Let’s look at 24 Hour Experiment First

This plot below shows that there are number of proteins where males are more likely to accumulate mutations over females and vice-versa.’ This is also confirmed if you look at the mutation rates, standardizing against the size of those proteins (larger proteins will naturally have more mutations).

group count mean sd
iso_24 21 65.29 155.2

mab_24 22 96.77 217.6

pbs_24 22 54.86 123.2

## 
##  Shapiro-Wilk normality test
## 
## data:  n.x[group == "iso_24"]
## W = 0.44201, p-value = 6.197e-08
## 
##  Shapiro-Wilk normality test
## 
## data:  n.x[group == "mab_24"]
## W = 0.45779, p-value = 5.403e-08
## 
##  Shapiro-Wilk normality test
## 
## data:  n.x[group == "pbs_24"]
## W = 0.44794, p-value = 4.418e-08
## 
##  Shapiro-Wilk normality test
## 
## data:  n.x[gender == "male"]
## W = 0.44922, p-value = 7.568e-10
## 
##  Shapiro-Wilk normality test
## 
## data:  n.x[gender == "female"]
## W = 0.44925, p-value = 5.223e-10
Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction: n.x by gender
Test statistic P value Alternative hypothesis
562 0.66 two.sided
Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction: n.x by group
Test statistic P value Alternative hypothesis
297.5 0.1962 two.sided
Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction: n.x by group
Test statistic P value Alternative hypothesis
245 0.7426 two.sided

Let’s look at Mutation Rates

protein mean sd
E 0.03304 0.0107
M 0.01846 0.01115
N 0.02092 0.01221
orf3a 0.03305 0.006519
orf6a 0.05045 0.006546
orf7a 0.04932 0.007749
orf7b 0.07125 0.01718
orf8a 0.04422 0.01912
orf8b 0.01168 0.007912
replicase 0.02634 0.008914
spike 0.02735 0.01207

Males in Group MAB24 has almost double mutation rate in the proteins This is showing the average mutation rate for gender across groups

Here, you can see that consistantly, the males have a higher likelyhood in MAB to cause a mutation. This is particularly present in gene E, Orf3a, Orf3b, Orf8a, Orf8b. The spike protein is relatively similar

Statistical Tests for Male Effects on Mutations

Chi-squared test for given probabilities: chi_counts
Test statistic df P value
228.7 2 2.136e-50 * * *

Genome Mutations in all three Groups (24 Hour Experiment)

24 Hour Experiment Mean Frequencies Across 4 groups

4 Hour Experiment Mean Frequencies Across 4 groups