs (sept. 26)-2014-Staff Writer.1	0	1	1
Agents near Deming arrest Mexican national on sex-crime warrant-2014-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
NEW MEXICO-2014-Staff Writer.4	0	0	2
NEW MEXICO-2014-Staff Writer.5	0	1	5
Ignoring ICE Hold Requests Puts Communities at Risk-2014-Staff Writer.1	3	1	3
Immigrant Rights Group Sue Over Jail Detentions-2014-Contreras, Russell.1	1	2	4
Detention Center in Artesia Will Close - Immigrants in the U.S. Illegally Are Being Placed Elsewhere-2014-Coleman, Michael.1	0	1	4
FLETC Immigrant Detention Center to Close-2014-Tucker, Jeff.1	16	6	15
Protesters Call for End of Family Detention-2014-Thowsare.1	0	0	6
Most Artesia Detainees Are Now Free - Majority Await a Chance to Argue Cases in Court; Many Seek Asylum-2014-Villagran, Lauren.1	0	2	10
Tough Deportation Talk, No Tough Deportation Walk-2014-Staff Writer.1	2	1	1
Record Breaks the News on Immigrants Going to FLETC; June 20, 2014-2014-Tucker, Jeff.1	15	1	2
Massive Migration Discussed-2015-Villagran, Lauren.1	1	2	1
Border Breakdown - 516 Arts’ Latest Exhibit Focuses on Place and Belonging, Issue of Nationality, Migration-2016-Roberts, Kathaleen.1	0	0	2
Program Intends to Share Border Life-2016-Waters, Beth.1	0	0	2
Event to Discuss LGBTQ Rights - Social Identity and Political Issues Will Be Covered at Length-2016-Beasley, Dana.1	0	1	1
Teens Suspected of Auto Burglary Spree-2016-Staff Writer.1	1	1	1
BernCo Names Three Finalists to Run Jail - 45 People Applied to Run the West Side Facility, One of the 40 Largest Jails in the U.S.-2016-Staff Writer.1	0	0	7
Driver Arrested After Allegedly Traveling Over 100 Mph-2016-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
New Administrator of County Jail Has Homeland Security Experience - Michael Watkins Is Set for July 11 Start Date-2016-Staff Writer.1	0	0	7
Doing a Lot of Thinking Unburdened by Information-2016-Varuola, Bill.1	0	0	1
Your opinions - Trump would expand immigrant detention-2016-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	6
County’s New MDC Administrator Withdraws from Job - Watkins Was to Start Position on Monday-2016-Staff Writer.1	0	0	9
Sound Off-2016-Staff Writer.1	1	0	1
Feds to Phase Out Contracts for Private Prisons - State Facilities May Hire Laid-Off Staffers-2016-Sinovic, Steve.1	0	0	9
ICE Detainers down at New Mexico Jails - Advocates: Innocent People Still Targeted-2016-Villagran, Lauren.1	4	3	6
Obama’s Imperial Presidency Raised Stakes in This Election-2016-Hanson, Victor Davis.1	2	0	1
Finances Are Looking up for Hidalgo Jail-2016-Villagran, Lauren.1	2	0	9
Jill Stein Addresses Immigration and Police - Green Party Candidate Decries Big Money Donors-2016-Borunda, Daniel.1	0	0	1
2 Suspected Is Recruits Bound for El Paso Arrested-2016-Figueroa, Lorena.1	1	0	4
Candidates Pearce, Soules Meet in KRWG Debate-2016-Soular, Diana Alba.1	0	0	1
Haitian Migrants End up in Otero County Prison - Tortuous Path Runs Through Central America and Mexico-2016-Villagran, Lauren.1	1	0	10
Migrant Processing Center Set for Tornillo - Temporary Facility Will Hold up to 500, Officials Say-2016-Martinez, Aaron.1	0	1	4
News Briefs - Report Outlines Failures of Immigration Agencies-2017-Staff Writer.1	4	2	1
Corrales Rejects an ‘Immigrant Friendly’ Stance - Village Council Votes 4-2 Against Resolution-2017-Rayburn, Rosalie.1	1	2	1
Judge Oks Settlement in Ice Detention Suit - up to 192 Immigrants Held in San Juan County May Get $2k Each-2017-Boetel, Ryan.1	0	0	8
Settlement Possible for Immigrant Detainee Suit-2017-Kellogg, Joshua.1	3	1	14
Public Addresses Immigration Failures - Report Discussed in Local Community Forum Slams Practices in El Paso Sector-2017-Andres, Carlos.1	0	0	13
Your Opinions - Expect ICE Raids in County to Target Families-2017-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	1
LCPS Takes Immigrant-Friendly Stand - School Personnel Will Not Ask for or Collect Data on Immigration Status-2017-Soular, Diana Alba.1	0	6	1
Sessions Calls Border ‘Ground Zero’ - in El Paso, Attorney General Vows to Establish ‘Beachhead’ to Fight Smugglers-2017-Borunda, Daniel.1	8	0	1
Your Opinions - Your Opinions - High Cost to Trump’s Immigration Promises-2017-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	2
