Boosting

LOADING DATA INTO R ENVIRONMENT
TRAINING THE BOOSTING MODEL
TESTING THE BOOSTING MODEL

LOADING DATA INTO R ENVIRONMENT

Reading the Data

# reading the data
library(data.table)
df <- fread("MCICreditCardDefault.csv")

Converting some data columns into factors

# convert 'Male' as a factor
df[, Male := as.factor(Male)]
# convert 'Education' as a factor
df[, Education := as.factor(Education)]
# convert 'MaritalStatus' as a factor
df[, MaritalStatus := as.factor(MaritalStatus)]
# convert 'Default' as a factor
df[, Default := as.factor(Default)]

Splitting data into training and test set

library(caret)
# data partition
set.seed(2341)
trainIndex <- createDataPartition(df$Default, p = 0.80, list = FALSE)
# 80% training data
train.df <- df[trainIndex, ]
# 20% testing data
test.df <- df[-trainIndex, ]
dim(train.df)

## [1] 23681     9

dim(test.df)

## [1] 5920    9

TRAINING THE BOOSTING MODEL

Setting Control parameters

library(caret)
# control parameters
trctrl <- trainControl(method = "cv", classProbs = TRUE,)

Running the Training Model

## setting levels as "Yes" and "NO"
train.df$Default <- ifelse(train.df$Default == "1","Yes","No")

set.seed(123)
# fitting Boosting classification model
ModelXGboost <- train(Default ~ CreditLimit
                         + Male
                         + Education
                         + MaritalStatus
                         + Age
                         + BillOutstanding
                         + LastPayment, 
                         data = train.df, 
                         method = "xgbTree",
                         trControl = trctrl,
                         importance = TRUE)

## [16:14:19] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:20] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:21] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:21] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:22] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:23] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:23] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:24] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:25] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:25] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:26] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:27] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:28] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:29] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:30] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:31] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:32] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:33] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:34] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:35] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:36] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:36] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:46] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:53] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:53] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:54] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:54] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:55] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:56] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:57] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:57] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:58] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:14:59] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:00] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:01] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:02] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:03] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:04] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:06] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:07] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:07] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:08] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:09] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:09] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:10] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:11] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:11] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:12] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:13] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:14] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:16] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:17] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:18] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:19] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:20] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:21] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:22] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:23] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:24] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:25] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:25] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:26] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:27] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:27] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:29] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:29] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:30] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:31] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:32] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:33] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:33] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:35] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:36] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:46] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:54] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:55] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:56] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:57] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:57] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:58] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:58] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:15:59] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:00] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:01] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:01] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:02] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:03] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:04] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:06] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:07] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:07] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:09] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:10] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:11] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:12] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:13] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:13] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:14] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:14] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:15] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:16] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:17] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:18] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:18] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:19] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:20] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:22] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:22] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:23] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:25] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:26] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:27] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:28] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:29] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:30] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:30] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:31] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:31] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:32] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:33] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:34] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:35] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:36] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:46] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:46] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:53] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:54] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:55] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:56] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:58] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:16:59] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:00] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:01] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:01] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:02] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:02] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:03] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:04] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:05] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:06] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:06] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:07] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:08] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:09] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:10] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:12] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:12] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:13] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:15] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:16] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:17] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:18] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:18] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:19] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:19] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:20] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:21] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:22] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:22] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:23] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:24] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:25] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:27] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:28] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:28] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:29] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:31] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:32] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:33] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:34] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:34] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:34] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:35] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:36] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:42] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:50] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:53] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:54] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:54] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:55] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:57] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:57] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:17:59] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:00] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:01] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:02] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:03] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:04] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:05] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:06] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:06] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:07] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:07] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:08] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:09] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:10] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:11] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:11] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:12] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:13] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:15] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:16] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:16] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:18] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:19] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:20] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:21] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:22] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:22] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:23] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:24] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:24] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:25] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:26] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:27] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:27] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:29] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:29] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:31] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:32] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:32] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:34] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:35] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:36] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:38] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:43] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:44] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:45] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:46] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:47] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:48] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:49] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:51] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:52] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:53] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:54] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:54] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:55] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:55] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:56] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:57] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:58] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:59] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:18:59] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:00] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:01] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:02] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:03] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:04] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:05] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:07] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:08] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:09] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:10] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:10] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:11] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:11] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:12] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:13] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:14] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:15] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:15] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:16] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:17] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:18] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:20] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:21] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:21] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:22] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:24] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:25] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:26] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:27] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:27] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:28] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:28] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:29] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:30] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:31] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:31] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:32] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:33] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:34] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:36] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:37] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:39] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:40] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.
## 
## 
## [16:19:41] WARNING: amalgamation/../src/learner.cc:541: 
## Parameters: { importance } might not be used.
## 
##   This may not be accurate due to some parameters are only used in language bindings but
##   passed down to XGBoost core.  Or some parameters are not used but slip through this
##   verification. Please open an issue if you find above cases.