News Briefs - Group Calls for Residents to Divest of Wells Fargo-2017-Staff Writer.1	0	0	3
Guest Editorial - El Paso Takes Stand on New Sancutary Law-2017-Staff Writer.1	4	2	1
Police Briefs - Officials Searching for Getaway Car in Las Cruces Bank Robbery-2017-Staff Writer.1	1	0	2
Commentary - Immigration Enforcement Is Not Sinister-2017-Opinion Piece.1	3	2	2
Iraqi Ordered to Report to ICE Chooses Sanctuary Instead - Al-Bumohammed Will Stay with Unidentified Local Faith Community-2017-Uyttebrouck, Oliver.1	2	0	2
Bishop Seitz Stands up for Migrants - Catholic Leader Holds a Signing for Pastoral Letter-2017-Flores, Aileen B..1	0	8	3
NM Father, Son Lead Sanctuary Efforts - Decades Apart, Goal to Help Remains the Same-2017-Lyman, Andy.1	1	1	2
Mass Memorializes Migrants Who Died Attempting to Cross Rio Grande-2017-Gonzales, María Cortés.1	0	1	1
Deported Mom’s Son Defends Family - Speaking at ICE Center, 15-Year-Old Says Authorities ‘Treated Her Like a Criminal’-2017-Gonzales, María Cortés.1	2	0	1
Your Opinions - Clean Dream Act Would Protect Youth-2017-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	1
Why It’s Urgent Congress Acts This Year on Dream Act-2017-Staff Writer.1	0	1	1
Student Protester Sues Police - UNM Senior Claims He Was Struck by Officer During Campus Rally-2017-Nathanson, Rick.1	1	0	1
Border Crossings Lowest in 4 Decades in El Paso Sector-2017-Kocherga, Angela.1	0	1	3
Group Wants Journalist Freed - He Was Arrested in US After Fleeing Mexico-2017-Lopez, Carlos Andres.1	2	1	5
Editorial - Reconsider Asylum for Reporter-2017-Cochran, Barbara.1	0	0	1
Press Club: Let Mexican Journalist Go - Organization Condemns Detainment of Man at Immigration Facility in El Paso-2017-Sanchez, Sara.1	1	0	3
Audit Finds Problems at Otero ICE Center - Conditions at Facility Have Stirred Debate-2017-Macaraeg, Sarah.1	2	3	14
Family Files Civil Rights Suit Over Police Raid - Escaped-Inmate Search Sparked Sweep of Home-2017-Shepard, Maggie.1	0	0	6
Building Bridges - Sanitary Tortilla Factory Gallery Owner Uses Art to Forge Community Bonds, Reach Out to Others-2017-Reed, Ollie.1	1	0	6
Judge Backs Release of Iraqi Immigrants-2018-Shepard, Maggie.1	2	0	2
Civic Volunteers Work to End Immigration Detention-2018-Staff Writer.1	1	0	4
DOJ Demands to See Policies on Immigration - Bernalillo County Could Lose Grants If It Doesn’t Provide Documents-2018-Boetel, Ryan.1	2	0	4
Vigil Calls for Release of Man Detained by ICE- Hilaria Martinez Describes Detention’s Toll on Her Family-2018-Reisen, Matthew.1	0	0	0
Trump Offers Deal on ‘Dreamers’ - Lujan Grisham Blasts Proposal That Keeps DACA, Sets New Immigration Limits-2018-Coleman, Michael.1	1	0	1
‘Dreamers’ Still Looking for Family Protection-2018-Linan, Ali.1	0	0	2
Advocates Decry Immigration Tactic - Families Are Being Separated at Border-2018-Kocherga, Angela.1	2	3	1
City Panel Approves Immigrant Resolution - Dozens Speak for Proposed Immigrant-Friendly Measure-2018-Boetel, Ryan.1	1	1	1
Your Opinions - County Should Not Help Trump Build Wall-2018-Opinion Piece.1	1	0	3
Suspects in Retired Cop’s Death Facing New Charges-2018-Lopez, Carlos Andres.1	3	0	3
Your Opinions - Outraged at Policy Dividing Families-2018-Opinion Piece.1	0	1	1
Editorial - Stop Policy of Breaking up Families-2018-Staff Writer.1	0	1	1
Separation of Families Protested in Border Town - 1,000 Come to Texas ‘Tent City’ Shelter for Kids on Father’s Day-2018-Kocherga, Angela.1	0	5	1
Immigration - Protest Targets Border Policy - Candidate Leads Rally Against Splitting Families-2018-Gonzalez, Maria Cortes.1	0	4	3
Zero-Tolerance Policy Impacts New Mexico - Families Separated, but Number Crossing Illegally Has Dropped-2018-Kocherga, Angela.1	3	2	5
Gov. Candidates Oppose Family Separation Policy-2018-Mckay, Dan.1	3	0	2
Hundreds Protest Policy That Separates Families-2018-Martinez, Aaron.1	0	5	2
NM Reaction Mixed Over Trump Act - Las Cruces Mayor Rethinking Plans to Visit Tent City-2018-Soular, Diana Alba.1	0	8	7
For Undocumented, Cloud of Fear Exists - Families in NM Seeing Steep Increase in Deportations-2018-Villagran, Lauren.1	2	2	1
How to Help Children Taken from Parents-2018-Tuley, Sarah.1	0	10	1
Tent City Draws National Attention to Texas Town-2018-Gonzalez, Maria Cortes.1	3	8	1
Las Cruces Migrant Shelters Still Operating - ‘Project Oak Tree’ Temporarily Houses Those Seeking Asylum-2018-Soular, Diana Alba.1	3	5	6
Private Prisons Spread Cash for Campaigns-2018-Jennings, Trip.1	0	0	6
Protest at Tornillo Site Draws Celebrities - Several Hundred Show up to Rally Against Immigration Policies-2018-Borunda, Daniel.1	1	7	3
NM Dems to Give up Prison Firms’ Donations - Balderas, Heinrich, Luján to Give Money to Charities; Other Officials Weigh Returning Funds-2018-Baca, Marie C..1	0	2	8
NM Program Teaches Activism - Dream Team Represents LGBTQ Community, Immigrants-2018-Nathanson, Rick.1	0	3	2
Another Dem Gives up Prison Firm’s Donation-2018-Boyd, Dan.1	0	2	5
Lawmakers Return, Donate Private Prison Contributions-2018-Staff Writer.1	0	4	3
Agency to Help Reunited Families - ABQ’s Lutheran Family Services to Aid Immigrants Reach Their Final Destination-2018-Nathanson, Rick.1	1	0	2
First Group of Immigrants on Way to ABQ, Agency Says - ICE Has Announced 12 People in Reunited Families Are Arriving-2018-Nathanson, Rick.1	0	1	2
Keller Condemns Immigration Policy - 57 Immigrants Move Through ABQ-2018-Nathanson, Rick.1	0	3	3
‘I Came Back to Life When I Was Reunited with Them’-2018-Kocherga, Angela.1	2	0	3
Detained Mexican Reporter, Son Released-2018-Aguilar, Julian.1	0	0	2
US Ignores Laws to Aid Families-2018-Gilman, Denise.1	1	0	4
Forget Wall; Open Our Borders to All Who Want to Enter-2018-Staff Writer.1	4	0	1
Editorial - Detained for Criticizing Government-2018-Staff Writer.1	0	0	2
Raid on Home Near Ruidoso Nets 3 Arrests-2018-Stallings, Dianne L..1	1	0	1
Your Opinions - Protect Integrity of Elections-2018-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	1
Taos Judge Explains Reasons for Bond Release - Order Says Prosecution Didn’t Prove Abuse or Danger to Others-2018-Carrillo, Edmundo.1	2	0	5
Pre-Trial Detention on Trial — Again - Taos Compound Case Raises Crucial Issues Editorial-2018-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	1
AG Looking into Release of Compound Suspects - Defendants Still in Jail, Need New Places to Live-2018-Carrillo, Edmundo.1	1	0	4
Immigrants Being Coerced, Complaint Says - Parents Pressured to Sign Documents, Groups Charge-2018-Kocherga, Angela.1	2	0	1
‘Justice for Roxsana’ - Protesters Block Courthouse Over Death of Transgender Immigrant-2018-Kaplan, Elise.1	0	2	6
Stricter Rules Urged for ICE Agents in New Mexico - Courthouse Protections for Immigrants Sought from State High Court-2018-Boetel, Ryan.1	1	3	1
ICE Petition Signed by Lawyers, Retired Judges - New Limits Urged for Allowable Actions by Agents at State Courthouses-2018-Boetel, Ryan.1	2	2	1
ICE Wants to Hit the ‘Delete’ Key on Official Records-2018-King, Martin W.G..1	0	4	5
Gov. Hopefuls Respectful at Forum - Candidates Spar in Ads, Differ on Immigration, Permanent Fund-2018-Boyd, Dan; Mckay, Dan.1	0	0	2
Domenici Conference Talks Politics - Shift in Discussion on Day 2 of Event-2018-D’Ammassa, Algernon.1	1	1	1
Governor: No Border Crisis in State - Lujan Grisham Presses for More Info-2019-Staff Writer.1	0	2	1
End Government Shutdown by Funding a ‘Stealth Wall’-2019-Staff Writer.1	0	0	1
Volunteers Open Doors to Migrants - Deacon: More Than 1,500 Have Been Sheltered Since June-2019-Villagran, Lauren.1	0	1	2
Meet the Deacon Leading Migrant Efforts - Project Oak Tree Organizer Has Opened His Own Home to Families-2019-Villagran, Lauren.1	0	2	2
Facilities Strained to Meet Needs of Migrants-2019-Villagran, Lauren.1	0	3	1
Trump Doesn’t Know El Paso-2019-Staff Writer.1	3	0	2
Falsepromises - Coyotes Tell Lies to Lure Guatemalans to U.s., Many Crossing in Remote Bootheel-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	2	1	2
Letters to the Editor - Fix the Immigration System-2019-Opinion Piece.1	1	0	2
NM Delegation Reacts to Declaration - Officials Oppose Trump’s Emergency Over Border-2019-Staff Writer.1	0	1	1
SB 196 Is a Step in the Right Direction-2019-Rosales-Ortiz, Uriel.1	0	6	1
Bernalillo County Affirms Immigrant-Friendly Status - Commissioners Voted 5-0 to Add Several New Rules to Existing Resolution-2019-Dyer, Jessica.1	1	4	5
Bernalillo County Jail Has Been Cooperating with ICE - Commission Chair ‘Shocked’; Feds Say Practice Protected Community-2019-Dyer, Jessica.1	3	1	11