# model summary
ModelXGboost

## eXtreme Gradient Boosting 
## 
## 23681 samples
##     7 predictor
##     2 classes: 'No', 'Yes' 
## 
## No pre-processing
## Resampling: Cross-Validated (10 fold) 
## Summary of sample sizes: 21313, 21313, 21312, 21313, 21313, 21314, ... 
## Resampling results across tuning parameters:
## 
##   eta  max_depth  colsample_bytree  subsample  nrounds  Accuracy   Kappa     
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.50        50      0.7788102  0.05158368
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.50       100      0.7781347  0.06925300
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.50       150      0.7781345  0.06720947
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.75        50      0.7787678  0.04548395
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.75       100      0.7785147  0.06280076
##   0.3  1          0.6               0.75       150      0.7780079  0.06625144
##   0.3  1          0.6               1.00        50      0.7789367  0.03870633
##   0.3  1          0.6               1.00       100      0.7790213  0.05618149
##   0.3  1          0.6               1.00       150      0.7789370  0.06127309
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.50        50      0.7782190  0.05172990
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.50       100      0.7785991  0.06374484
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.50       150      0.7791481  0.07000677
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.75        50      0.7788945  0.04383235
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.75       100      0.7786836  0.06518114
##   0.3  1          0.8               0.75       150      0.7780924  0.06696490
##   0.3  1          0.8               1.00        50      0.7789789  0.04072788
##   0.3  1          0.8               1.00       100      0.7790635  0.05722144
##   0.3  1          0.8               1.00       150      0.7787681  0.06093547
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.50        50      0.7786834  0.06521692
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.50       100      0.7803724  0.08425208
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.50       150      0.7801191  0.08566730
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.75        50      0.7787258  0.06526925
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.75       100      0.7783456  0.07409579
##   0.3  2          0.6               0.75       150      0.7793171  0.08134988
##   0.3  2          0.6               1.00        50      0.7784726  0.05909556
##   0.3  2          0.6               1.00       100      0.7791482  0.06836262
##   0.3  2          0.6               1.00       150      0.7794016  0.07664220
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.50        50      0.7782612  0.06256304
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.50       100      0.7787257  0.07441922
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.50       150      0.7802461  0.08941203
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.75        50      0.7794437  0.06818775
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.75       100      0.7790635  0.07164982
##   0.3  2          0.8               0.75       150      0.7794012  0.08364057
##   0.3  2          0.8               1.00        50      0.7788947  0.06318073
##   0.3  2          0.8               1.00       100      0.7796548  0.07463004
##   0.3  2          0.8               1.00       150      0.7802882  0.08192677
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.50        50      0.7796125  0.08424347
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.50       100      0.7794437  0.09410651
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.50       150      0.7783037  0.09434874
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.75        50      0.7793588  0.07838945
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.75       100      0.7799924  0.08929347
##   0.3  3          0.6               0.75       150      0.7792327  0.09692351
##   0.3  3          0.6               1.00        50      0.7802036  0.08141727
##   0.3  3          0.6               1.00       100      0.7804571  0.08821205
##   0.3  3          0.6               1.00       150      0.7794859  0.09085911
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.50        50      0.7794857  0.08710164
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.50       100      0.7794435  0.09261466
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.50       150      0.7779657  0.09766496
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.75        50      0.7802459  0.08226450
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.75       100      0.7797393  0.09131139
##   0.3  3          0.8               0.75       150      0.7795703  0.09867344
##   0.3  3          0.8               1.00        50      0.7795704  0.07660730
##   0.3  3          0.8               1.00       100      0.7791481  0.08596215
##   0.3  3          0.8               1.00       150      0.7790636  0.09239851
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.50        50      0.7780502  0.06408564
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.50       100      0.7777125  0.06344111
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.50       150      0.7781345  0.06980164
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.75        50      0.7786414  0.05687248
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.75       100      0.7784301  0.06855724
##   0.4  1          0.6               0.75       150      0.7777968  0.06708981
##   0.4  1          0.6               1.00        50      0.7791901  0.05134055
##   0.4  1          0.6               1.00       100      0.7788104  0.06156118
##   0.4  1          0.6               1.00       150      0.7783881  0.06348609
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.50        50      0.7788101  0.06126236
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.50       100      0.7778812  0.06812547
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.50       150      0.7785565  0.07060828
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.75        50      0.7789792  0.05929115
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.75       100      0.7788101  0.07096929
##   0.4  1          0.8               0.75       150      0.7787680  0.06992743
##   0.4  1          0.8               1.00        50      0.7794435  0.05132338
##   0.4  1          0.8               1.00       100      0.7788103  0.06064171
##   0.4  1          0.8               1.00       150      0.7783880  0.06143540
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.50        50      0.7784726  0.07181319
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.50       100      0.7795702  0.08470690
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.50       150      0.7789792  0.08823456
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.75        50      0.7807104  0.07817168
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.75       100      0.7790639  0.07766760
##   0.4  2          0.6               0.75       150      0.7799083  0.08801264
##   0.4  2          0.6               1.00        50      0.7795282  0.07619953
##   0.4  2          0.6               1.00       100      0.7796549  0.08254986
##   0.4  2          0.6               1.00       150      0.7793170  0.08611739
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.50        50      0.7799504  0.07435693
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.50       100      0.7788524  0.08423252
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.50       150      0.7784301  0.08486661
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.75        50      0.7800772  0.07420613
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.75       100      0.7798660  0.08311136
##   0.4  2          0.8               0.75       150      0.7799925  0.08941276
##   0.4  2          0.8               1.00        50      0.7803726  0.07496609
##   0.4  2          0.8               1.00       100      0.7804150  0.08250912
##   0.4  2          0.8               1.00       150      0.7791482  0.08387397
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.50        50      0.7797816  0.09139352
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.50       100      0.7775858  0.09626190
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.50       150      0.7766566  0.10193483
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.75        50      0.7804573  0.09024854
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.75       100      0.7795283  0.09654646
##   0.4  3          0.6               0.75       150      0.7784727  0.10178639
##   0.4  3          0.6               1.00        50      0.7805416  0.08500498
##   0.4  3          0.6               1.00       100      0.7796127  0.09019506
##   0.4  3          0.6               1.00       150      0.7790215  0.09471205
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.50        50      0.7793590  0.09100278
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.50       100      0.7775436  0.09725014
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.50       150      0.7773324  0.10727322
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.75        50      0.7799081  0.08712117
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.75       100      0.7796969  0.09882821
##   0.4  3          0.8               0.75       150      0.7787259  0.10265798
##   0.4  3          0.8               1.00        50      0.7797815  0.08600134
##   0.4  3          0.8               1.00       100      0.7792323  0.09234461
##   0.4  3          0.8               1.00       150      0.7785991  0.09671268
## 
## Tuning parameter 'gamma' was held constant at a value of 0
## Tuning
##  parameter 'min_child_weight' was held constant at a value of 1
## Accuracy was used to select the optimal model using the largest value.
## The final values used for the model were nrounds = 50, max_depth = 2, eta
##  = 0.4, gamma = 0, colsample_bytree = 0.6, min_child_weight = 1 and subsample
##  = 0.75.