Agent Describes Dexter ‘Stash House’ as Deplorable-2019-Ross, Alex.1	2	1	2
Flood of Migrants Overwhelming Border Patrol - Customs Chief: System Is ‘Beyond Capacity’ and at a ‘Breaking Point’-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	0	1	1
Aid for Migrants - State to Provide Medical Help to Migrant Shelters-2019-Gumprecht, Blake.1	0	8	5
Police Briefs - Man Suspected of Sexually Assaulting Adult Daughter-2019-Staff Writer.1	2	0	2
Crossing U.s. Border First Step in Complex Asylum Process-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	1	6	1
‘Dreamer’ Lawyers Being Detained at Border - Activists Say Work Being Hindered-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	2	1	1
‘Dangerous Overcrowding’ Reported at Migrant Site - DHS Report: Situation in El Paso Requires ‘Immediate Attention’-2019-Martinez, Aaron.1	0	1	6
Transgender Woman Dies After ICE Release - Asylum-Seeker Begged for Help, Advocates Say-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	0	4	5
3 Suspected in Jail Attack on Militia Leader-2019-Soular, Diana Alba.1	1	0	18
Transgender Migrant’s Family Files Lawsuit-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	0	0	1
Migrants Still Held at Bridge in El Paso - Camp Remains Despite Criticisms, Rising Temps-2019-Villagran, Lauren.1	0	6	6
Trump Launched His Campaign with Fear-Mongering-2019-Davis, Ouisa.1	0	3	1
FBI: Militia Member Posed as Border Agent - Group’s Spokesman Indicted on Two Counts of False Personation-2019-Reisen, Matthew.1	0	1	2
Small Towns Profit from Incarcerating Migrants-2019-Swetlitz, Ike.1	1	0	16
Commissioners Vote on Border, Immigration Issues-2019-Dunlap, Lisa.1	3	1	1
Guest Editorial - Bodies Pile up at the Border-2019-Opinion Piece.1	0	1	3
Our View - Trump’s Immigration Policies Are the Picture of Ineptitude-2019-Staff Writer.1	2	0	1
US Lawmakers Visit Area Border Patrol Facilities-2019-Villagran, Lauren Courcy.1	0	5	4
America, We Are Better Than This-2019-Davis, Ouisa.1	1	2	1
On the Border: ‘It Was Hell’-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	1	9	1
Unm’s Echo a Good Fit for Helping Migrant Health - Editorials-2019-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	1
Our Tax Money Is Funding Human Rights Violations-2019-Staff Writer.1	1	0	3
On the Front Lines - Inside the Migrant Detention Center in Clint-2019-Romero, Simon.1	0	10	3
Letter: Opinions Should Be Clearly Labeled as Such-2019-Opinion Piece.1	1	0	1
Acting DHS Secretary Tours Tornillo-2019-Villagran, Lauren.1	1	8	7
Expansion of Migrant Family Detention Sought-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	1	5	4
Pence Defends Administration Rule Change on Migrant Detention-2019-Ross, Alex.1	0	4	3
Torres Small Opposes Migrant Children Rule Change-2019-Turner, Scott.1	0	1	3
Letter: Debate Starts to Feel Like a ‘Playground Argument’-2019-Opinion Piece.1	0	0	2
Editorial - Trump Wants to Detain Families Indefinitely-2019-Staff Writer.1	1	3	7
Immigrants Fear ICE Activity in New Mexico-2019-Turner, Scott.1	1	6	4
NM Investments in Private Prison Firms Prompt Scrutiny-2019-Boyd, Dan.1	0	1	12
America: Where Nobody Puts the Children First-2019-Salinas, Carmela.1	0	1	1
Migrants in US Face Waits, Surveillance - Even Then, Odds Are Long That They’ll Win Their Case-2019-Connolly, Daniel.1	3	8	12
Immigration Policy from a Faith Perspective-2019-Hughes, Hank.1	1	0	1
Asylum-Seekers Threaten Suicide Inside Detention Center-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	0	5	8
Gov. Wants U.S. Probe of Otero County Lockup-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	0	2	6
Border Chief Acknowledges ‘the Crisis Is Not Over’-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	0	5	1
CBP Commissioner Makes Border Stop After ‘Drop’-2019-Villagran, Lauren.1	2	2	1
Congress Should Treat Refugees the Way NM Does-2019-Molinar-arvizo, Karla.1	2	2	1
NM Senators Seek Investigation into ICE Detention Centers-2019-Kocherga, Angela.1	0	0	8
Coronavirus Updates, April 10-2020-Staff Writer.1	0	0	0
Otero County detention center finds 2 with COVID-19-2020-Villagran, Lauren.1	0	4	3
The Vans Kept Coming: An Anniversary - Asylum-Seeker Crisis in Las Cruces Happened One Year Ago-2020-D’Ammassa, Algernon.1	1	2	1

3 Sentiment Analysis

3.1 Syuzhet

The syuzhet library was developed by Matthew Jockers to detect the plots of works of fiction. Inspired by Kurt Vonnegut’s thesis that computers might be able to model the shape of stories, or their plot lines, Jockers began applying bag-of-word sentiment analysis methods to works of fiction, developing and eventually releasing the syuzhet library. The library contains four sentiment dictionaries: “syuzhet” which is the default, “bing,” “afinn,” “nrc,” and “stanford.”

Jockers provides a useful Introduction to the Syuzhet Package with clear instructions on applying the functions to return sentiment scores. The library was constructed with the aim of revealing plot structure of individual texts. Using the methods outlined by Jockers, the library returns a single sentiment score for a text, individual words are compared to a sentiment dictionary, and the unit of analysis is at the sentence level.

Annie Swafford wrote a number of interesting critiques of the syuzhet library and Jockers general approach to determining plot shape. Two of Swafford’s critiques revolving around bag-of-word sentiment analysis warrant consideration. Perhaps the most significant is the presence of valence shifts.

Simple bag-of-word approaches to sentiment analysis examine individual tokens and merely count the presence of words contained in a sentiment dictionary, tallying them as either positive or negative. Therefore, the method does not account for the presence of negators which change the sentiment valence of a phrase. The second, related, issue is that failure to remove quotations from text can have potentially confounding influences on bag-of-word dictionary based sentiment analysis. Swafford notes that quotes are common in narrative fiction. This research effort is examining news stories and not narrative fiction. However, the matter of quotes still requires consideration because news articles often rely heavily on direct quotes. In fact, one of the more common tokens in the present corpus is the word “said” which is most commonly used to introduce a quote. Given the potentially confounding impact of quotes, and the high frequency of quoted statements in news media, it is important that quotations are removed. Jockers set the default behavior of get_sentences() to remove quotation marks. This is performed with the various syuzhet library sentiment dictionaries applied

One of Swafford’s other key critiques revolves around Jockers’ application of fourier transformations to smooth sentiment plots and how fourier transforms can create confounding plot shape artifacts. In this research fourier transforms are not applied in any sentiment analysis plots, so that particular issue is not of central concern here. The matter of valence shifts remains an important consideration.

An additional matter, not directly addressed by the Jockers-Swafford exchange is that the length of the text can have an impact on sentiment. If a document tends towards one valence, positive or negative, the longer the document the greater the sentiment score tends to be in that particular direction. For example, a text of 100 words long containing 10% positive term should produce a score of 10 while a text of 1000 words containing the same proportion of positive terms should produce a score of 100. Therefore, particularly when comparing documents of different lengths, it can be useful to standardize sentiment scores by document length.

The syuzhet library as used here is applied to sentences (rather than tokens), and sentiment scores are normalized by the number of sentences per document. Figure 3.1A, reflecting raw sentiment scores, shows that the afinn dictionary tends to code documents in this corpus more negative and with a broader spread than the other three dictionaries. The syuzhet, bing, and nrc dictionaries tend to have narrower distributions that are centered around 0 which is neutral. The nrc dictionary appears to be the most positive. Figure 3.1B shows that normalizing the sentiment scores results in a much tighter distribution but the relative patterns of the three distributions remains largely similar.

df$n_toks_no_stop <- rowSums(df_dfm)
df$n_sentences <- nsentence(df_corpus)

df$syuzhet <- get_sentences(df$text) %>% 
  get_sentiment(method = "syuzhet") %>% 
  round(., digits = 3)
df$syuzhet_tok_frac <- df$syuzhet/df$n_toks_no_stop
df$syuzhet_sent_frac <- df$syuzhet/df$n_sentences

df$bing <- get_sentences(df$text) %>% 
  get_sentiment(method = "bing")
df$bing_tok_frac <- df$bing/df$n_toks_no_stop
df$bing_sent_frac <- df$bing/df$n_sentences

df$afinn <- get_sentences(df$text) %>% 
  get_sentiment(method = "afinn")
df$afinn_tok_frac <- df$afinn/df$n_toks_no_stop
df$afinn_sent_frac <- df$afinn/df$n_sentences

df$nrc <- get_sentences(df$text) %>% 
  get_sentiment(method = "nrc")
df$nrc_tok_frac <- df$nrc/df$n_toks_no_stop
df$nrc_sent_frac <- df$nrc/df$n_sentences

p1 <- df %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = syuzhet:nrc_sent_frac,
               names_to = "sentiment_type",
               values_to = "sentiment_value") %>% 
  select(doc_id,
         Author,
         Publication.Title,
         Date,
         n_toks_no_stop:sentiment_value) %>% 
  filter(str_detect(sentiment_type, "frac", negate = TRUE)) %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_density(aes(x = sentiment_value, fill= sentiment_type, color= sentiment_type),alpha = 0.3)+
  labs(title = "Raw Sentiment Scores")+
  xlab("Score")+
  ylab("Density")

p2 <- df %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = syuzhet:nrc_sent_frac,
               names_to = "sentiment_type",
               values_to = "sentiment_value") %>% 
  select(doc_id,
         Author,
         Publication.Title,
         Date,
         n_toks_no_stop:sentiment_value) %>% 
  filter(str_detect(sentiment_type, "frac")) %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_density(aes(x = sentiment_value, fill= sentiment_type, color= sentiment_type),alpha = 0.3)+
  labs(title = "Normalized Sentiment Scores",
       caption = "Source: NewsMax")+
  xlab("Normalized Score")+
  ylab("Density")+
  theme(legend.position = "none")

p1+p2 + plot_layout(guides="collect") + plot_annotation(tag_levels = "A")

Figure 3.1: Density plots comparing sentiment dictionaries included in the syuzhet library as applied to the project corpus.