Variable Importance in Boosting Model

# plotting variable importance
plot(varImp(ModelXGboost))

TESTING THE BOOSTING MODEL

Predicting Model on Test Data Set

# predicting the model on test data set
PredBoostModel <- predict(ModelXGboost, 
                    newdata = test.df,type = "prob")

Plotting the Predicted Probabilities

# plot of probabilities
plot(PredBoostModel$Yes, 
     main = "Scatterplot of Probabilities of default (test data)", 
     xlab = "Customer ID", 
     ylab = "Predicted Probability of default")

Confusion Matrix at 50% Cut-Off Probability

# taking the cut-off probability 50%
Predicted <- ifelse(PredBoostModel$Yes > 0.20, "Yes", "No")

# ordering the vectors
Actual <- ifelse(test.df$Default=="1","Yes","No")
# making confusion matrix
cm <-confusionMatrix(table(Predicted,Actual), positive = "Yes")
cm

## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
## 
##          Actual
## Predicted   No  Yes
##       No  2307  367
##       Yes 2292  954
##                                           
##                Accuracy : 0.5508          
##                  95% CI : (0.5381, 0.5636)
##     No Information Rate : 0.7769          
##     P-Value [Acc > NIR] : 1               
##                                           
##                   Kappa : 0.1473          
##                                           
##  Mcnemar's Test P-Value : <2e-16          
##                                           
##             Sensitivity : 0.7222          
##             Specificity : 0.5016          
##          Pos Pred Value : 0.2939          
##          Neg Pred Value : 0.8628          
##              Prevalence : 0.2231          
##          Detection Rate : 0.1611          
##    Detection Prevalence : 0.5483          
##       Balanced Accuracy : 0.6119          
##                                           
##        'Positive' Class : Yes             
##

ROC Curve using Package ROCR

# loading the package
library(ROCR)
BoostPrediction <- predict(ModelXGboost, test.df,type = "prob")
BoostPrediction <- prediction(BoostPrediction[2],test.df$Default)
Boostperformance <- performance(BoostPrediction, "tpr","fpr")
# plotting ROC curve
plot(Boostperformance,main = "ROC Curve",col = 2,lwd = 2)
abline(a = 0,b = 1,lwd = 2,lty = 3,col = "black")

AUC (Area Under the Curve)

library(ROCR)
# area under curve
aucBoost <- performance(BoostPrediction, measure = "auc")
aucBoost <- aucBoost@y.values[[1]]
aucBoost

## [1] 0.6649045

Boosting

Sameer Mathur

LOADING DATA INTO R ENVIRONMENT

Reading the Data

Converting some data columns into factors

Splitting data into training and test set

TRAINING THE BOOSTING MODEL

Setting Control parameters

Running the Training Model

Variable Importance in Boosting Model

TESTING THE BOOSTING MODEL

Predicting Model on Test Data Set

Plotting the Predicted Probabilities

Confusion Matrix at 50% Cut-Off Probability

ROC Curve using Package ROCR

AUC (Area Under the Curve)