Figure (ref?)(fig:syuzhet-scatterplot) illustrates scatterplots of raw and normalized sentiment scores by document length measured by the number of sentences. Figure 3.2A shows that several long documents have especially negative raw sentiment scores, and Figure 3.2B shows that normalizing by document length centers the relative position of these outliers. Normalizing sentiment score also increases the sentiment valence of several short documents indicating both stronger positive and negative sentiment. As with Figure 3.1 afinn seems to score the most negative of the four dictionaries.

TEST FOR NORMALITY AND SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE

p1 <- df %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = syuzhet:nrc_sent_frac, names_to = "sentiment_type", values_to = "sentiment_value") %>% 
  select(doc_id, Author, Publication.Title, Date, n_toks_no_stop:sentiment_value) %>% 
  filter(str_detect(sentiment_type, "frac", negate = TRUE)) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=n_sentences, y = sentiment_value, color = sentiment_type))+
  geom_point(size = .8)+
  labs(title = "Raw Sentiment Scores",
       x = "Document Length (n Sentences)",
       y = "Raw Sentiment Value",
       color = "Sentiment Type")

p2 <- df %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = syuzhet:nrc_sent_frac, names_to = "sentiment_type", values_to = "sentiment_value") %>% 
  select(doc_id, Author, Publication.Title, Date, n_toks_no_stop:sentiment_value) %>% 
  filter(str_detect(sentiment_type, "sent_frac")) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=n_sentences, y = sentiment_value, color = sentiment_type))+
  geom_point(size = .8)+
  labs(title = "Normalized Sentiment Scores",
       x = "Document Length (n Sentences)",
       y = "Normalized Sentiment Value",
       color = "Sentiment Type")+
  theme(legend.position = "none")

p1+p2 + plot_layout(guides="collect") + plot_annotation(tag_levels = "A")

Figure 3.2: Scatterplot of sentiment scores by document length measured by the number of sentences.

p1 <- df %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = syuzhet:nrc_sent_frac, names_to = "sentiment_type", values_to = "sentiment_value") %>% 
  select(doc_id, Author, Publication.Title, Date, n_toks_no_stop:sentiment_value) %>% 
  filter(str_detect(sentiment_type, "frac", negate = TRUE)) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=Date, y = sentiment_value, color = sentiment_type))+
  geom_line()+
  labs(title = "Raw Sentiment Scores",
       x = "Publication Date",
       y = "Raw Sentiment Value",
       color = "Sentiment Type")
  theme(legend.position = "bottom")

## List of 1
##  $ legend.position: chr "bottom"
##  - attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "theme" "gg"
##  - attr(*, "complete")= logi FALSE
##  - attr(*, "validate")= logi TRUE

p2 <- df %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = syuzhet:nrc_sent_frac, names_to = "sentiment_type", values_to = "sentiment_value") %>% 
  select(doc_id, Author, Publication.Title, Date, n_toks_no_stop:sentiment_value) %>% 
  filter(str_detect(sentiment_type, "sent_frac")) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=Date, y = sentiment_value, color = sentiment_type))+
  geom_line()+
  labs(title = "Normalized Sentiment Scores",
       x = "Publication Date",
       y = "Normalized Sentiment Value",
       color = "Sentiment Type")+
  theme(legend.position = "none")

(p1+p2) + plot_layout(guides="collect") + plot_annotation(tag_levels = "A")

Figure 3.3: Line plot of sentiment scores over time.

# Shapiro Wilk tests for each dictionary
s_s_test <- shapiro.test(df$syuzhet_sent_frac)
s_s_test_w <- round(s_s_test$statistic,3)
s_s_test_p <- ifelse(round(s_s_test$p.value,3)==0,
                     "<.001", round(s_s_test$p.value, 3))

n_s_test <- shapiro.test(df$nrc_sent_frac)
n_s_test_w <- round(n_s_test$statistic,3)
n_s_test_p <- ifelse(round(n_s_test$p.value,3)==0,
                     "<.001", round(n_s_test$p.value, 3))

b_s_test <- shapiro.test(df$bing_sent_frac)
b_s_test_w <- round(b_s_test$statistic,3)
b_s_test_p <- ifelse(round(b_s_test$p.value,3)==0,
                     "<.001", round(b_s_test$p.value, 3))

a_s_test <- shapiro.test(df$afinn_sent_frac)
a_s_test_w <- round(a_s_test$statistic,3)
a_s_test_p <- ifelse(round(a_s_test$p.value,3)==0,
                     "<.001", round(a_s_test$p.value, 3))

# Kruskal-Wallis Test
kw_test <- df %>% select(., contains("sent_frac")) %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = everything(),
               names_to = "type",
               values_to = "value") %>% 
  kruskal_test(value~type)
kw_df <- kw_test$df
kw_chi <- round(kw_test$statistic,2)
kw_p <- ifelse(round(kw_test$p,3)==0, "<.001", round(kw_test$p, 3))

d_test <- df %>% select(., contains("sent_frac")) %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = everything(),
               names_to = "type",
               values_to = "value") %>% 
  dunn_test(value~type, p.adjust.method = "bonferroni")

Normalized sentiment scores are highly correlated among all four of the sentiment dictionaries (Figure 3.4). Normalized sentiment scores fail the Shapiro-Wilk test for the syuzhet (\(W=0.972, p = <.001\)) nrc (\(W=0.973, p = <.001\)), bing (\(W=0.978, p = <.001\)), and afinn (\(W=0.954, p = <.001\)) dictionaries were not normally distributed. Therefore, a non-parametric omnibus test was applied. The Kruskal-Wallis test found that, among the four compared, sentiment dictionary significantly affects normalized sentiment score, \(H(3)=573.52, p = <.001\). A pairwise post-hoc Dunn test with Bonferroni adjustments found that all pairings were significant (\(p=<.001\)) except for bing and syuzhet which showed no significant difference (\(p=.4\)).

cor_cols <- c("afinn_sent_frac",
              "bing_sent_frac",
              "nrc_sent_frac",
              "syuzhet_sent_frac")

df %>% 
  ggpairs(columns = cor_cols,
          title = "Correlations Among Syuzhet Sentiment Dictionaries",
          xlab = "XLAB",
          ylab = "YLAB")

Figure 3.4: Scatterplot of sentiment scores by document length measured by the number of sentences.

3.2 Quanteda

The quanteda library is bundled with the Lexicoder Sentiment Dictionary (LSD) (2015). LSD is a bag-of-words sentiment dictionary specifically designed for the coding of sentiment in news, legislative speech, and other political texts. The dictionary was tested against a body of 900 human coded articles from the New York Times and found to produce results "that are more systematically related to human coding than are results based on the other available dictionaries (Young and Soroka 2012, 205). In a separate study, LSD was applied to large corpora of all front-page news stories from 2000-2013 in the New York Times and Washington Post, a corpus of more than 50,000 texts (Soroka, Young, and Balmas 2015). The dictionary performed well. Given the dictionary’s strong performance when compared to human coding and its design for sentiment of news and political texts, LSD is a strong candidate for use in the NM Immigration Detention News Analysis study.

The authors of LSD suggest applying it within the quanteda package, and Benoit outlines a method for implementing the LSD dictionary in quanteda illustrating how to apply it to specific contexts of target keywords. The following section follows the methods outlined in Benoit’s tutorial.

A note from the LSD reference in CRAN:

The dictionary consists of 2,858 “negative” sentiment words and 1,709 “positive” sentiment words. A further set of 2,860 and 1,721 negations of negative and positive words, respectively, is also included. While many users will find the non-negation sentiment forms of the LSD adequate for sentiment analysis, Young and Soroka (2012) did find a small, but non-negligible increase in performance when accounting for negations. Users wishing to test this or include the negations are encouraged to subtract negated positive words from the count of positive words, and subtract the negated negative words from the negative count. (emphasis added)

# Examine the LSD dictionary
lengths(data_dictionary_LSD2015)

##     negative     positive neg_positive neg_negative 
##         2858         1709         1721         2860

# Tokenize corpus
toks_news <- tokens(df_corpus, remove_punct = TRUE)

# Get relevant keywords and phrases
keywords <- c("immigration", "detention")

# Only keep tokens specified above and their contexts of ± 10 tokens
# Note: Use phrase() to correctly score multi-word expressions
toks_context <- tokens_keep(toks_news, pattern = phrase(keywords), window = 10)

# Select only "positive" and "negative" categories
data_dictionary_LSD2015_pos_neg <- data_dictionary_LSD2015[1:2]

# Apply dictionary to corpus
toks_context_lsd <- tokens_lookup(toks_context, dictionary = data_dictionary_LSD2015_pos_neg)

# Create document-feature matrix and group by day
# Note: one could group by other kinds of document variables
dfmat_context_lsd <- dfm(toks_context_lsd) %>% 
  dfm_group(groups = Date)

df_convert <- convert(dfmat_context_lsd, to = "data.frame") %>% 
  mutate(sentiment = positive - negative,
         doc_id = as.Date(doc_id)) %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = negative:sentiment, names_to = "type", values_to = "score")

plot_colors <- c("red","blue")

p1 <- df_convert %>% 
  filter(type != "sentiment") %>% 
ggplot(aes(x= doc_id,
           y = score,
           color = type))+
  geom_xspline(spline_shape = 0.5)+
  scale_color_manual(values = plot_colors)+
  theme(legend.position = "bottom",
        legend.title = element_blank())+
  xlab("Date")+
  ylab("Frequency")


plot_colors <- "black"

p2 <- df_convert %>% 
  filter(type == "sentiment") %>% 
ggplot(aes(x= doc_id,
           y = score,
           color = type))+
  geom_xspline(spline_shape = 0.5)+
  scale_color_manual(values = plot_colors)+
  theme(legend.position = "bottom",
        legend.title = element_blank())+
  xlab("Date")+
  ylab("Sentiment")

patchwork <- p1 + p2
patchwork + plot_annotation(
  title = "LSD Sentiment Estimates",
  subtitle = "Based On Proximity to Key Terms \"immigration\" and \"detention\""
)

3.2.1 Other ways to approach LSD

Text as Data Tutorial - Sentiment Analysis with Dictionaries

Text as Data Tutorial - Sentiment Analysis with Dictionaries

The prior tutorial relies on an LSD preprocessing script. It is now hard to find, but fortunately logged in the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine.

3.3 VADER

Valence Aware Dictionary and sEntiment Reasoner (VADER) was originally written in python (Hutto and Gilbert 2014) and was ported to R through the vader package (Roehrick 2020). The function vader_df returns a data frame with the valence score for each word, an overall compound valence score for the text, the weighted percentage of positive, negative, and neutral words in the text, and finally the frequency of the word “but.”

df_vader <- 
  df %>% 
  select(text) %>% 
  vader_df() %>% 
  select(-c(text, word_scores)) %>% 
  rownames_to_column() %>% 
  rename(id = rowname) %>% 
  mutate_at("id", str_replace, "text", "") %>% 
  mutate(id = as.numeric(id)) %>% 
  rename_with(~ paste("vader", .x, sep = "_"))

df <- df %>% 
  left_join(df_vader, by = c("doc_id" = "vader_id"))

remove(df_vader)

df %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x=vader_pos, y = vader_neg))+
  geom_point(aes(color = vader_compound))+
  labs(title = "Vader Scores",
       color = "Vader Compound")+
  xlab("Vader Positive")+
  ylab("Vader Negative")

Figure 3.5: Scatter plot of VADER sentiment scores.

3.4 Sentimentr

The sentimentr (Rinker 2019) library attempts to deal with valence shifters or negation.

get_sentences(df$text) %>% 
  sentiment() %>% 
  ggplot()+
  geom_density(aes(sentiment))+
  labs(title = "Corpus Sentence Level Sentiment Scores")+
  xlab("Sentiment Score")+
  ylab("Density")

4 References

Benoit, Kenneth, and Adam Obeng. 2020. Readtext: Import and Handling for Plain and Formatted Text Files. https://github.com/quanteda/readtext.

Benoit, Kenneth, Kohei Watanabe, Haiyan Wang, Paul Nulty, Adam Obeng, Stefan Müller, Akitaka Matsuo, and William Lowe. 2021. Quanteda: Quantitative Analysis of Textual Data. https://quanteda.io.

Feinerer, Ingo, Kurt Hornik, and David Meyer. 2008. “Text Mining Infrastructure in R.” Journal of Statistical Software 25 (1): 1–54. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v025.i05.

Hofmann, Markus, and Andrew Chisholm, eds. 2016. Text Mining and Visualization: Case Studies Using Open-Source Tools. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Series. Boca Raton: Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/b19007.

Hutto, C J, and Eric Gilbert. 2014. “VADER: A Parsimonious Rule-Based Model for Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Text.” Proceedings of the Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 216–25.

Kulkarni, Akshay, and Adarsha Shivananda. 2019. Natural Language Processing Recipes: Unlocking Text Data with Machine Learning and Deep Learning Using Python. Berkeley, CA: Apress. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4267-4.

Kwartler, Ted. 2017. Text Mining in Practice with R. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119282105.

Lane, Hobson, Cole Howard, and Hannes Max Hapke. 2019. Natural Language Processing in Action: Understanding, Analyzing, and Generating Text with Python. Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Co.

Moretti, Franco. 2013. Distant Reading. London ; New York: Verso.

Nielsen, Finn Årup. 2011. “A New ANEW: Evaluation of a Word List for Sentiment Analysis in Microblogs.” Proceedings of the Eswc2011 Workshop on ’Making Sense of Microposts’: Big Things Come in Small Packages, March, 93–98. https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.2903v1.

Rinker, Tyler. 2018. Textclean: Text Cleaning Tools. https://github.com/trinker/textclean.

———. 2019. Sentimentr: Calculate Text Polarity Sentiment. http://github.com/trinker/sentimentr.

Roehrick, Katherine. 2020. Vader: Valence Aware Dictionary and sEntiment Reasoner (VADER). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vader.

Saldaña, Johnny. 2016. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 3E [Third edition]. Los Angeles ; London: SAGE.

Sarkar, Dipanjan. 2019. Text Analytics with Python: A Practitioner’s Guide to Natural Language Processing. Berkeley, CA: Apress. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4354-1.

Soroka, Stuart, Lori Young, and Meital Balmas. 2015. “Bad News or Mad News? Sentiment Scoring of Negativity, Fear, and Anger in News Content.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 659 (1): 108–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215569217.

Spinu, Vitalie, Garrett Grolemund, and Hadley Wickham. 2021. Lubridate: Make Dealing with Dates a Little Easier. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lubridate.

Young, Lori, and Stuart Soroka. 2012. “Affective News: The Automated Coding of Sentiment in Political Texts.” Political Communication 29 (2): 205–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.671234.

Žižka, Jan, František Dařena, and Arnošt Svoboda. 2019. Text Mining with Machine Learning: Principles and Techniques. First. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

5 Inspirational Links

5.1 General Themes

Automated Content Analysis with R

Tutorials for quanteda

Advancing Text Mining with R and quanteda | Methods Bites

5.2 Sentiment Analysis

Unsupervised Sentiment Analysis by David Garcia 2021. Considers benchmarking of different sentiment analysis methods.

Running Unsupervised Sentiment Analysis in R by David Garcia 2021. Illustrates the simultaneous use of multiple sentiment methods to generate biplots.

RPubs - Sentiment from Twitter Part 1

Sentiment Analysis in R (Part 2)

Sentiment Analysis of Airlines Using the syuzhet Package and Twitter

Sentiment Analysis of 49 years of Warren Buffett’s Letters to Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway

5.3 Topic Modeling

Beginner’s Guide to LDA Topic Modelling with R | by Farren tang | Towards Data Science

Topic Modeling with R

6 Topic modeling | Text Mining with R

knitr::write_bib(file = 'packages.bib')